{"id":8040,"date":"2023-04-28T14:51:31","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T11:51:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/?p=8040"},"modified":"2023-04-28T14:52:48","modified_gmt":"2023-04-28T11:52:48","slug":"8040","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2023-en\/8040","title":{"rendered":"Feriale Duranum: XX. Palmyrenorum Cohors\u2019unun Takvimi"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Feriale Duranum: XX. Palmyrenorum Cohors\u2019unun Takvimi<\/em><\/h2>\n

Translated by: \"\"<\/sub><\/strong><\/a> Mete Enes Can \u00d6ZT\u00dcRK<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n
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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> IX (2023) 23-35<\/strong>
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 30.03.2023 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 24.04.2023
\nDOI:<\/strong>10.5281\/zenodo.7875397<\/a> | Online Publication Date<\/strong>: 28.04.2023<\/p>\n

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Feriale Duranum: XX. Palmyrenorum Cohors\u2019unun Takvimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Roma asker\u00ee tarihi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar genel itibar\u0131yla bu te\u015fkilat\u0131n siyasi tarihine y\u00f6nelir\u00adken kayda de\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da onu olu\u015fturan askerlerin dinsel inan\u00e7lar\u0131na odaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011f\u00adlamda Alfred von Domaszewski\u2019nin 1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 die Religion des r\u00f6mischen Heeres<\/em> adl\u0131 eseri, Roma ordusunda g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f askerlerin dinsel inan\u00e7lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ilk monografi olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Domaszewski bu eserinde \u00e7e\u015fitli r\u00fctbe ve birliklere mensup Roma asker\u00adlerine ait olmak \u00fczere kendi d\u00f6nemine dek ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f adak yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirerek asker\u00adlerin ibadet etti\u011fi tanr\u0131 ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 tespit etmi\u015f, bunlar\u0131n k\u00fcltlerine ili\u015fkin bilgiler vererek ibadet y\u00f6ntemleri \u00fczerine de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunmu\u015ftur. Roma ordusunda dinsel ya\u015fam hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bu monografiden sonra konuyla ilgili en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, W. F. Snyder, Robert O. Fink ve Allan S. Hoey taraf\u0131ndan 1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan Feriale Duranum<\/em> adl\u0131 makale olmu\u015ftur[2]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu makalenin konusu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti\u2019ndeki Dura\u2019da ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi i\u00e7in Feriale Duranum<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen dinsel i\u00e7erikli bir papir\u00fcst\u00fcr. Roma askerlerinin dinsel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n takvimsel olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir ke\u015fif olan bu papir\u00fcs, yay\u0131mlan\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten itibaren pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7ekerek s\u0131kl\u0131kla ba\u015fvurulan ve incelenen bir kaynak olmu\u015ftur[3]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Romal\u0131lar Euphrates Nehri\u2019nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Dura\u2019y\u0131 ilk kez Traianus\u2019un Parthia Seferi\u2019yle (MS 114) ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f fakat imparatorun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Parthlar kenti yeniden zapt etti\u011fi i\u00e7in Roma\u2019n\u0131n buradaki egemenli\u011fi uzun s\u00fcreli olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[4]<\/sup><\/a>. Bundan sonra ancak Gaius Avidius Cassius\u2019un Parthia Seferi\u2019ndeki (MS 165) hizmetleri neticesinde ele ge\u00e7irilen Dura, Roma askerlerinin buraya konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00f6nemli bir s\u0131n\u0131r garnizonuna ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f ve colo\u00adnia<\/em> stat\u00fcs\u00fcne getirilmi\u015ftir[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Roma\u2019n\u0131n Dura\u2019daki ikinci egemenli\u011fi MS 256 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeyi yeniden ele ge\u00e7irmesiyle sonlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[6]<\/sup><\/a>. MS III. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru terk edilen kent, yeni bir yerle\u015fim yeri olmadan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[7]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu asker\u00ee takvim 1931\/32 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Roma\u2019n\u0131n MS 220\u2019li y\u0131llarda buraya konu\u015fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir auxilia<\/em> cohors<\/em>\u2019u olan XX. Palmyre\u00adnorum cohors<\/em>\u2019una ait mektup ve emir metinleri gibi pek \u00e7ok papirolojik belgenin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Arte\u00admis Azzanathkona Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sayesinde ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir[8]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130mparator Severus Alexander (MS 222 \u2013 235) d\u00f6neminden kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan bu asker\u00ee takvim MS 223 ile 227 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131na tarihlendirilmektedir[9]<\/sup><\/a>. Takvimde Augustus (M\u00d6 24 \u2013 MS 14) ve Caesar\u2019a ili\u015fkin kutlamalar\u0131n yer almas\u0131, takvimin ilk halinin Augustus taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturuldu\u011funu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelen metnin ise Severus Alexander d\u00f6neminde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmek\u00adtedir[10]<\/sup><\/a>. