{"id":4055,"date":"2018-11-16T17:09:52","date_gmt":"2018-11-16T15:09:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0166"},"modified":"2019-01-17T21:02:32","modified_gmt":"2019-01-17T19:02:32","slug":"lbr-0166","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2018-en\/lbr-0166","title":{"rendered":"Benefaction and Rewards in the Ancient Greek City: The Origins of Euergetism"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Benefaction and Rewards in the Ancient Greek City: The Origins of Euergetism<\/h2>\n

Nurg\u00fcl SARA\u00c7O\u011eLU<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:<\/strong> 9780521515351
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0321
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02016
\nLocation:<\/strong> London
\nPublisher:\u00a0<\/strong>Cambridge University Press<\/p><\/div>

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LIBRI<\/em>\u00a0IV (2018) 335-337<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2018036
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 16.06.2018 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 27.10.2018
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 16.11.2018
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2018<\/p>\n

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\"info\"\u00a0\u00a0<\/a>Citation<\/a>
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M. D. GYGAX, Benefaction and Rewards in the Ancient Greek City: The Origins of Euergetism<\/em>. London 2016. Cambridge University Press, 321 page. ISBN: 9780521515351<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu eser, Hellen euergetism<\/em>\u2019inin k\u00f6kenleri hakk\u0131nda ilk kez derinlemesine bir analiz sunmaktad\u0131r. Eser, Giri\u015f<\/em> (1-18) k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda E\u015fzamanl\u0131 Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar <\/em>(19-57), Bir Kurum Yaratma <\/em>(58-106), S\u00fcreklilik ve De\u011fi\u015fim: Yabanc\u0131lar ve Sporcular <\/em>(107-138), S\u00fcreklilik ve De\u011fi\u015fim: Vatanda\u015flar <\/em>(139-179) ve Euerge\u00adtism\u2019in Kapsam\u0131n\u0131 Geni\u015fletme <\/em>(180-250) olmak \u00fczere be\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015f\u00admaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/em> (1-18) k\u0131sm\u0131 kendi i\u00e7inde be\u015f alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda, euergetism<\/em> teriminin k\u00f6keni ve ne anlama geldi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu terimin ilk kez kim taraf\u0131ndan ve nerede kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f ve kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n\u00adla\u015fma s\u00fcreci anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ni\u00e7in Euergetism<\/em> alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda hay\u0131rseverlik mefhumunun kentler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemine ve hay\u0131rseverler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan katk\u0131\u00adlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda toplum \u00fczerindeki etkilerine dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, ha\u00ady\u0131rseverlerin ni\u00e7in onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131ndan bahsedilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rnekler ve Bor\u00e7lar<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda Hristiyanlar\u0131n ve Paganlar\u0131n hay\u0131rseverli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 tutumlar\u0131, Hellen-Roman hay\u0131rseverli\u011fi ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu (M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u0130srail) hay\u0131rseverli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki farklara de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan H. Bolkestein, A. R. Hands ve P. Veyne\u2019in eserlerindeki euergetism<\/em> yorumlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. C\u00f6mertlik ve Yarar<\/em> k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131nda ise Antik Hellenlerdeki hediye al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi ba\u015fka yerlerdeki \u00f6rneklerle k\u0131\u00adyaslanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hellen Tarihi ve Hediye Verme<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise Hellen tarihinin farkl\u0131 d\u00f6nemleri incelenerek, toplumun en tepesinde bulunan bu ki\u015filerin ba\u00ad\u011f\u0131\u015f yapma (hediye verme) e\u011filimlerinin sebepleri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

