{"id":1463,"date":"2016-02-28T23:31:17","date_gmt":"2016-02-28T21:31:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/?p=1463"},"modified":"2016-07-27T15:29:16","modified_gmt":"2016-07-27T12:29:16","slug":"lbr-0002","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2015-en\/lbr-0002","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender"},"content":{"rendered":"

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B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Jacob ABBOTT<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:\u00a0<\/strong>9786055831851
\nTranslation: <\/strong>M. \u00d6mercan \u00c7al\u0131k
\nPage: <\/strong>153
\nPublication Date: <\/strong>2015
\nLocation: <\/strong>\u0130stanbul
\nPublisher: <\/strong>Alt\u0131n Bilek Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p><\/div>

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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> I (2015) 3-5<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>: 10.20480\/lbr.2018115453
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 10.06.2015\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 21.06.2015
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 23.12.2015
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2015<\/p>\n

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J. ABBOTT, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender. \u0130stanbul 2015. Alt\u0131n Bilek Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 153 sayfa. \u00c7ev.: M. \u00d6mercan \u00c7ALIK. ISBN: 9786055831851<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender<\/em> ad\u0131yla yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f olan kitapta; Ege Havzas\u0131\u2019ndan Hindistan\u2019a kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in hayat\u0131 on iki ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Eserde, \u00d6ns\u00f6z<\/em>\u2019den (13-14) \u00f6nce \u0130skender\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferler sonucunda elde etti\u011fi h\u00e2kimiyet alan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir harita (10-11) yer almakta olup, kitab\u0131n birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise \u00c7ocuklu\u011fu ve Gen\u00e7li\u011fi <\/em>(15-25) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u0130skender\u2019in do\u011fumu ve tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en zaman dilimi konu edilmekte\u00addir. M\u00d6 356 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fan \u0130skender\u2019in, babas\u0131 II. Philippos, annesi ise Olympias\u2019t\u0131r. Olduk\u00e7a ba\u00ad\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir kral olan II. Philippos, Atina ve di\u011fer kent devletlerinin \u00fczerlerine pek \u00e7ok sefer ger\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015ftirmi\u015f bir Makedonya kral\u0131 olup kendini Olympos\u2019un on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tanr\u0131s\u0131 ilan ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015facak derecede hybris sahibidir. Babas\u0131 gibi h\u0131rsl\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kral olmak isteyen \u0130skender, \u00e7ocukluk ve gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131nda enerjik, a\u011f\u0131rba\u015fl\u0131, zeki ve centilmen bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahipti. Babas\u0131 M\u00d6 336 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fczenlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu bir t\u00f6rende Atina\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc hatibi Demosthenes taraf\u0131ndan tertip edildi\u011fine inan\u0131lan bir plan sonucunda Pausanias taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr ve b\u00f6ylelikle \u0130skender hi\u00e7 ummad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir anda tahta \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Ba\u015flamas\u0131 M\u00d6 336 <\/em>(27-37) adl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. M\u00d6 336 y\u0131l\u0131nda tertip edilen bir suikast sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen II. Philippos\u2019un yerine tahta \u0130skender ge\u00e7er. \u0130skender, babas\u0131ndan kalan devlet sistemini korur ve herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gitmez. Ba\u00adbas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi devlet adamlar\u0131na da yine ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde de\u011fer veren \u0130skender bundan sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek oldu\u011fu seferlere yine babas\u0131 gibi onlarla kat\u0131lmaya karar verir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek oldu\u011fu Asya Seferi\u2019nin haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na devam eden \u0130skender hem kendisinin hem de babas\u0131n\u0131n hayalini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde de \u0130skender\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla beraber Asya Seferi ve di\u011fer seferler i\u00e7in gerekli olan haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n tamamlan\u0131\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tepki M\u00d6 335 <\/em>(39-48) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, \u0130skender\u2019in gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yapacak oldu\u011fu seferler i\u00e7in, hala \u00e7ocuk oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen kar\u015f\u0131t bir kesim taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulan tepkiler yer almaktad\u0131r. 35.000 ki\u015filik orduyla Makedonya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey-g\u00fcney y\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcnde seferlere \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130skender ba\u015far\u0131lar elde ederek Hellenlerin ve Romal\u0131lar\u0131n dahi cesaret ede\u00admedi\u011fi topraklara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylelikle olgun bir gen\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterme f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Hellespont\u2019u Ge\u00e7i\u015f M\u00d6 334 <\/em>(49-62) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bizlere sunulmakta\u00add\u0131r. Yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu seferler ile kendini kan\u0131tlayan \u0130skender olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem verdi\u011fi Asya seferine haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Bu sefer g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 \u00fczerinde bulunan Hellespontos\u2019a gelen \u0130skender \u00e7ocuklu\u011fundan bu yana ilgi duydu\u011fu Homeros\u2019un destanlar\u0131ndan bildi\u011fi Troya\u2019y\u0131 gezer. Burada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen sava\u015fta Akhilleus\u2019un \u00fcstlendi\u011fi rol\u00fc kendisi \u00fcstlenerek onun gibi ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir kahraman olarak an\u0131lma iste\u011finin \u0130skender\u2019in binlerce kilometrelik bir alan\u0131 fethetmesindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkenlerden biri oldu\u011funa de\u011finilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Anadolu\u2019daki Seferberlik M\u00d6 334-333<\/em> (63-74) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. M\u00d6 334 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019da \u0130skender ile ba\u015flayan istilalar sonucunda yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u00fczy\u0131l s\u00fcren Pers egemenli\u011fi son bulmu\u015f ve Hellenle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u0130skender\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015fa\u00adr\u0131lar elde etmesini sa\u011flayan, hocas\u0131 Aristoteles gibi yan\u0131nda bulunan ve babas\u0131n\u0131n sad\u0131k askerle\u00adrinden, general Parmenion\u2019a de\u011finilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Parmenion\u2019un orduya kazand\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lar ve \u0130skender\u2019in sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 falanks manevralar\u0131 yine bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Darius\u2019un Yenilgisi M\u00d6 333 <\/em>(75-84) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda okuyucuya sunul\u00admaktad\u0131r. \u0130skender\u2019in Anadolu istilas\u0131, \u0130skender ile Pers h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Dareios\u2019u kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getir\u00admektedir. 35.000 ki\u015filik ordu ile sefere \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130skender\u2019in elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lar sonucunda asker say\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 50.000\u2019e \u00e7\u0131kar, fakat kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki Dareios\u2019un say\u0131s\u0131 500.000 ile 1.000.000 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduya sahip oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde abart\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130sken\u00adder\u2019in Asya Seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcre m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi Pers h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Dareios ile aras\u0131ndaki bu sava\u015f etik de\u011ferler i\u00e7erisinde ge\u00e7er. Hatta Dareios\u2019un esir olan annesi, e\u015fi ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u0130sken\u00adder elinden geldi\u011fince hassas ve zarif davranmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n yedinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Tyre Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 M\u00d6 333 <\/em>(85-94) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u0130skender\u2019in Asya Seferi g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kan bir di\u011fer kent Tyros\u2019tur. Akdeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin \u00f6nemli ti\u00adcari kentlerinden olan Tyros, M\u00d6 333 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130skender taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca kitab\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u0130skender\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olarak kabul edilen Tyros\u2019un zapt\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l ve hangi ko\u015fullarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi konusunda okuyucu ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n sekizinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bizlere, \u0130skender M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da M\u00d6 332 <\/em>(95-105) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile verilmekte\u00addir. M\u00d6 333 Issos Muharebesi\u2019nden ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130skender, M\u00d6 332 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gelmi\u015f, art\u0131k Asya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bat\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 \u0130skender\u2019in h\u00e2kimiyetine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu zaferler sonu\u00adcunda kendini tanr\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu olarak g\u00f6ren ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir kahraman olarak an\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Zeus-Ammon Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ziyaret eden \u0130skender\u2019in buradaki ilahi g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u00ad\u011finil\u00admektedir. Ayr\u0131ca kitab\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde M\u0131s\u0131r Seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ordunun kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler de dile getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n dokuzuncu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fck Zafer M\u00d6 331 <\/em>(107-118) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. M\u00d6 331 