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00f6z konusu takvime ili\u015fkin metin, do\u011frudan XX. Palmyrenorum cohors<\/em>\u2019una ait olsa da b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla d\u00f6nemin di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn asker\u00ee birlikleri ayn\u0131 takvime ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dinsel sorum\u00adluluklara sahiptir[11]<\/sup><\/a>. B\u00f6ylece devletin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en her yeni imparatorla birlikte yeniden d\u00fczenle\u00adnen asker\u00ee takvim, imparatorlu\u011fun d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapmakta olan birliklere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan takvime ait metin Latince yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup toplam d\u00f6rt s\u00fctundan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar Ocak ay\u0131ndan Mart ay\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131na kadar olan birinci s\u00fctun; Mart\u2019\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan A\u011fustos\u2019un ortas\u0131na kadar olan ikinci s\u00fctun; A\u011fustos\u2019un sonundan muhtemelen Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcn sonuna dek olan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u00fctun ve son olarak y\u0131l\u0131n son aylar\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u00fctundur. Ocak ay\u0131ndan ba\u015flayan metnin hemen her s\u00fctununda tahribat sebebiyle meydana gelmi\u015f baz\u0131 eksikliklere rastlanmakla beraber Ekim, Kas\u0131m ve Aral\u0131k aylar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren sat\u0131rlar neredeyse tamamen yok olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Takvim boyunca askerlerin y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi gereken iki t\u00fcr ibadet bi\u00e7imine rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan birincisi immolatio<\/em> denilen kurban t\u00f6renidir. Kurban t\u00f6reninde kesilmesi gereken hayvan, sunulaca\u011f\u0131 kutsal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcne g\u00f6re se\u00e7ilmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda tanr\u0131lar i\u00e7in erkek, tanr\u0131\u00e7alar i\u00e7in di\u015fi kur\u00adbanl\u0131klar se\u00e7ilmektedir. Geleneksel Roma tanr\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan Iupiter i\u00e7in erkek, Iuno i\u00e7in ise di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n kurban edilmesi buna \u00f6rnektir. Bir istisna olarak yaln\u0131zca Mars i\u00e7in bir bo\u011fa kurban\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00admektedir. Benzer bir istisna imparator k\u00fclt\u00fcyle ilgili kutlamalarda da mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130kinci bir ibadet t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak supplicatio<\/em> denilen bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reninde i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenemeyen bir dua merasimi tertip edilmektedir[12]<\/sup><\/a>. B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla kurban t\u00f6renlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi bir ziyafet de s\u00f6z konusudur[13]<\/sup><\/a>. Takvimde yer alan \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6renlerinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla geleneksel Roma festivalleri vesilesiyle tertip edildi\u011fine rastlanmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra imparatorlar\u0131n ailelerine mensup olan erkek ve kad\u0131n akrabalar\u0131 i\u00e7in de \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6renleri tertip edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Asker\u00ee takvimde ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki ibadet t\u00fcr\u00fcne rastlan\u0131rken bu ibadetlerin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kutlamalar kapsamlar\u0131 ve s\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00fc\u00e7 ana gruba ayr\u0131larak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Bunlardan birincisi impa\u00adrator k\u00fclt\u00fcne ili\u015fkin kutlamalard\u0131r. Zira takvim boyunca en \u00e7ok bu t\u00fcr kutlamalara rastlanmakta; imparatorlar\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcnleri, tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli unvanlar ald\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcnlerin y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcmleri kutlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn kutland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk imparator Tanr\u0131sal Hadrianus olup 24 Ocak\u2019ta onun i\u00e7in erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r kurban edilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir[14]<\/sup><\/a>. Di\u011fer tanr\u0131sal imparatorlar\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcnlerinde de ayn\u0131 uygulama takip edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130mparatorlar i\u00e7in di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli kutlama dies imperii<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen, tahta ge\u00e7erek egemenli\u011fi (=imperium<\/em>) elde ettikleri g\u00fcnlerin y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcmle\u00adridir. Takvim boyunca Tanr\u0131sal Antoninus Magnus\u2019un [Caracalla] d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer imparatorlar\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerin y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcmlerinde bir kurban t\u00f6reni tertip edilmi\u015ftir. Yaln\u0131zca Caracalla\u2019n\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir istisna olarak hem \u015f\u00fckran hem de kurban t\u00f6renleriyle kutlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (i. 17-18). Bu durum, Severus Alexander d\u00f6neminde Caracalla\u2019ya atfedilen \u00f6neme i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Asker\u00ee takvim boyunca Severus Alexander en s\u0131k ibadet edilen imparator olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Onun MS 13 Mart 222 tarihinde kendi askerleri taraf\u0131ndan imparator ilan edilmesinin y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reniyle kutlan\u0131rken bu ilan\u0131n senatus<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmesinden sonra imparatorun Augustus<\/em>, Vatan\u0131n Babas\u0131 ve Pontifex<\/em> Maximus<\/em> unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir kur\u00adban t\u00f6reniyle kutlanmaktad\u0131r (i. 23-28). Severus Alexander i\u00e7in bir di\u011fer kurban t\u00f6reni, onun Caesar<\/em> olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve erkeklik togas\u0131n\u0131[15]<\/sup><\/a> giydi\u011fi 26 Haziran\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir[16]<\/sup><\/a> (ii. 16-17). Her iki kurban t\u00f6reninde de tanr\u0131sal imparatorlar\u0131n aksine do\u011frudan de\u011fil fakat genius<\/em>\u2019u arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ibadet edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Genius Augusti<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen bu k\u00fclt Augustus taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olup en genel anlam\u0131yla hen\u00fcz hayatta olan imparatorun sahip oldu\u011fu, onu \u00e7evreleyen ve koruyan bir kutsal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade etmektedir[17]<\/sup><\/a>. Asker\u00ee takvimde Severus Alexander\u2019e kendisinin genius<\/em>\u2019u i\u00e7in bir bo\u011fa kurban edilirken onun annesi olan Mamaea Augusta\u2019ya ise genius<\/em>\u2019un di\u015fil kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan iuno<\/em>\u2019su i\u00e7in di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r\u0131n kurban edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (ii. 26).