{"id":7565,"date":"2022-07-08T00:07:03","date_gmt":"2022-07-07T21:07:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/?p=7565"},"modified":"2022-07-08T00:16:32","modified_gmt":"2022-07-07T21:16:32","slug":"lbr-0318","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2022-en\/lbr-0318","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Topla Egzersiz Hakk\u0131nda"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Galenos, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Topla Egzersiz Hakk\u0131nda<\/em><\/h2>\n

Translator: \"\"<\/sub><\/strong><\/a> Nur\u015fah \u00c7OKBANK\u0130R \u015eENG\u00dcL<\/a><\/h3>\n
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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> VIII (2022) 81-90<\/strong>
\nReceived Date:<\/strong> 23.05.2022 | Acceptance Date:<\/strong> 10.06.2022
\nOnline Publication Date:<\/strong> 08.07.2022<\/p>\n

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\"info\"<\/a> Citation<\/a>
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Galenos, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Topla Egzersiz Hakk\u0131nda<\/em>. \u00c7ev. N. \u00c7okbankir \u015eeng\u00fcl. Libri VIII (2022) 81-90.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Claudius Galenos, MS 129 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya kentlerinden Pergamon\u2019da do\u011fmu\u015ftur. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130sken\u00adder\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle komutanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmelerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Hellenistik Krall\u0131klar aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan ve Attalos Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezi konumuna yer alan Pergamon Kenti, yine bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00f6neticiler taraf\u0131ndan bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi olarak dizayn edilmi\u015fti. Roma\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli m\u00fcttefiklerinden biri olmas\u0131 ile, bu Helle\u00adnis\u00adtik kent \u00f6nemini daha da art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde de kent k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve mimari geli\u015fimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Kentte M\u00d6 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131la dayanan sa\u011fl\u0131k tanr\u0131s\u0131 Asklepios Soter\u2019e adanm\u0131\u015f bir sa\u011fl\u0131k merkezinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kenti din ve sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir konuma ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f, \u015fifa arayan bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin buray\u0131 ziyaret etmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. Pausanias\u2019a g\u00f6re Asklepieion, Pergamon\u2019da bir av esnas\u0131nda yaralanan (\u03c3\u03c0\u1f71\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1) Arkhias isimli \u015fah\u0131s taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftu. Arkhias burada ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaralar\u0131 tan\u00adr\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u00fclt merkezi Epidauros\u2019ta iyile\u015fince, tanr\u0131 Asklepios\u2019un k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc Pergamon\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131[1]<\/sup><\/a>. Roma \u0130mparatoru Hadrianus zaman\u0131nda en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fayan k\u00fclt merkezi, ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi tadi\u00adlatlarla kentin \u00f6nemli kutsal merkezi halini alm\u0131\u015f ve Asklepios Pergamenus deus <\/em>olarak tap\u0131n\u0131m g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc[2]<\/sup><\/a>. M. Cornerlius Fronto\u2019nun imparator Marcus Aurelius ile bir mektubundan Perga\u00admon\u2019daki Asklepieion\u2019un t\u00fcm Imperium Romanum<\/em> i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir sa\u011fl\u0131k merkezi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u00admaktad\u0131r[3]<\/sup><\/a>. \u00dcnl\u00fc hatip Aelius Aristides ve imparator Caracalla da bu merkeze \u015fifa bulmak amac\u0131yla ziyaretler de bulunmu\u015flard\u0131[4]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Pergamon\u2019daki Asklepieion sa\u011fl\u0131k arayanlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir ziyaret merkezi olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u0131p e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir merkez haline gelmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun en \u00f6nemli ka\u00adn\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri Galenos\u2019tur. Erken ya\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan e\u011fitilen Galenos[5]<\/sup><\/a>, 17 ya\u00ad\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren t\u0131p e\u011fitimine Pergamon\u2019da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[6]<\/sup><\/a> ve ilk \u00f6\u011fretmeni anatomi uzman\u0131 Satyros olmu\u015ftur[7]<\/sup><\/a>. T\u0131p e\u011fitimine ba\u015flamas\u0131nda babas\u0131n\u0131n, muhtemel Asklepios taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen, r\u00fc\u00adyalar\u0131 etkili olmu\u015ftur[8]<\/sup><\/a>. T\u0131p e\u011fitimine Smyrna, Korinthos ve Aleksandreia\u2019da devam eden Galenos, e\u011fitimini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra vatan\u0131na geri d\u00f6nerek gladyat\u00f6r okulunda doktor olarak g\u00f6reve ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f \u00f6ylesine dikkat \u00e7ekiciydi ki, 4 y\u0131l boyunca gladyat\u00f6r okuluna doktor olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131[9]<\/sup><\/a>. Roma\u2019ya ilk gidi\u015finde Peripatetik filozof Eudemos\u2019un \u00f6\u011frencisi olmas\u0131[10]<\/sup><\/a>, Boethius ile birlikte anatomik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmesi[11]<\/sup><\/a> ve di\u011fer okullar\u0131n \u00fcyeleri ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halka a\u00e7\u0131k tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131r\u0131p, ayr\u0131ca d\u00fc\u015fman edinmesine de sebep olmas\u0131 onun hayat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[12]<\/sup><\/a>. Galenos ayr\u0131ca II. Sofistik D\u00f6nem\u2019in (MS I. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu- III. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131) \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biridir. Galenos\u2019un e\u011fitiminde \u00f6nemli yer tutan felsefe e\u011fitiminin, onun t\u0131p alan\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131na yans\u0131mas\u0131 da \u201c\u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f41 \u1f04\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u1f79\u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2\u201d c\u00fcmlesiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir[13]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