y\u0131l\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender Asya seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcre m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi Dareios\u2019u bozguna u\u011frat\u0131r ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck zaferini kazan\u0131r. Yazar, \u0130skender\u2019in, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n en de\u011ferli hazinelerinin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Susa \u015fehrini ele ge\u00e7irmesi hakk\u0131nda da bizleri bilgilendirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n onuncu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Darius\u2019un \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc M\u00d6 330<\/em> (119-129) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile verilir. M\u00d6 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130skender\u2019in, Susa\u2019dan Persepolis\u2019e ilerleyi\u015finin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kestirebildi\u011fi bir askeri sefer oldu\u011fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130skender\u2019in g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korkan Pers kral\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131 Baktria satrab\u0131 Bessos\u2019un isyan\u0131na kat\u0131larak Dareios\u2019u \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrler. Ancak Dareios ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 bekleyen Makedonya kral\u0131 bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr ve Dareios\u2019un intikam\u0131n\u0131 almak \u00fczere harekete ge\u00e7er. Ayr\u0131ca kitab\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Dareios\u2019u kendi satraplar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n elinden \u00f6l\u00fcme g\u00f6t\u00fcren s\u00fcre\u00e7 hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n on birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Karakterin Bozulmas\u0131 M\u00d6 229<\/em> (131-139) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sunulmaktad\u0131r. M\u00d6 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda Persepolis\u2019i de ele ge\u00e7iren ve hayallerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u0130skender, M\u00d6 229 y\u0131l\u0131nda Asya fatihi unvan\u0131n\u0131 almaktad\u0131r. M\u00d6 229 y\u0131l\u0131nda art\u0131k \u0130skender al\u00e7ak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck ve cen\u00adtilmenlik gibi karakter \u00f6zelliklerinden \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeye ba\u015flar. G\u00fc\u00e7 ve iktidar sahibi \u0130skender asker\u00adleri aras\u0131nda dahi alaya al\u0131n\u0131r ve s\u00f6z\u00fc dinlenmez olur. K\u0131saca kitab\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde kendine \u2018b\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019 unvan\u0131n\u0131 takan \u0130skender\u2019in hazin sonu i\u015flenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise \u0130skender\u2019in Sonu M\u00d6 326-319 <\/em>(141-153) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile okuyuculara takdim edilmektedir. \u0130hti\u015fam ve kudret sahibi \u0130skender elde etti\u011fi t\u00fcm zaferleri kendine mal et\u00admek ve babas\u0131 gibi bir suikasta kurban gitmemek i\u00e7in Parmenion gibi sava\u015flarda \u00f6nemli ba\u015far\u0131\u00adlara imza atm\u0131\u015f komutanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrtmektedir. \u0130skender\u2019in son zamanlar\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 miktarda \u015farap t\u00fcketimi haf\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131na ve tam anlam\u0131yla bir zalime d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine neden ol\u00admaktad\u0131r. Elde etti\u011fi ganimet ile kendisine harem kurmu\u015f, iyice zevk ve \u00e2leme dalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendisini tanr\u0131n\u0131n o\u011flu olarak nitelendiren \u0130skender\u2019in M\u00d6 323 y\u0131l\u0131nda Babil\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen i\u00e7ki partisinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 alkol al\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olacakt\u0131r. Tahta ge\u00e7ecek varisini belirlemeyen \u0130skender\u2019in yerine kimin ge\u00e7ece\u011fi hususundaki sorular\u0131, cevapland\u0131rmadan b\u0131rakmas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ken\u00addisinin de bu kadar erken beklemedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130skender\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ise, en \u00e7ok Atina halk\u0131 sevinir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili olarak s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilen Demosthenes geriye \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r ve bir kahraman edas\u0131yla Atina\u2019da kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u0130skender\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcnden sonra komutanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen toprak payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yani halefler d\u00f6nemi hakk\u0131nda da k\u0131\u00adsaca bilgi verilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Jacob Abbott\u2019un bu kitab\u0131, Hellenistik D\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde ayr\u0131 bir yere sahip olan B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130sken\u00adder\u2019in hayat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bilgiler vermektedir. Sade ve anla\u015f\u0131labilir dile sahip olan eser detayl\u0131 bilgilere bo\u011fulmayan bir kaynak niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

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Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong>
\nEdebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi, Arkeoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ya\u015far ARLI (M.A.) <\/strong>
\nyasararli@akdeniz.edu.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n

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