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Takvimde Severus Alexander\u2019in en s\u0131k ibadet edilen imparator olmas\u0131, genel olarak ya\u015fayan imparatorlara atfedilen \u00f6nemi ve kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Zira Severus Alexander\u2019in sahip oldu\u011fu bu yo\u011fun tap\u0131n\u0131m, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla kendisinden \u00f6nceki imparatorlar i\u00e7in de y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00adm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[18]<\/sup><\/a>. Benzer \u015fekilde, metinde Severus Alexander\u2019e ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan sat\u0131rlar, onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yerine gelen imparatorlara ayr\u0131lacak ve kendisi tanr\u0131sal imparatorlardan biri olarak k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 bir tap\u0131n\u0131m g\u00f6recektir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Takvimde geleneksel Roma dinine ili\u015fkin kutlamalar ikinci grupta de\u011ferlendirilebilir: Bunlar s\u0131ra\u00ads\u0131yla Mars\u2019\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc (1 Mart); Minerva i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen Quinquatria<\/em> (19 Mart); Roma kentinin kurulu\u015funun y\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc vesilesiyle d\u00fczenlenen Parilia<\/em>\/Palilia<\/em> (21 Nisan); Vesta i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen Vestalia<\/em> (9 Haziran) ve Neptunus i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen Neptunalia<\/em> (23 Temmuz) festivalleridir. Aralar\u0131n\u00addan Quinquatria<\/em> ve Vestalia<\/em> festivalleri i\u00e7in \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6renleri tertip edilirken Mars ve Roma kenti i\u00e7in kurban t\u00f6renleri yer almaktad\u0131r. Neptunalia<\/em> i\u00e7in ise hem bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni hem de bir kurban t\u00f6reni tertip edilmektedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Tanr\u0131 Saturnus i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen Saturnalia<\/em> da bu festivallerden biri olarak askerler taraf\u0131ndan kutlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[19]<\/sup><\/a>.\u00a0 Takvimin Saturnalia<\/em> festivaliyle ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131 tahribattan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc net bir \u015fekilde okunamamakla beraber metindeki son iki sat\u0131r bu festivalin mevcut olabilece\u00ad\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir (iv. 7-8). S\u00f6z konusu festivallere ek olarak ayr\u0131ca 12 May\u0131s\u2019ta Mars\u2019\u0131n (ii. 9), 5 A\u011fustos\u2019ta da Tanr\u0131\u00e7a Salus\u2019un onuruna d\u00fczenlenen araba yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 vesilesiyle kurban t\u00f6renleri (ii. 25) tertip edilmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr geleneksel Roma festivalleri ve imparator k\u00fclt\u00fcne ili\u015fkin kutlamalar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnler, \u00e7e\u015fitli kararg\u00e2hlarda ikamet edip nispeten izole bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcren askerleri toplumun geri kalan\u0131yla ortak noktada bulu\u015fturan \u00f6nemli g\u00fcnlerdir[20]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Asker\u00ee takvimde ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en geleneksel Roma tanr\u0131 ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi verdikten sonra bunlardan biri olan zafer tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n Parthica<\/em> s\u0131fat\u0131yla an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sat\u0131r\u0131n \u00f6zel bir yeri oldu\u011fu belirtil\u00admelidir (i. 14-16). Romal\u0131lar\u0131n zafer tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 olan Victoria, Septimius Severus\u2019un MS 198 y\u0131l\u0131nda Parthlara kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferinin ard\u0131ndan \u201cParthlara kar\u015f\u0131 muzaffer\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen Parthica<\/em> s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 alarak ayr\u0131ca bir tap\u0131n\u0131m oda\u011f\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir[21]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Takvimde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc gruba al\u0131nabilecek kutlamalar ise do\u011frudan asker\u00ee geleneklere ili\u015fkindir. Bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan ilk kutlama, Ocak ay\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc g\u00fcn\u00fcnde askerlerin y\u0131ll\u0131k olarak ettikleri sadakat yeminlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmalar\u0131 vesilesiyle d\u00fczenlenmektedir (i. 2-6). Ayn\u0131 ay\u0131n yedinci g\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcnde hak eden askerlerin onurlu terhislerinin[22]<\/sup><\/a> verilmesi ve muvazzaf olanlar\u0131n maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 alma\u00adlar\u0131 vesilesiyle bir kutlama daha tertip edilmektedir (i. 7-9). Her iki kutlamada da Roma\u2019n\u0131n gele\u00adneksel tanr\u0131 ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131 i\u00e7in kurbanlar kesilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna ek olarak, takvimde birin\u00adcisi 9-11 May\u0131s, ikincisi ise 31 May\u0131s g\u00fcnlerinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi planlanan ve ordudaki sancaklarla ili\u015fkili bir g\u00fcl festivali olan rosaliae signorum<\/em> kutlamalar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r (ii. 8. 14). Bu kutlamalarda birer \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni tertip edilmekte ve asker\u00ee birliklerin sancaklar\u0131 g\u00fcllerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7elenklerle s\u00fcslenmektedir[23]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc gruba d\u00e2hil olan kutlamalar do\u011frudan Roma ordusundaki geleneklerle ili\u015fkili olmakla beraber halk aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Takvim metninin T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evirisi C. B. Welles, R. O. Fink ve J. F. Gilliam taraf\u0131ndan 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenerek yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olan Latince transkript esas al\u0131narak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[24]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