166-168 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sebebi bilinmese de Pergamon\u2019a geri d\u00f6ner. Sonras\u0131nda imparator Mar\u00adcus Aurelius Antoninus\u2019un \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine Germania\u2019da Roma ordusuna kat\u0131lmak \u00fczere Perga\u00admon\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve 169 y\u0131l\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irece\u011fi Roma\u2019ya d\u00f6ner. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n bu d\u00f6\u00adnemi eserlerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem oldu ve ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 sonucunda 176 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma\u2019ya d\u00f6nen imparator Marcus Aurelius taraf\u0131ndan imparator doktoru yap\u0131larak \u00f6nemli bir himaye alt\u0131na girdi. 200 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar da aktif bir yaz\u0131n hayat\u0131 ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi takip edilmektedir. Tah\u00adminen 216 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir, ancak nerede \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bilinmemektedir[14]<\/sup><\/a>. Gale\u00adnos\u2019un ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli kesitlerini i\u00e7eren kronolojisi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda sunulmu\u015ftur[15]<\/sup><\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
129\/130<\/td>\nMimar Aelius Nikias\u2019\u0131n ve huysuz bir annenin[16]<\/sup><\/a> o\u011flu olarak Pergamon\u2019da do\u011fdu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
143-147<\/td>\nBabas\u0131n\u0131n denetimi alt\u0131nda e\u011fitime ba\u015flad\u0131. Matematik, geometri ve mant\u0131k \u00fczerine yo\u011fun\u00adla\u015ft\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
147-149<\/td>\nBabas\u0131n\u0131n r\u00fcyalar\u0131n\u0131 takiben, Pergamon\u2019da ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6\u011fretmenlerden t\u0131p e\u011fitimi ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
149-157<\/td>\n149 y\u0131l\u0131nda babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine t\u0131p e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in seyahat etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fitimi Smyrna, Korinthos ve Aleksandreia\u2019da devam etmi\u015f, Pelops, Albinus ve muhtemelen Numi\u00adsianus\u2019tan e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[17]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
157-162<\/td>\nT\u0131bbi uygulamalar i\u00e7in Aleksandreia\u2019dan Pergamon\u2019a geri d\u00f6ner ve kentin gladyat\u00f6r okuluna doktor olarak atan\u0131r. \u0130lk anatomik ke\u015fiflerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
162-166<\/td>\nKent Roma\u2019ya ge\u00e7er. Burada k\u0131smen Boethius\u2019un himayesinde anatomik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na de\u00advam eder.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
166-168<\/td>\nBelirsiz nedenlerle Pergamon\u2019a geri d\u00f6ner. \u0130htimaller aras\u0131nda Roma\u2019da ya\u015fanan veba ya da d\u00fc\u015fmanlar ve Pergamon\u2019da \u015fartlar\u0131n iyile\u015fmesi s\u00f6z konusudur[18]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
168-169<\/td>\nGermania\u2019daki imparator Marcus Aurelius\u2019un ordusu ile sefere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131 ve buradan 2. kez Roma\u2019ya gitti. Ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu burada ge\u00e7irir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
169-200<\/td>\nEserlerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funu bu tarihler aras\u0131nda yazar. Burada \u00e7evirisi tap\u0131lan \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Topla Egzer\u00adsiz Hakk\u0131nda\u201d[19]<\/sup><\/a> eserini de bu tarihlerde yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
200-216<\/td>\nBu tarihler aras\u0131nda pek fazla detay yoktur. 215 ya da 216 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 muhte\u00admeldir. \u00d6l\u00fcm yeri ve \u015fekli bilinmemektedir.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u00e7evirisi yap\u0131lan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Topla Egzersiz Hakk\u0131nda<\/em>[20]<\/sup><\/a> isimli eserinde Galenos, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc egzersizlerin beden \u00fczerindeki olumlu etkilerini ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparator Marcus Aurelius (MS 161-180) d\u00f6nemine ait profesyonel bir hekimin, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan hamamlarda oynanan top oyunlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli bir belgedir[21]<\/sup><\/a>. Galenos bu incelemesinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topla yap\u0131lan egzersizin bedensel etkisinin ortaya koyarken ruh \u00fczerindeki etkilerine de de\u00ad\u011finmi\u015ftir[22]<\/sup><\/a>. Galenos i\u00e7in beden kadar ruhun iyili\u011fi de \u00f6nemlidir, bu y\u00fczden ruha ne\u015fe getiren eg\u00adzersizler en iyi egzersizler aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[23]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/a><\/p>\n