E\u015fzamanl\u0131 Yakla\u015f\u0131mlar<\/em> (19-57) ismini alan birinci ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131k\u00adtan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kamu Ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Paradoksu<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda, baz\u0131 kentlerde sa\u00addece kente katk\u0131da bulunan ki\u015filerin de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda kente ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yapma s\u00f6z\u00fc verenlerin de hen\u00fcz s\u00f6zlerini yerine getirmeden onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na temas edilmi\u015ftir. Stellere, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f vaadinde bulunan ki\u015filerin isimleri ve vaat ettikleri ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n miktar\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmekle birlikte, yazar taraf\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015f bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015ftan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ki\u015filerin ni\u00e7in onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yorumlarda bulunulmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca, polis<\/em>\u2019lerin neden bireylerin s\u00f6zlerini ye\u00adrine getirmemesi riskini g\u00f6ze ald\u0131klar\u0131 izah edilmi\u015ftir. Toplumsal Yap\u0131lar ve Prensipler<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ile Eski Hellen D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin \u201chediye alma ve kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak hediye verme<\/em>\u201d durumlar\u0131 k\u0131yaslanm\u0131\u015f ve iki d\u00f6nem aras\u0131ndaki farklara de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6nemli tarihi ki\u015filiklerin konuya ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zlerine yer verilmi\u015ftir. Yazar, yine i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nem ile Eski Hellen D\u00f6\u00adnemi\u2019ni verilen hediyelere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme s\u00fcresi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da mukayese et\u00admi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda Eski Hellen D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde hangi durumlarda kabul edi\u00adlen hediyeye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme zorunlulu\u011funun ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131, tarihi olaylar\u00addan \u00f6rnekler verilerek okuyucuya sunulmu\u015ftur. Akabinde al\u0131nan hediyeye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak verilen hediyenin birbirine denk olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden bahse\u00addilmi\u015ftir. Bu denkli\u011fin sadece maddi anlamda bir denklik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, yine tarihi olaylardan \u00f6rnekler verilerek a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan euergesia<\/em>\u2019lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kentlerin kendilerini bor\u00e7lu hissetme durumlar\u0131na ve bu durumdan kaynak\u00adlanarak yap\u0131lan iyili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verme ihtiyac\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan kent\u00adlerin euergesia<\/em> yapan ki\u015fileri onurland\u0131rma sebepleri s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lerisini D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek Yap\u0131lan Onurlar<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda, hen\u00fcz ba\u011f\u0131\u015f yapmam\u0131\u015f ki\u015filerin neden onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ve bu onurland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan \u00e7e\u015fitli sebepler be\u00adyan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Eserin ikinci ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Bir Kurum Yaratma<\/em> (58-106) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kur\u00adgulanm\u0131\u015f ve bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Euergetes\u2019li\u011fin \u0130lk A\u015famalar\u0131<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda, ilk euergetes<\/em>\u2019lerin ve onlar\u0131n onurland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n or\u00adtaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 nakledilmi\u015ftir. Bu konu incelenirken yaz\u0131tlardan faydalan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n da onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve bu durum \u00f6r\u00adneklerle desteklenmi\u015ftir. Sporcular da ilk euergetes<\/em>\u2019ler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015flar\u00add\u0131r. M\u00fcsabakalarda zafer kazanan sporcular\u0131n birer euergetes<\/em> olarak kabul edilip, \u00e7e\u015fitli ayr\u0131cal\u0131klarla onurland\u0131r\u0131lma s\u00fcreci \u00f6rneklerle izah edilmi\u015ftir. Kurumsal Olmayan Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda, kent elitlerinin kurumsal olmayan katk\u0131lar\u0131ndan bahsedildikten sonra elitlerin kente nas\u0131l ve neden katk\u0131da bu\u00adlunduklar\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00f6nem \u00f6zellikleri belirtilerek \u00f6rneklerle a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ayr\u0131ca, leitourgia<\/em> teriminin k\u00f6keni hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmi\u015f, bu terimin nereden t\u00fcredi\u011fi ve anlama geldi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Akabinde leitour\u00adgia<\/em> g\u00f6revlerinin g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc ya da zorunlu g\u00f6revler olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kentlerden \u00f6rnekler verilerek, bu g\u00f6revlerinin neler oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. Ay\u00adr\u0131ca, zafer