FERIALE DURANUM<\/strong><\/p>\n

I.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1<\/strong>) [Kal(endis) Ianuaris \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 42 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013]\n

(2<\/strong>) [III Nonas Ianuarias quod solvantur ac nuncupentur v]o\u0323t\u0323a\u0323 et ob salutem (3<\/strong>) [domini nostri M(arci) Aureli Severi Alexandri Aug(usti) et ob aetern]i\u0323ta\u0323te\u0323m (4<\/strong>) [impe]ri p\u0323(opuli) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [R(omani) Iovi O(ptimo) M(aximo) b(ovem) m(arem), Iunoni Reginae b(ovem) f(eminam), Minervae b(ovem) f(eminam), Iovi Victori] b(ovem) m(arem),<\/p>\n

(5<\/strong>) [. . . .] . s . [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 12 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 Marti Patri taurum, Marti Victori ta]u\u0323rum, (6<\/strong>) [Vict]o\u0323riae b(ovem) [f(eminam) \u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/p>\n

(7<\/strong>) [VIII Idus] Ianu[arias quod detur emeritis honesta missio cum usu privi]legio(8<\/strong>)[rum] v\u0323e\u0323l nume\u0323[re]n[t]u\u0323r\u0323 [militibus stipendia I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo), b(ovem) m(arem), Iunoni b(ovem) f(eminam), Minervae] b(ovem) f(eminam), (9<\/strong>) [Salu]t\u0323i b(ovem) f(eminam), Marti Pa\u0323t\u0323r\u0323i\u0323 t\u0323[aurum \u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/p>\n

(10<\/strong>) V\u0323[I Idus I]anuarias ob nata\u0323[lem Divae . . . . . . . . Divae . . . . . . . . supp]l\u0323icat\u0323i\u0323o\u0323<\/p>\n

(11<\/strong>) [. . Idus I]a\u0323nuarias ob na\u0323t\u0323ale\u0323[m Luci \u2013 3-4 \u2013 Caesaris \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 14 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] Luci \u27e6. s . [3-4] Au\u0323g\u27e7 (12<\/strong>) [3-4 C]aesaris<\/p>\n

(13<\/strong>) VII[II Kal(endas)] Febrar\u0323ias ob n\u0323ata\u0323[lem Divi Hadriani Divo Hadriano b(ovem) m(arem)]\n

(14<\/strong>) V K\u0323[a]l\u0323(endas) [Feb]rarias ob v[i]c\u0323t\u0323ori\u0323[as Arabicam et Adiabenicam et Parthica]m\u0323 Maxi(15<\/strong>) m\u0323[a]m\u0323 Divi Sev\u0323e\u0323[ri e]t ob\u0323 [imperium Divi Traiani, Victoriae Part]h\u0323ic\u0323[a]e\u0323 (16<\/strong>) b(ovem) [f(eminam), D]ivo Traian[o b(ovem) m(arem)]\n

(17<\/strong>) Prid(ie) N\u0323[onas F]ebraria[s o]b i[mperium Divi Antonini Magni supplicat]i\u0323o, D\u0323ivo (18<\/strong>) An\u0323t\u0323o\u0323nino M[agno] b(ovem) m\u0323(arem)<\/p>\n

(19<\/strong>) Kal(endis) M\u0323[a]rt\u0323is ob c\u0323[e]r[imo]nia\u0323[s natalicias Martis Patris Victoris Marti] P\u0323a\u0323tri (20<\/strong>) Vict\u0323or\u0323i\u0323 ta\u0323u\u0323[rum]\n

(21<\/strong>) P\u0323r\u0323i\u0323d\u0323(ie) No\u0323n[is Ma]r\u0323[tis ob] im[perium Divi Marci Antonini et Divi Luci Veri D]i\u0323vo Mar(22<\/strong>)co b(ovem) [m(arem), Divo Lucio] b(ovem) m(arem)<\/p>\n

(23<\/strong>) III I[d]us M\u0323[artias quod] Imp(erator) [Caesar M(arcus) Aurelius Severus Alexander im]perato\u0323r\u0323 (24<\/strong>) ap[pellat]u\u0323[s sit Io]v\u0323i\u0323 b(ovem) m\u0323(arem), [Iunoni b(ovem) f(eminam), Minervae b(ovem) f(eminam), \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 16 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 Ma]r\u0323t\u0323i b(ovem) m(arem); [quod (25<\/strong>) a mi]litib[us d(omini) n(ostri)] A\u0323ug(usti) [Imp(eratoris) Marci Aureli Severi Alexandri Alexande]r Aug(ustus) n\u0323(oster) (26<\/strong>) [primo] i\u0323mp\u0323[erator] a\u0323pel[latus sit supplicatio\u00a0 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013<\/p>\n

(27<\/strong>) [Pridie Idu]s\u0323 [Martias q]uod A\u0323[lexander Augustus no]s\u0323[ter Augustus et Pater] (28<\/strong>) [Patriae et Pontife]x\u0323 Max\u0323[imus appellatus s]i\u0323t\u0323 supp\u0323[licat]io; [Genio do(29<\/strong>)mini nostri Alex]and[ri Augusti taurum \u2013 \u2013 \u2013]\n

II.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1<\/strong>) XIIII Kal\u0323(endas) A\u0323priles ob diem Quinq\u0323[u]a\u0323[trio]r\u0323[um] suppl\u0323[ic]atio; in X Ka[l(endas) e]a\u0323sdem supp\u0323l\u0323i\u0323c\u0323[ationes]\n