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I.<\/strong> \u03a0\u03b7\u03bb\u1f77\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u0375 \u1f66 \u1f18\u03c0\u1f77\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2\u0375 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b3\u1f77\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u0375 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f74 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f71\u0375 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f71\u03c1\u03ba\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0375 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c3\u1f79\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f30\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u0387 \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u0384 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f77\u0375 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u0384 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f73\u03c0\u03c9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f31\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u1f75\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf. \u03b4\u1f77\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u1f03 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u1f7d\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0375 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f20\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03ba\u1f79\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f04\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd\u0375 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f75\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u0384\u0375 \u03b5\u1f34\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f31\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c1\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u0375 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u0375 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u1ff7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u0375 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n

\u03a6\u03b7\u03bc\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f04\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (900K) \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0375 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1f73\u03c1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u1f75\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u0375 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1fc7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f73\u03c1\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f77\u1fb3 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u0375 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u1f77 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f26\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u1f77\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u1f79\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u1f77\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2\u0375 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bb\u1f71\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03c3\u03b8\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u0375 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f76 \u03b4\u0384 \u1f11\u1f71\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u0384 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b7\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u0375 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1f75\u03bd. \u03bf\u1f54\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u0384 \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u1f74 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41\u03c0\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b1\u1f77 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0375 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f7a \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f71 \u03c4\u2019 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c3\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u1f7d\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9. \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f73\u03c1\u03c8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2\u0375 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b4\u0384 \u1f10\u03be\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2\u0375 \u1f03 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b7\u03b3\u1f75\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n

II.<\/strong> \u03a0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f21 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1. \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03bd\u03bf\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f45\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b8\u1fbd \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f71 \u03c4\u1fbd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u1f76 \u03b8\u1f75\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03b3\u1f73\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1, (901K) \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03bc\u1f71\u03b8\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1f77\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f40\u03bb\u1f77\u03b3\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u1f7d\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5. \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u1f71\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u2019 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u1f7b\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1fbd \u1f45\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1fbd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u2019 \u03b5\u1f54\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd 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\u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f10\u03c6\u1fbd \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f21 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1\u00b7\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f77\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc7 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u1fbd \u1f21 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f54\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f31\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c7\u1f79\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9. \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd.<\/p>\n

