A New Dedication to Sarapis, Isis and Anubis from Phaselis
LIBRI IX (2023) 119-130
Received Date: 15.12.2023 | Acceptance Date: 21.12.2023
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10431101
Online Publication Date: 25.12.2023
Abstract: This article introduces a votive inscription unearthed among the ruins of one of the building groups, dated Ist century BC – Ist century AD in the light of the findings and located in the pronaos of the Doric temple called the Hellenistic Temple, during 2023 excavations in the city of Phaselis. This inscription was dedicated by Krotos, the son of Agathion, to Sarapis, Isis and Anubis. Since the name Krotos is documented in various papyrus texts, it has been suggested that the person who made the dedication may have been one of the merchants from Egypt as supported by the similar votive inscriptions from Delos. In this context, the worship to these gods in the Hellenistic period was revealed, especially by examining the examples found in the port cities of the Aegean islands and the southwestern Anatolian coast. At the same time, based on the epigraphic, papyrological, numismatic and archaeological evidence obtained from both the Phaselis and Egypt, the interaction of the city of Phaselis with Egypt since its foundation and continuing throughout the Hellenistic period is mentioned.
Keywords: Phaselis, Hellenistic Temple, Dedication, Sarapis, Isis, Anubis
Öz: Burada ele alınan makalede Phaselis kentinde 2023 yılı kazı çalışmaları sırasında, Hellenistik Tapınak olarak da adlandırılan Dor düzenindeki tapınağın pronaosunda, ele geçen buluntular ışığında MÖ I – MS I. yüzyıllar arasına tarihlendirilen yapı gruplarından birinin duvar çöküntüsünde ele geçen bir adak yazıtı tanıtılmaktadır. Yazıta göre söz konusu adağı Agathion oğlu Krotos Sarapis, Isis ve Anubis için (adamıştır) yazdırmıştır. Krotos isminin çok sayıda papirüs metninde belgelenmesi dolayısıyla söz konusu adağı yapan kişinin, Delos’taki benzer adak yazıtlarının da desteklediği gibi, Mısır’dan gelen tüccarlardan biri olabileceği öne sürülmüştür. Bu bağlamda söz konusu tanrıların özellikle Ege Adaları ve Güneybatı Anadolu sahilindeki liman kentlerinden ele geçen örnekleri ele alınarak Hellenistik Dönem’deki tapınım durumu aydınlatılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunu yaparken aynı zamanda hem Phaselis’ten hem de Mısır’dan ele geçen epigrafik, papyrolojik, nümizmatik ve arkeolojik kanıtlardan yola çıkarak antik kentinin kuruluşundan itibaren ve Hellenistik Dönem boyunca Mısır’la süregelen ticari ve sosyo-kültürel ilişkisi ile etkileşim sürecine değinilmiştir.
Anahtar sözcükler: Phaselis, Helenistik Tapınak, Adak Yazıtı, Sarapis, Isis, Anubis
Abitz F. 1984, König und Gott. Die Götterszenen in den ägyptischen Königsgräbern von Thutmosis IV. bis Ramses III. (Ägyptologische Abhandlungen 40). Wiesbaden.
Adak M., N. Tüner & S. Şahin 2005, “Neue Inchriften aus Phaselis I”. Gephyra 2, 1-20.
Altenmüller B. 1975, “Art. Anubis”. Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Bd. I. Wiesbaden, 327-333.
Atilla B. D. 2018, Akdeniz’de Roma Devlet Arazilerinin (Ager Publicus) Dağıtım ve Organizasyon Sistemi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi. Antalya.
Austin M. M. 1970, Greece and Egypt in the Archaic Age. Cambridge.
Badian E. 1993, From Plataea to Potidaea: Studies in the History and Histography of the Pentacontaetia. Baltimore/London.
Bagnall R. S. 1976, The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt. Leiden.
Baillet M. J. 1926, Inscriptions Grecques et Latines des Tombeaux des Rois ou Syringes. Kairo.
Bergman M. 2010, “Sarapis im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr.”. Ed. G. Weber, Alexandreia und das ptolemäische Ägypten: Kulturbegegnungen in hellenistischer Zeit. Berlin, 109-135.
Blackman D. J. 1981, “The Inscriptions”. Ed. J. Schäfer, Phaselis: Beiträge zur Topographie und Geschichte der Stadt und ihrer Häfen, (Ist. Mitt. Beiheft 24). Tübingen, 138-163.
Bresson A. 2016, The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy: Institutions, Markets, and Growth in the City States. Princeton/Oxford.
Briant P. & Descat R. 1998, “Un registre douanier de la satrapie d’Egypte à l’époque achéménide (TAD C3, 7)”. Eds. N. Grimal & B. Menu, Le commerce en Egypte ancienne. Cairo, 59-104.
Bricault L. 1999, “Sarapis et Isis, sauveurs de Ptolémée IV à Raphia”. CdE 74,334-343.
Bricault L. 2004, “La diffusion isiaque: une esquisse”. Städel Jahrbuch 19, 548–556.