(2<\/strong>) Pridie N\u0323onas Apriles ob natale\u0323[m] D\u0323i\u0323[v]i A[n]tonin\u0323i M\u0323a\u0323gni D[i]v\u0323o An\u0323[t]o\u0323n\u0323[in]o\u0323 b(ovem) m(arem)<\/p>\n

(3<\/strong>) V Idus Apriles ob imperium Di[v]i\u0323 P\u0323ii Severi D[i]vo P\u0323[i]o\u0323 [S]e\u0323ver[o] b\u0323(ovem) m\u0323(arem)<\/p>\n

(4<\/strong>) III Id\u0323u\u0323s A\u0323p\u0323r\u0323[il]es ob natalem Divi Pi\u0323i\u0323 Seve\u0323[r]i\u0323 D\u0323[ivo Pio] S\u0323[evero] b(ovem) [m(arem)]\n

(5<\/strong>) X\u0323[I K]al(endas) Mai\u0323a\u0323s\u0323 ob natalem Urbis [R]omae\u0323 [A]e\u0323t\u0323e\u0323[rnae U(rbi) R(omae) A(eternae) b(ovem) f(eminam)]\n

(6<\/strong>) V\u0323[I K]al(endas) Maias ob natalem Divi Marci\u0323 A\u0323n\u0323t\u0323on\u0323[ini Divo Marco An]to\u0323[nino b(ovem) m(arem)]\n

(7<\/strong>) No[nas] Maias ob natalem Divae I\u0323uli\u0323a\u0323e M\u0323a\u0323[esae Divae Maes]a\u0323e\u0323 [supplicatio]\n

(8<\/strong>) VI. [\u2013 \u2013 u]s Maias ob Rosalias Sign\u0323[o]r\u0323um s\u0323uppl[icatio]\n

(9<\/strong>) IIII I\u0323d\u0323us Maias ob Circenses Ma\u0323[rtiales] Marti Pa\u0323[tri Ult]ori t\u0323a\u0323[u]r\u0323um\u0323<\/p>\n

(10<\/strong>) X\u0323II K\u0323\u0323al\u0323(endas) [I]unias quod Dius Severus imperator a\u0323 [ . . . . . . a]p\u0323p\u0323[ell]a\u0323[tu]s\u0323 s\u0323[it \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] (11<\/strong>) D\u0323ivo Pi\u0323[o] Sever[o]\n

(12<\/strong>) V\u0323IIII Kal(endas) Iunias ob natalem G[er]mani[c]<i> Cae\u0323[sa]ris sup\u0323[pli]cat[i]o [me]m\u0323o\u0323ri[ae Ge]r\u0323m[anici] (13<\/strong>) C\u0323[a]esaris vacat<\/em><\/p>\n

(14<\/strong>) P\u0323r\u0323[i]d\u0323[ie] Kal(endas) Iunias ob\u0323 Rosalias Signorum suppl\u0323[i]ca\u0323tio<\/p>\n

(15<\/strong>) [V] I\u0323d\u0323[us I]unias ob Ve\u0323stalia Veste Matri\u0323 supplica\u0323t[i]o\u0323<\/p>\n

(16<\/strong>) [VI Kal(endas)] I\u0323ul\u0323ias quod dominus nost\u0323[e]r\u0323 [M]arcus Aure\u0323[l]ius Severus Al[e]x\u0323a\u0323[nder Cae]s\u0323a\u0323r\u0323 a\u0323p\u0323p\u0323e\u0323[l(17<\/strong>)lat]u\u0323s si\u0323t\u0323 et toga virili amic\u0323[tus] Gen\u0323io Al\u0323exand\u0323r\u0323i Au[g]usti taur[u]m<\/p>\n

(18<\/strong>) [Kal(endis) Iuli]i\u0323s\u0323 [qu]o\u0323d Alexande\u0323r Aug(ustus) n(oster) p\u0323[r]imo co(n)s\u0323(ul) desig[n]atus sit suppli\u0323c\u0323at\u0323[io]\n

(19<\/strong>) [III N]o\u0323n(as) [I]u\u0323lias ob\u0323 [n]a\u0323talem Divae\u0323 M\u0323at\u0323idiae Diva[e] Mati[di]ae suppli\u0323[cat]i[o]\n

(20<\/strong>) [VI Idus Iulia]s ob imp\u0323e\u0323rium Divi Antonini P\u0323ii Div\u0323[o] Ant\u0323o\u0323nino b(ovem) m(arem)<\/p>\n

(21<\/strong>) [IIII Idus Iul]i\u0323a\u0323s\u0323 o\u0323b natalem Divi Iuli Di\u0323vo Iulio b(ovem) m(arem)<\/p>\n

(22<\/strong>) [X Kal(endas) Augus]t\u0323as ob diem Neptunaliorum supplicatio, [i]mm\u0323[o]latio<\/p>\n

(23<\/strong>) [Kal(endis) Augustis ob n]atalem Divi Claud\u0323i\u0323 e\u0323t Divi Pert\u0323[in]acis [Di]v\u0323o\u0323 Cl[audi]o\u0323 b(ovem) m(arem) (24<\/strong>) [Divo Pertinaci] b(ovem) m(arem)<\/p>\n

(25<\/strong>) [Nonis Augustis] o\u0323[b Circenses Sa]l\u0323ut\u0323ares Sa\u0323lut[i b(ovem)] f(eminam)<\/p>\n