\u1f4d\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd (902K) \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f67\u03b4\u1fbd \u1f02\u03bd \u03bc\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f71\u03b8\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c3\u03ba\u1f73\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1fbd \u1f15\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f37\u1f79\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c6\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f77\u03bd. \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f22 \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bd\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f37\u03bf\u03bd \u1f40\u03c3\u03c6\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b8\u1f7d\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1, \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u1fbd \u1f10\u03be \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u1f79\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u1f71\u03b3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f7d\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c6\u1f77\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f73\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f40\u03be\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd \u03b3\u1fbd \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u1f79\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb3\u1f79\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1fc7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd. \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03b8\u1fbd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u1f73\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u1f79 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd.<\/p>\n

\u1f4d\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f75\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u1f7b\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1f71\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u1f7a \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9,\u03bc\u1f73\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u1f79\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1fbd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u1f75\u03c8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c7\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 (903K) \u03b8\u1f7d\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1f73\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f01\u03bc\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u1f73\u03c3\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76<\/p>\n

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III. <\/strong>\u1f69\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u1f73\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u1f79\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c7\u1f75\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd. \u1f00\u03bd\u1f71\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03ba\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03b8\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u1fbd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u03c5\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u1f79\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f34\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, (904K) \u1f00\u03bd\u1f71\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u1f71\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u1f71\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u1fbd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u1f79\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f01\u03bb\u1f77\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u1f44\u03c8\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u1fbd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f14\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b8\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f61\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bc\u1f75 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1fe5\u03bf\u03c0\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c6\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f71\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u1f71\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u1fd6\u1f79\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd. \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u03bd\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b8\u1f75\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u1f77\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u1f73\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f51\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u1f71\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b5\u1f34\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1f77\u03b7. \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9, \u03bc\u03b9\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f73 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u1f77\u1fb3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f21\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u1f75\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f73\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b3\u1f77\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c3\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f40\u03bd\u1f77\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.<\/p>\n

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\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd. \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u1f77 \u03b3\u1fbd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1fbd \u1f02\u03bd \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b8\u1fbd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f73\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u1f76 \u1f22 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u00b7 \u03b8\u1fb6\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f02\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f41\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd.<\/p>\n

\u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1fbd \u1f34\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u1f75\u03c3\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c1\u1f79\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u1fbd \u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1. \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1fbd \u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 (906K) \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9. \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c8\u1f73\u03b3\u03c9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f73\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1f7b\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u1f02\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u1fbd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1f79\u03bd. \u03bf\u1f54\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03c1\u1f79\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f15\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03bc\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f60\u03ba\u1f73\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1fb6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f71\u03b4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u039b\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f20\u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f71\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b3\u1f77\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f10\u03c6\u1fbd \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u1f77\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\u0375 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u0384 \u1f51\u03b3\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f79\u03bd. \u1f00\u03bd\u1f71\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u0375 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u0384 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2. \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f73\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u0384 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u0375 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u0384 \u1f04\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bd\u1f79\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c0\u1f73\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03c1\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u1f71\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n

IV.<\/strong> \u039c\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u2019 \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f43 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f51\u03b3\u1f77\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f31\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u1f77\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1f75\u03bd, \u1f03 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd (907K) 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\u03b4\u2019 \u03b5\u1f54\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u1f79\u03bd \u03b8\u2019 \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f20\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u1f75\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f71\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u1f79\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd. \u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u1f45\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f11\u03ba\u1f71\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b5\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b9\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b3\u03c1\u1f71\u03c8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 \u03bf\u1f37\u1f79\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u1f71\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u2019 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f51\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1f71\u03be\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd, \u1f10\u03bd \u1fa7 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03ba\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\u0387\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f21 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1f79\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f75\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u1f77\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf. \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u1f77\u03b2\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u1f77\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f51\u03c6\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n