Bricault L. 2005a, Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques. Vol. I. Paris.
Bricault L. 2005b, Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques. Vol. II. Paris.
Casson L. 1954, “Grain Trade of Hellenistic World”. TAPA 85, 168-187.
Casson L. 1979, Die Seefahrer in der Antike. München.
Casson L. 1984, Ancient Trade and Society. Detroit.
Cumont F. 1929, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme Romain. Paris.
Doxey D. M. 2001, “Art. Anubis”. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Bd. I. New York, 97-98.
Dressel v. H. & K. Regling 1927, “Zwei ägyptische Funde altgriechischer Silbermünzen”. ZfN 37, 1-138 & Tf. 1-6.
Dunand F. 1980, “Cultes égyptiens hors d’Égypte, essai d’analyse des conditions de leur diffusion”. Ed. P. Briant, Religions, pouvoir, rapports sociaux. Paris. 71-148.
Fassa E. 2015, “Sarapis, Isis, and the Ptolemies in Private Dedications”. Kernos 28, 133-153.
Foraboschi D. 1967-1971, Onomasticon alterum papyrologicum: Supplemento al Namenbuch di F. Preisigke, Testi e documenti per lo studio dell’antichità 16. Milano.
Fraser P. M. 1960, “Two Studies on the Cult of Sarapis in the Hellenistic World”. OpAth 3, 1-54.
Fraser P. M. 1972, Ptolemaic Alexandria I. Oxford.
Gasparro G. S. 2018, “Anubis in the “Isiac Family” in the Hellenistic and Roman Word”. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58.1, 529-548.
Glomb T., A. Mertel & Z. Pospíšil. 2020, “Ptolemaic Political Activities on the West Coast of Hellenistic Asia Minor had a Significant Impact on the Local Spread of the Isiac Cults: A Spatial Network Analysis”. PLoS One 15(4): e0230733.10.1371/journal.pone.0230733.
Glomb T., A. Mertel, Z. Pospíšil, Z. Stachoň & A. Chalupa. 2018, “Ptolemaic Military Operations were a Dominant Factor in the Spread of Egyptian Cults across the Early Hellenistic Aegean Sea”. PLoS One 13: e019378610.1371/journal.pone.0193786.
Grabowski T. 2019, “Küçük Asya’da Ptolemaioslar Hanedanı”. Ed. O. Tekin, Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemlerinde Anadolu: Krallar, İmparatorlar, Kent Devletleri. İstanbul, 28-49.
Grieshammer R. 1996, “Art. Anubis”. DNP 1, Stuttgart / Weimar, 819.
Harper G. M. 1928, “A Study in the Commercial Relations between Egypt and Syria in the Third Century before Christ”. AJP XLIX, 1-35.
Heipp-Tamer C. 1993, Die Münzprägung der lykischen Stadt Phaselis in griechischer Zeit. (Saarbrücker Studienzur Archäologie und Alten Geschichte VI). Saarbrücken.
Helck W. 1964, “Art: Anubis”. Der Kleine Pauly. Lexikon der Antike, Bd. 1. Stuttgart, 416.
Hornbostel W. 1973, Sarapis: Studien zur Überlieferungsgeschichte, der Erscheinungsformen und Wandlungen der Gestalt eines Gottes. Leiden.
Hölbl G. A. 2001, History of the Ptolemaic Empire. New York.
Huss W. 2001, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit: 332-30 v. Chr. München.
IDelos Roussel P. & M. Launey. 1937, Inscriptions de Délos. vol. 4 [6]. nos. 1497-2219. Paris.
IGCH Thompson M, O. Mørkholm & C. M. Kraay 1973, An Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards. New York.
Keen A. G. 1998, Dynastic Lycia: A Political History of the Lycians & Their Relations with Foreign Powers, c. 545 – 362 BC. Leiden-Boston-Köln.
Koch K. 1993, Geschichte der ägyptischen Religion: Von den Pyramiden bis zu den Mysterien der Isis. Stuttgart.
Kraay C. M. 1976, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins. Londra.
Kuhrt A. 2007, The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period. London.
Leonard A. 1997, Ancient Naukratis: Excavations at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. The Excavations at Kom Ge’if (American Schools of Oriental Research 54).
Liddell H. G. & Scott R. 1940, A Greek and English Lexicon. Oxford.
Magie D. 1953, “Egyptian Deities in Asia Minor in Inscriptions and on Coins”. American Journal of Archaeology 57.3, 163-187.
Malkin I. 2011, A Small Greek World: Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean. New York.
Masson O. 1976, “Nouveaux graffites grecs d’Abydos et de Bouhen”. CE 51, 305-313.
Meadows A. 2012, “Deditio in Fidem: The Ptolemaic Conquest of Asia Minor”. Eds. C. Smith & L. Mariah Yarrow, Imperialism, Cultural Politics, and Polybius. Oxford. 113-133.