kazanan sporcular\u0131n kente katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan ki\u015filer olarak hangi \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00adlerle onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015f ve bu \u00f6d\u00fcllerin sporcular \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l bir etkisi oldu\u011fu beyan edilmi\u015ftir. \u2018Tyrannos\u2019lar\u0131n C\u00f6mertlikleri<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda, ty\u00adrannos<\/em>\u2019lar ve kentteki elit s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131ndaki farklar anlat\u0131larak, tyrannos<\/em>\u2019lar\u0131n kente yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131mlar\u0131n as\u0131l sebepleri ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte Ty\u00adrannos<\/em>\u2019lar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan katk\u0131lar\u0131n di\u011fer elit kesimin yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmas\u0131n\u0131n, ayr\u0131ca tyrannos<\/em>\u2019lar\u0131n bu elit kesimin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katk\u0131lara bir s\u0131\u00adn\u0131rland\u0131rma getirmelerinin sebepleri s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine bu konuyla ilgili ola\u00adrak tarihi \u00f6rneklere yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcreklilik ve De\u011fi\u015fim: Yabanc\u0131lar ve Sporcular <\/em>(107-138) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kent ve Yabanc\u0131lar<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda, M\u00d6 V. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015fka kentlerde euergetes<\/em> olarak onurland\u0131r\u0131lan ki\u015filer \u00f6rnek\u00adlendirilmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte proksenos<\/em> ve euergetes <\/em>unvanlar\u0131n\u0131n birlikte an\u0131lmas\u0131, bir kentte proksenos<\/em> ve euergetes <\/em>unvan\u0131 alan ki\u015filerin di\u011fer ayr\u0131ca\u00adl\u0131klarla onurland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve bah\u015fedilen bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fi anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, proksenos<\/em> ve euergesia<\/em> terimlerinin k\u00f6ken olarak ili\u015fkilerine temas edilmi\u015ftir. Kent ve Sporcular<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise, sporcular\u0131n kent taraf\u0131ndan hey\u00adkellerinin dikilerek onurland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve bu konuya ili\u015fkin \u00f6rneklere yer ve\u00adrilmi\u015ftir. Sporcular\u0131n heykellerinin dikilmesi konusunda Klasik D\u00f6nem ve Hel\u00adlenistik D\u00f6nem aras\u0131ndaki farklar ifade edilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan, sporcular\u0131n al\u00add\u0131klar\u0131 di\u011fer onurland\u0131rmalarla ilgili de bilgi verilmi\u015ftir. Atina \u0130stisnac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em> k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131nda, Atina kentinin, sporcu heykellerinin dikilmesi hususunda ilgili di\u011fer kentlerden farkl\u0131 olu\u015fundan, ayr\u0131ca onursal heykel ve \u015fahsi adak olarak hey\u00adkel dikilmesi aras\u0131ndaki farklar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilmi\u015ftir. Sporcular\u0131n sitesis<\/em> (bedava yemek hakk\u0131) ve proedria<\/em> (\u00f6n s\u0131rada oturma hakk\u0131) ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131k\u00adlar\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015f ve bu konuyla ilgili \u00f6rneklere yer verilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bir ki\u015finin heykelinin dikilmesinin asl\u0131nda ne anlama geldi\u011fi belirtilerek, sporcular\u0131n heykellerinin dikilmesinin yarataca\u011f\u0131 olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar vurgulan\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00fcreklilik ve De\u011fi\u015fim: Vatanda\u015flar<\/em> (139-179) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fmakta olan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde temas edilen kente faydas\u0131 dokunan yabanc\u0131lar ve sporculara mukabil kente faydas\u0131 olan sivillerden bahsedilmektedir. Be\u015finci Y\u00fczy\u0131l Atina\u2019s\u0131nda Sivil Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f \u00d6rnekleri <\/em>k\u0131sm\u0131nda, Arkaik D\u00f6nem\u2019de \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n leitourgia<\/em> g\u00f6revleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda halka farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde yard\u0131m etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. D\u00f6nemin tarihi ki\u015filik\u00adlerinin ne t\u00fcr yard\u0131mlarda bulunduklar\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f ve bu yard\u0131mlar\u0131n gelenek\u00adselle\u015fme s\u00fcreci hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte M\u00d6 V. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u00adlar\u0131nda Atina\u2019da iki \u00f6nemli siyasi s\u00fcrecin, demokrasi ve emperyalizmin, de\u00admos<\/em>\u2019un kent elitlerinden yard\u0131m kabul etme konusunda yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik\u00adler a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra bu de\u011fi\u015fimlerin isonomia<\/em> (yasa \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik) fikrinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine etkilerine dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca M\u00d6 462\u2019deki reformlardan sonra Atina\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lardan s\u00f6z edilmi\u015f ve bu ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n kente nas\u0131l fayda sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kamusal Onurlara Do\u011fru<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise, yabanc\u0131lar ve sporculardan sonra Atina\u2019da ilk kez iki sivil vatanda\u015f\u0131n heykellerinin dikilmesine yer verilmi\u015ftir. Devam\u0131nda bu iki ki\u015finin heykellerinin dikili\u015f nedeni ve bu heykellerin toplumda ne anlam ifade etti\u011fi beyan edilmi\u015ftir. Kente faydas\u0131 olan ki\u015filerin heykel ve resimleri\u00adnin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hangi \u015fekillerde onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 da de\u011finilen di\u011fer bir husustur.<\/p>\n

Eserin son ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm Euergetism\u2019in Kapsam\u0131n\u0131 Ge\u00adni\u015fletme<\/em> (180-250) kendi i\u00e7inde 4 alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Euergetism<\/em> ve Sava\u015f<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda, resmi onurland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n hangi d\u00f6nemde artarak bir ak\u0131m haline geldi\u011fine ve onurland\u0131rma yap\u0131lan alanlar\u0131n geni\u015fledi\u011fine yer verilmi\u015f\u00adtir. Konuyla ilgili olarak, Peloponnesos Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda euergetes<\/em> olarak kabul edi\u00adlip, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde onurland\u0131r\u0131lan komutanlar \u00f6rneklendirilmi\u015ftir. Askeri yard\u0131mlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, mevcut rejimi korumaya y\u00f6nelik giri\u015fimlerin euergesia<\/em> olarak kabul edilip, onurland\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 \u00f6rneklerle izah edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130mparator\u00adluk Olmadan Hay\u0131rseverler<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131 ise, heykellerle onurland\u0131r\u0131lan komutanlar\u0131n \u00f6rneklerine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7lerinden birine onursal vatanda\u015fl\u0131k verilmesine dik\u00adkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda Peloponnesos Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra Atina\u2019n\u0131n mali durumu hakk\u0131nda baz\u0131 bilgiler nakledilmi\u015ftir. Elit s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kenti finanse et\u00admesi i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olmaya zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131na dikkat \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve elit s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bu durum hakk\u0131ndaki bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na temas edilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, leitourgia<\/em>, epidosis<\/em> ve eisp\u00adhora<\/em>\u2019n\u0131n genelle\u015fmesi hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmi\u015f ve kente katk\u0131da bulunman\u0131n M\u00d6 V. ve IV. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ne manaya geldi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Euergetik Sistem<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise, euergesia<\/em>\u2019ya farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yakla\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve euergetes<\/em>\u2019lerin onursever (philotimos<\/em>) olarak onurland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131 ile onurland\u0131r\u0131lan ki\u015filerin sitesis <\/em>de\u011fil, deipnon<\/em> ile onurland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan bahsedilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, baz\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n kse\u00adnia <\/em>ve deipnon<\/em> terimleri hakk\u0131ndaki yorumlar\u0131 aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eserin sona erdi\u011fi Sons\u00f6z: Sonu\u00e7 ve Neden \u0130li\u015fkileri <\/em>k\u0131sm\u0131 ise, yap\u0131lan euergesia<\/em>\u2019lar ve bu euer\u00adgesia<\/em>\u2019lara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak yap\u0131lan onurland\u0131rmalar\u0131n d\u00f6nemsel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na tahsis edilmi\u015ftir. Bu k\u0131s\u0131mda ayr\u0131ca yap\u0131lan hay\u0131rseverlikler ile onurland\u0131rma\u00adlar aras\u0131nda neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde konuyla ilgili \u00f6rnekler zikredil\u00admi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi
\nEski\u00e7a\u011f Dilleri ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc
\n<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Nurg\u00fcl SARA\u00c7O\u011eLU<\/strong>
\nnurgulsaracoglu@hotmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

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