V. <\/strong>\u03a4\u1f78 \u03b4\u2019 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f79\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bb\u1f79\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9. \u03b2\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c6\u2019 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff7\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u1ff3 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u2019 \u03bf\u1f35\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c3\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u1f77\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9. \u03b4\u03c1\u1f79\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f60\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f24\u03b4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f73\u03c6\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f00\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f77\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1fe5\u1f75\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f71\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u2019 \u1f05\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f15\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd (910K) \u1f00\u03b8\u03c1\u1f79\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f40\u03bb\u1f77\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f34\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd. \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bd\u03b5\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c1\u03c1\u03b7\u03be\u1f71\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b8\u1f7d\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f71\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f14\u03b2\u03bb\u03b1\u03c8\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u2019 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u1f79\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u1f75\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1f77\u03c0\u03c9, \u03b4\u03b9\u2019 \u1f05 \u03b3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f71\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c6\u03b8\u1f71\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd. \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f05\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03b4\u1f77\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u03ba\u1f71\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u1f71\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c8\u03b5 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u2019 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f77 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u1f73\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u1f7d\u03b2\u03b7\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f49\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u039b\u03b9\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd; \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1f77\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u1f76\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u201c\u03c7\u03c9\u03bb\u1f71\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u1fe5\u03c5\u03c3\u1f71\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c0\u1f71\u03c2 \u03c4\u2019 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u1f7d,\u201d \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f02\u03bd \u1f22 \u03c7\u03c9\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f73 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03b8\u2019 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u1f71\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f01\u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f02\u03bd \u03b5\u1f34\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f60\u03c6\u1f73\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

GALENOS, K\u00dc\u00c7\u00dcK TOP \u0130LE EGZERS\u0130Z HAKKINDA<\/strong><\/p>\n

I.<\/strong> Ey Epigenes, fiziksel egzersizlerin sa\u011fl\u0131k i\u00e7in ne kadar yararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve onun yiyeceklerden \u00f6nce gelmesi gerekti\u011finden, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki insanlar \u2013 hem filozoflar\u0131n hem de hekimlerin en iyileri yete\u00adrince bahsettiler. Ancak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topla yap\u0131lan egzersizlerin di\u011fer \u015feylerin ne kadar \u00f6tesinde oldu\u00ad\u011funu, daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 kimse lay\u0131k\u0131yla uzun uzad\u0131ya anlatmad\u0131. \u015eu h\u00e2lde bildi\u011fimiz \u015feyleri s\u00f6yleme\u00admiz do\u011fru olur; b\u00f6ylece bunlar sanat\u0131n\u0131 en iyi \u015fekilde uygulam\u0131\u015f olan senin taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendi\u00adrilecek, bu bilgiyi payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise di\u011ferlerine de yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zira t\u00fcm fiziksel egzersizlerin i\u00e7inde en iyisinin, sadece (900K) bedeni s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya de\u011fil, bilakis ruhu da ho\u015fnut etmeye muktedir olan egzersizler oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum. K\u00f6peklerle ve di\u011fer vah\u015fi hayvanlarla yap\u0131lan avlar\u0131 ke\u015ffeden, bunlardaki eforu zevk, haz ve \u00fcn severlikle har\u00adman\u00adlayanlar, insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 iyi bir \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f olan bilge insanlard\u0131. Zira ruhun devinimi o derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr ki bir\u00e7o\u011fu sadece ho\u015fnut oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hastal\u0131klardan kurtulurken, bir\u00e7o\u011fu da s\u0131\u00adk\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fundan ele ge\u00e7irildiler. Bedeni ilgilendiren durumlardan hi\u00e7biri, ruhu ilgilendiren\u00adlere \u00fcst\u00fcn ge\u00adlecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle ne t\u00fcr olursa olsun ruhun hareketlerini ihmal etmemek gere\u00adkir, bedenin (hare\u00adketlerinden) daha \u00e7ok (ruhunkilerle) ilgilenilmelidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ruh bedenden \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemlidir. Bu, el\u00adbette zevkle yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm egzersizler i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u015fterektir, ancak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck top arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla (yap\u0131lan) egzersizlerin dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelliklerini, \u015fimdi ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak anlata\u00adca\u011f\u0131m.<\/p>\n