(26<\/strong>) [ . . Kal(endas) Septemb]r\u0323e[s ob na]tal\u0323[em M]a\u0323maea\u0323[e Aug(ustae) matr]i\u0323s\u0323 Aug(usti) n(ostri), I[uno]n[i Ma]m\u0323a\u0323[e]a\u0323e A\u0323ug(ustae) [b(ovem) f(eminam)]\n

(27<\/strong>) [ . . . . . . . . . . . . ] . uo\u0323[ . . . . ]m\u0323or\u0323 . [ . . . . . . ] . iam . . [ . . . . . . . . ] . [ . ] . . a . . . [<\/p>\n

(28<\/strong>) [ . . Kal(endas) Septembr]es o\u0323[b nata]le\u0323[m Div]a\u0323e Mar\u0323[cianae Divae Marci]a\u0323n\u0323[ae supplicatio]\n

III.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1<\/strong>) [Pr]id(ie) [Kal(endas) Septembres ob nat]a\u0323lem\u0323 [Divi Commodi Divo] Com\u0323[modo b(ovem) m(arem)]\n

(2<\/strong>) [ . . ] Idu\u0323[s Septembres \u2013 ca<\/em>. 6 \u2013 \u2013 ] . . [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 21 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] . [<\/p>\n

–3<\/em><\/strong>.<\/em> sat\u0131r tamamen kay\u0131pt\u0131r<\/em>.<\/p>\n

(4<\/strong>) [XIIII Kal(endas) Octo]b\u0323r\u0323[es] o\u0323[b natalem Divi Traiani et ob imperium Divi Nervae Divo (5<\/strong>) Traiano b(ovem) m(arem), Divo Nervae b(ovem) m(arem)]\n

(6<\/strong>) [XIII Kal(endas) Octobre]s o[b natalem Divi An]t[onini Pii Divo Antonino b(ovem) m(arem)]\n

(7<\/strong>) [ . . Kal(endas)] Oct\u0323[obres o]b\u0323 n\u0323at\u0323[alem Di]vae F\u0323[austina]e\u0323 Di\u0323v\u0323[ae Fau]sti[nae suppl]i\u0323cat[io]\n

(8<\/strong>) [VIIII] K\u0323al\u0323(endas) [Octobres o]b n[atalem] Di\u0323[vi Augusti] Di\u0323[vo Aug]us\u0323[to b(ovem) m(arem)]\n

–9<\/em><\/strong>. ve 10<\/strong>. sat\u0131rlar tamamen kay\u0131pt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

(11<\/strong>) ca<\/em>. 13 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] . [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 17 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] . . [ . ] . [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 15 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] . . [ . ] . . [<\/p>\n

(12<\/strong>) [\u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 7 \u2013 \u2013 No]v\u0323e\u0323[m]br\u0323[e]s [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 14 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013]. . [ . ]nus\u0323 . [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 13 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ] . . [ . . ] . [ . ]e\u0323[<\/p>\n

(13<\/strong>) [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 15 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] i\u0323 [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 11 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] . [\u2013 ca<\/em>. 6 \u2013] n\u0323[<\/p>\n

–14<\/em><\/strong>. sat\u0131rdan 19<\/strong>. sat\u0131ra dek tamamen kay\u0131pt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

(20<\/strong>(?)) [\u2013 \u2013] . [<\/p>\n

(21<\/strong>(?)) [\u2013 \u2013] . [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 ca<\/em>. 19 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013] . [<\/p>\n

–22<\/em><\/strong>. ve 23<\/strong>. sat\u0131rlar tamamen kay\u0131pt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

(24<\/strong>(?)) [\u2013 K]al\u0323[z<\/p>\n

IV.<\/strong><\/p>\n

–1<\/em><\/strong>. sat\u0131rdan 6<\/strong>. sat\u0131ra dek tamamen kay\u0131pt\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

(7<\/strong>) [XVI K]a\u0323[l(endas) Ianuar]i\u0323a\u0323[s \u2013 \u2013 \u2013]a\u0323t\u0323a\u0323 [\u2013 \u2013 \u2013sup]pli\u0323[c]ati\u0323[o (8<\/strong>) i]n X [Kal(endas) eas]d\u0323em\u0323<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

FERIALE DURANUM<\/strong><\/p>\n

I.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1<\/strong>) 1 Ocak: Okunamamaktad\u0131r<\/em>.<\/p>\n

(2<\/strong>–6<\/strong>) 3 Ocak: Yeminlerin tutulmas\u0131 ve sunular\u0131n yerine getirilmesi vesilesiyle efendimiz Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus\u2019un selameti ve Romal\u0131lar\u0131n devletinin ebediyeti i\u00e7in Iupiter Optimus Maximus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Iuno Regina\u2019ya di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Minerva\u2019ya di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Iupiter Victor\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, […] Mars Pater\u2019e bir bo\u011fa, Mars Victor\u2019a bir bo\u011fa, Victoria\u2019ya di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r […]\n

(7<\/strong>–9<\/strong>) 7 Ocak: Askerlere maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi ve hak edenlere ayr\u0131cal\u0131klarla birlikte onurlu terhisin verilmesi vesilesiyle Iupiter Optimus Maximus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Iuno\u2019ya di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Minerva\u2019ya di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Salus\u2019a di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Mars Pater\u2019e bir bo\u011fa […]\n

(10<\/strong>) 8 Ocak: Diva […] do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in Diva […] \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(11<\/strong>–12<\/strong>) 9-23 Ocak: Lucius […] Caesar\u2019\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in […] Lucius […] Aug. Caesar\u2019\u0131n […]\n