Meister K. 1982, Die Ungeschichtlichkeit des Kalliasfriedens und deren historische Folgen. Wiesbaden [Palingenesia 18].
Mooren L. 1980, “The Strategos Athenaios, his Subordinate Nestor, and the Administrative Organization of the Southern Thebaid”. CE 55, 262-270.
Mørkholm O. 1991, Early Hellenistic Coinage. Cambridge.
Morrison J. S. 1989, “Names and Things in Greek Maritime Contexts”. Mediterranean Language Review 4-5, 47-61.
Möller A. 2000, Naukratis Trade in Archaic Greece. Oxford.
Orhan U. 2020, “Phaselis’ Hellenistic Temple (?) Entrance Slope and Terracotta Finds: A Preliminary Study”. Phaselis VI, 75-86.
Orhan U. 2023, Amphora Buluntuları Işığında Phaselis’in Akdeniz Ticaretindeki Yeri. Phaselis Disiplinlerarası Akdeniz Araştırmaları Dergisi Ekyayın Dizisi I, Antalya: Elektronik Yayın.
Parker R. 2017, Greek Gods Abroad: Names, Natures, and Transformations. California.
Pfeiffer S. 2008, “The God Sarapis, his Cult and the Beginnings of the Ruler Cult in Ptolemaic Egypt”. Eds. P. McKechnie & Ph. Guillaume, Ptolemy II Philadelphus and his World. Leiden, 387-408.
Préaux C. 1928-9, “Les touristes en Égypte dans l’antiquité”. CE 4, 139-143.
Quaegebeur J. 1977, “Anubis, fils d’Osiris, le vacher”. Studia Aegyptiaca 3, 119-130.
Robert J. & L. 1983, Fouilles d’Amyzon en Carie I: exploration, histoire, monnaies et inscriptions. Paris.
Roccati A. 1978, “Nuove epigrafi greche e latine da File”. Eds. M. B. De Boer & T. A. Edridge, Hommages à Maarten J. Vermaseren, EPRO 68-III. Leiden, 988-996.
Rostovtzeff M. A. 1922. Large Estate in Egypt in the Third Century B.C. Madison.
Segre M. 1933, “Iscrizione di Scarpanto”. Historia VII,577-588
Segre M. 1938, “Iscrizioni di Licia”. Clara Rhodos 9, 181-209.
Sestieri P.C. 1943, Nenshkrime latine te. Shqipnisé (Iscrizioni latine d’Albania), Stu dime e tekste (Studi e testi), Dega II (Serie II), Arkeologjike (Archeologia) nr. 1, Instituti Mbretnueri Studimevet Shqiptare. Roma.
SNG Lockett 1949, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Britain. The R.C. Lockett Collection, part V (Lesbos to Cyrenaica). London-Oxford.
SNG von Aulock Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Deutschland, Die Sammlung Hans von Aulock, Hef 10 (Lykien). Berlin.
Sokolowski F. 1974, “Propagation of the Cult of Sarapis and Isis in Greece”. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 15, 441-48.
Stoll H. W. 1894, “Krotos”. Ed. W. H. Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. Band II.1, Leipzig, 1575.
Takács S. A. 1999, “Isis and Sarapis in Ephesos”. Eds. H. Friesinger & F. Krinzinger 100 Jahre Österreichische Forschungen in Ephesos. Akten Des Symposions Wien 1995. Archäologische Forschungen 1. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 269-274.
Terpstra T. 2019, Trade in the Ancient Mediterranean: Private Order and Public Institutions. Princeton-Oxford.
Tüner Önen N. & Yılmaz F. 2015, “A New Athena Polias Votive Inscription from the Phaselis’ Acropolis”. Adalya 18, 121-131.
Tüner Önen N. 2008, Phaselis Antik Kenti ve Teritoryumu. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi. Antalya.
Tüner Önen N. 2015, “Yeni Buluntular Işığında Phaselis Epigrafi Çalışmaları”. Phaselis I, 19‐38.
Vidman L. 1969, Sylloge Inscriptionum Religionis Isiacae et Sarapiacae. Berlin.
Walsh J. 1981, The Authenticity and the Dates of the Peace of Callias and the Congress Decree”. Chiron 11, 31-63.
Yardeni A. 1994, “Maritime Trade and Royal Accountancy in an Erased Customs Account from 475 B.C.E. on the Ahiqar Scroll from Elephantine”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 293, 67-78.
Yellin J. W. 1978, The Role and Iconography of Anubis in Meroitic Religion. Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University. Waltham (Mass).
Tüner Önen N. & Arslan M. 2023, “A New Dedication to Sarapis, Isis and Anubis from Phaselis ”. Libri IX, 119-130. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10431101
Nihal TÜNER ÖNEN Assoc. Dr., Akdeniz University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Ancient Languages and Cultures, Antalya. nihaltuner@akdeniz.edu.tr
Murat ARSLAN Prof. Dr., Akdeniz University, Faculty of Letters, Department of History, Antalya. marslan@akdeniz.edu.tr