II.<\/strong> \u0130lk olarak, uygulanmas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r. Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda en az\u0131ndan di\u011fer t\u00fcm, vah\u015fi hayvan avlar\u0131 ve k\u00f6\u00adpek\u00adlerle avlanma uygulamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ne kadar haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa ve de bo\u015f zamana ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcrsen, (901K) a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anlayacaks\u0131n ki, ne kamusal i\u015flerle u\u011fra\u015fanlardan ne de sanat icra edenler\u00adden hi\u00e7 kim\u00adsenin b\u00f6ylesi egzersizleri uygulamas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Zira (bunlar i\u00e7in) insan\u0131n hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131\u00adl\u0131r \u015fekilde zen\u00adgin ve az\u0131msanmayacak kadar bo\u015f zamana sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topla egzersiz sadece bir phil\u00adant\u00adropos<\/em> i\u00e7in de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc en fakir olanlar bile bunun i\u00e7in ara\u00e7tan yoksun kalmaz\u00adlar, \u2013 a\u011flara, si\u00adlahlara, atlara, av k\u00f6peklerine de\u011fil, bilakis tek bir topa ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olan\u0131 bile (yeter). \u2013 \u00dcstelik, di\u011fer fiziksel aktivitelere kar\u015f\u0131 ihtiyatl\u0131d\u0131r \u00f6yle ki onun y\u00fcz\u00fcnden di\u011fer eg\u00adzersizlerin hi\u00e7birini ihmal et\u00admeyi gerektirmez. Ve do\u011frusu, tamamen insani bir eyleme ve faaliyete izin veren bir \u015feyden daha kolay ne olabilir? Zira avlarla ilgili egzersizleri kullanabilme kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bize ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir; ekip\u00adman\u00adlar\u0131n temin edilmesi i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131k zenginli\u011fi ve uygun zaman\u0131n g\u00f6zetilmesi i\u00e7in bo\u015f zaman aylakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00adrektirir. Bu egzersiz i\u00e7in ekipmanlar\u0131n haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 en fakir olanlar i\u00e7in bile kolayd\u0131r, ayr\u0131ca yeteri kadar me\u015fgul olanlar da fayda g\u00f6rme f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 elde eder. O halde uygulan\u00admas\u0131n\u0131n kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7ok elveri\u015flidir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topla) (902K) egzersizlerin her biri i\u00e7in neye muktedir oldu\u011funu ve do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u00ad\u011funu dikkatlice inceleyecek olsan, bu egzersizin di\u011ferlerinin i\u00e7inde en faydal\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilhassa \u00f6\u011frenirsin. Zira g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ya da yumu\u015fak oldu\u011funu ya da yukar\u0131dansa a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok, ya da di\u011ferlerinden ziyade (bedenin) bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 hareket ettirdi\u011fini ke\u015ffedeceksin, \u00f6rne\u011fin bel, ba\u015f, kol\u00adlar ya da g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesi. Di\u011fer (egzersizlerden) hi\u00e7biri bedenin t\u00fcm par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fit olarak hareket ettir\u00admez, ayr\u0131ca son derece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc hale getirebilir ya da son derece yumu\u015fak seviyeye indirebilir, bu sa\u00addece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topla egzersiz arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla olur. Bizzat bireysel istekler ve v\u00fccudun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, k\u00e2h son derece h\u0131zl\u0131 k\u00e2h son derece yava\u015f, son derece \u015fiddetli ya da nazik olabilir. B\u00f6ylece, \u015fayet bunun yararl\u0131 olmas\u0131 bekleniyorsa, (v\u00fccudun) t\u00fcm k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 hep bir\u00adlikte hareketlen\u00addirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir ya da bunun belirli bir zaman i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 olmas\u0131 bekleni\u00adyorsa, di\u011ferlerinden ziyade baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 hareketlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Birbirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya yerle\u015ftiklerinde ve (topu) ortadaki ki\u015finin engellemesini \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131k\u00adla\u00adr\u0131nda, bu enseden yakalama ve g\u00fcre\u015fe ait bir\u00e7ok tutu\u015fu ili\u015fkilendiren \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve kuvvetli bir eg\u00adzersizdir. Bu sayede ba\u015f ve boyun enseden yakalama (hareketi) ile, yanlar, (903K) g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kafesi ve<\/p>\n