(13<\/strong>) 24 Ocak: Tanr\u0131sal Hadrianus\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Hadrianus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(14<\/strong>–16<\/strong>) 28 Ocak: Tanr\u0131sal Severus\u2019un Arabia, Adiabenia ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck Parthia zaferleri ve tanr\u0131sal Traianus\u2019un tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7in Victoria Parthica\u2019ya di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, tanr\u0131sal Traianus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(17<\/strong>–18<\/strong>) 4 \u015eubat: Tanr\u0131sal Antoninus Magnus\u2019un tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni, tanr\u0131sal Antoninus Magnus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(19<\/strong>–20<\/strong>) 1 Mart: Mars Pater Victor\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00f6reni i\u00e7in Mars Pater Victor\u2019a bir bo\u011fa.<\/p>\n

(21<\/strong>–22<\/strong>) 7 Mart: Tanr\u0131sal Marcus Antoninus ile tanr\u0131sal Lucius Verus\u2019un tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Marcus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, tanr\u0131sal Lucius\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(23<\/strong>–26<\/strong>) 13 Mart: Imparator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander imparator olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Iupiter\u2019e erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Iuno\u2019ya di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, Minerva\u2019ya di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, […] Mars\u2019a(?) erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r; ayr\u0131ca Alexander Augustus\u2019umuz, efendimiz Augustus \u0130mparator Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander\u2019in askerleri taraf\u0131ndan ilk defa imparator olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(27<\/strong>–29<\/strong>) [14] Mart: Alexander Augustus\u2019umuz Augustus<\/em>, Vatan\u0131n<\/em> Babas\u0131<\/em> ve Pontifex<\/em> Maximus<\/em> olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni; efendimiz Alexander Augustus\u2019un genius<\/em>\u2019u i\u00e7in bir bo\u011fa, […]\n

II.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1<\/strong>) 19 Mart: Quinquatria<\/em> g\u00fcnleri i\u00e7in \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni; 23 Mart\u2019a dek \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6renleri.<\/p>\n

(2<\/strong>) 4 Nisan: Tanr\u0131sal Antoninus Magnus\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Antoninus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(3<\/strong>) 9 Nisan: Tanr\u0131sal Pius Severus\u2019un tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Pius Severus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(4<\/strong>) 11 Nisan: Tanr\u0131sal Pius Severus\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Pius Severus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(5<\/strong>) 21 Nisan: Ebedi Roma Kenti\u2019nin do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in Ebedi Roma Kenti\u2019ne di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(6<\/strong>) 26 Nisan: Tanr\u0131sal Marcus Antoninus\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Marcus Antoninus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(7<\/strong>) 7 May\u0131s: Diva Iulia Maesa\u2019\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc vesilesiyle Diva Maesa i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(8<\/strong>) [9-11] May\u0131s: Sancaklar\u0131n g\u00fcl festivali vesilesiyle bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(9<\/strong>) 12 May\u0131s: Mars i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen araba yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 vesilesiyle Mars Pater Ultor\u2019a bir bo\u011fa.<\/p>\n

(10<\/strong>–11<\/strong>) 21 May\u0131s: Tanr\u0131sal Severus […] imparator olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Pius Severus\u2019a […]\n

(12<\/strong>–13<\/strong>) 24 May\u0131s: Germanicus Caesar\u2019\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc vesilesiyle Germanicus Caesar\u2019\u0131n an\u0131s\u0131na bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(14<\/strong>) 31 May\u0131s: Sancaklar\u0131n g\u00fcl festivali i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(15<\/strong>) [9] Haziran: Vestalia<\/em> i\u00e7in Vesta Mater\u2019e bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(16<\/strong>–17<\/strong>) [26] Haziran: Efendimiz Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Caesar<\/em> olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve erkeklik togas\u0131 giydi\u011fi i\u00e7in Alexander Augustus\u2019un genius<\/em>\u2019una bir bo\u011fa.<\/p>\n

(18<\/strong>) [1] Temmuz: Alexander Augustus\u2019umuz ilk defa consul<\/em> se\u00e7ildi\u011fi i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(19<\/strong>) [2-5] Temmuz: Diva Matidia\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc vesilesiyle Diva Matidia i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(20<\/strong>) [10] Temmuz: Tanr\u0131sal Antoninus Pius\u2019un tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Antoninus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(21<\/strong>) [12] Temmuz: Tanr\u0131sal Iulius\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Iulius\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(22<\/strong>) [23] Temmuz: Neptunalia<\/em> g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in birer \u015f\u00fckran ve kurban t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(23<\/strong>–24<\/strong>) [1] A\u011fustos: Tanr\u0131sal Claudius ve tanr\u0131sal Pertinax\u2019\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Claudius\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, tanr\u0131sal Pertinax\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(25<\/strong>) [5] A\u011fustos: Salus i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlen araba yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 vesilesiyle Salus\u2019a di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(26<\/strong>) [14-29] A\u011fustos: Augustus\u2019umuzun annesi Mamaea Augusta\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in Mamaea Augusta\u2019n\u0131n iuno<\/em>\u2019suna di\u015fi bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(27<\/strong>) : Okunamamaktad\u0131r<\/em>.<\/p>\n

(28<\/strong>) [15-30] A\u011fustos: Diva Marciana\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc vesilesiyle Diva Marciana i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

III.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1<\/strong>) 31 A\u011fustos: Tanr\u0131sal Commodus\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Commodus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(2<\/strong>) [7(?)] Eyl\u00fcl: Okunamamaktad\u0131r<\/em>.<\/p>\n

(4-5<\/strong>) [18] Eyl\u00fcl: Tanr\u0131sal Traianus\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc ve tanr\u0131sal Nerva\u2019n\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Traianus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, tanr\u0131sal Nerva\u2019ya erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(6<\/strong>) [19] Eyl\u00fcl: Tanr\u0131sal Antoninus Pius\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Antoninus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(7<\/strong>) [20-22] Eyl\u00fcl: Diva Faustina\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc vesilesiyle Diva Faustina i\u00e7in bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni.<\/p>\n

(8<\/strong>) [23] Eyl\u00fcl: Tanr\u0131sal Augustus\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in tanr\u0131sal Augustus\u2019a erkek bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

(12<\/strong>) [16 Ekim \u2013 12 Kas\u0131m(?)]: Okunamamaktad\u0131r<\/em>.<\/p>\n

IV.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(7-8<\/strong>) [16-17(?)] Aral\u0131k: […] do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in(?) […] bir \u015f\u00fckran t\u00f6reni […] ayn\u0131 ay\u0131n 23\u2019\u00fcne kadar.<\/p>\n

<\/div>

<\/div>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Domaszewski 1895.<\/p>\n

<\/a>2]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fink & Hoey & Snyder 1940, 1-222.<\/p>\n

<\/a>3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Takvim metninin veya \u00e7evirilerinin yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserler ve sayfa aral\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bk. Cavenaile 1958, 412-416; Levick 1958, 143-146; Welles et al.<\/em> 1959, 191-212; Fink 1971, 422-429; Bruckner & Marichal 1975, 2-9; Helgeland 1978, 1470-1505; Bohec 1993, 281-282; Campbell 1994, 127-130; Beard et al.<\/em> 1998, 71-74; Lee 2000, 16-19; Olivier 2008, 127-129. Takvim metninin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131, tablola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya at\u0131f yap\u0131larak \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nlerden de\u011ferlendirildi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve sayfa aral\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bk. Oliver 1941, 540; 1949, 35-40; Fink 1942, 81-101; 1944, 17-19; 1947, 159-170; Guey 1948, 60-70; Nock 1952, 187-252; Gilliam 1954, 183-196; Benario 1962, 192-196; Birley 1978, 1506-1541; Herz 1978, 1135-1200; Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, 159; Pek\u00e1ry 1986, 91-103; Fishwick 1988, 354-360; Stoll 1995, 107-118; Herz 2002, 98-100; Southern 2006, 160; Goldsworthy 2015, 108-113.<\/p>\n

<\/a>4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kienast 2004, 122-123; James 2019, 51.<\/p>\n

<\/a>5]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Millar 1990, 55; Sartre 2005, 186, 196; Edwell 2008, 116; Jones 2019, 52.<\/p>\n

<\/a>6]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Andringa 2007, 454.<\/p>\n

<\/a>7]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fink et al.<\/em> 1940, 1-30; Welles et al.<\/em> 1959, 191; Lee 2000, 16.<\/p>\n

<\/a>8]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fink 1947, 165-170; Davies 1968, 31-34; 1976, 253-255; Campbell 1994, 130.<\/p>\n

<\/a>9]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Benario 1962, 196 kr\u015f. Welles et al.<\/em> 1959, 197.<\/p>\n

<\/a>10]<\/a> \u00a0 Chisholm & Ferguson 1981, 159.<\/p>\n

<\/a>11]<\/a> \u00a0 Fink et al.<\/em> 1940, 28; Lee 2000, 16.<\/p>\n

<\/a>12]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Beard et al.<\/em> 1998, 235.<\/p>\n

<\/a>13]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Nock 1952, 203.<\/p>\n

<\/a>14]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Takvim metninde i. s\u00fctunun 11-12. sat\u0131rlar\u0131.<\/p>\n

<\/a>15]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Romal\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir gencin \u00e7ocukluk y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan giydi\u011fi bir k\u0131yafet, toga<\/em> virilis<\/em>. Roma toplumunda toga<\/em> virilis<\/em> giymek yeti\u015fkinli\u011fin ba\u015flamas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunun i\u00e7in bk. Dolansky 2008, 47-59.<\/p>\n

<\/a>16]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Kienast 2004, 177.<\/p>\n

<\/a>17]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Speidel & Dimitrova-Mil\u010deva 1978, 1543-1544; Beard et al.<\/em> 1998, 207; Bohec 2015, 425.<\/p>\n

<\/a>18]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Fishwick 1969, 364-366; Beard et al.<\/em> 1998, 366.<\/p>\n

<\/a>19]<\/a> \u00a0 Bohec 1993, 282 kr\u015f. Campbell 1994, 130.<\/p>\n

<\/a>20]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Lee 2000, 21.<\/p>\n

<\/a>21]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Fink 1942, 81-101.<\/p>\n

<\/a>22]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Hizmet s\u00fcrelerini tamamlayan askerlere verilen honesta<\/em> missio<\/em> adl\u0131 terhis. Aerarium<\/em> militare<\/em> adl\u0131 asker\u00ee hazineden emeklilik ikramiyesi verilmesi ve bir arazi tahsis edilmesi gibi ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in bk. Bohec 2015, 335.<\/p>\n

<\/a>23]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Domaszewski 1895, 12-13; Hoey 1937, 22-32; Speidel & Dimitrova-Mil\u010deva 1978, 1543-1544.<\/p>\n

<\/a>24]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 Welles et al.<\/em> 1959, 197-202.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a>