mideye (kar\u0131n) kollar\u0131n \u00e7evrelenmesi, iterek uzakla\u015ft\u0131rma, sa\u011flam bir pozisyon olu\u015fturma ve di\u011fer g\u00fcre\u015fe ait tutu\u015f\u00adlarla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Egzersizin bu \u015fekliyle bel ve bacaklar \u015fiddetli bir \u015fe\u00adkilde gergin\u00adle\u015fir ve sa\u011flam \/ s\u0131k\u0131 bir ad\u0131m atma \u00e7abas\u0131yla g\u00fc\u00e7 kazan\u0131r. Hem ilerlemek hem geri ad\u0131m atmak hem de yanlara s\u0131\u00e7ramak bacaklar i\u00e7in hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r bir egzersizdir; asl\u0131nda, ger\u00e7e\u011fi s\u00f6ylemek gerekirse, t\u00fcm k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n her birini en do\u011fru \u015fekilde hareket ettiren tek (egzersizdir). \u00d6ne hamlede baz\u0131 sinir ve kas\u00adlar, geri hamlede ise di\u011ferleri \u00e7ok fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde yanlardaki pozisyon de\u011fi\u00ad\u015fikliklerinde ise z\u0131t (sinir ve kaslar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur). \u00d6te yandan, bacakla\u00adr\u0131n\u0131 tek bir formda hareket ettiren biri, ko\u015fanlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, d\u00fczensiz ve e\u015fit olmayan bir \u015fekilde (v\u00fccudunun) k\u0131s\u0131m\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u00adl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n

III. <\/strong>Bacaklar i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu gibi kollar i\u00e7in de (egzersizin) t\u00fcm bi\u00e7iminde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topu yakalamaya haz\u0131r olduk\u00adlar\u0131ndan, bu egzersiz en uygunudur. Bu durumda \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde, kaslar\u0131n baz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n o anda, di\u011ferle\u00adrinin ise ba\u015fka bir zamanda daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde gerilmesi zorunludur; b\u00f6ylece hepsi e\u015fit bir \u015fekilde s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r (904K) hem de aktivitelerdeki duraklamalar esnas\u0131nda dinlenir; bu \u015fe\u00adkilde s\u0131rayla hepsi bir hareket edip bir dinlenerek ne tamam\u0131yla bo\u015f kal\u0131r ne de sadece \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak g\u00fc\u00e7 sarf eder. G\u00f6rme yetene\u011fini de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, \u015f\u00f6yle ki, \u015fayet t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla ona do\u011fru gelen topun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya do\u011fru hareketini alg\u0131\u00adlayamayan birinin, topu yakalamada tamamen ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131 ge\u00adrekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde (bunu) an\u00adlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buna ek olarak (topu) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmemek ve or\u00adtadaki ki\u015fi\u00adnin, durdurdu\u011fu taktirde, topu kapmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek endi\u015fesiyle zihinsel yetiyi de kes\u00adkinle\u015ftirir. Endi\u015fe tek ba\u015f\u0131na zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr, biraz egzersizle ve onurseverlikle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p zevke so\u00adnu\u00e7lan\u0131rsa, sa\u011fl\u0131k i\u00e7in bedene, dirayet i\u00e7in de ruha \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck yarar sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

Egzersiz her iki y\u00f6nden- hem bedene hem de ruha, her birinin bizzat kendi faziletine fayda sa\u011fla\u00admaya muktedir oldu\u011funda, hi\u00e7 de az olmayan bir yarara (sahiptir). Kent y\u00f6neticilerinin\/krallar\u0131n\u0131n generallere bilhassa (uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131) buyurdu\u011fu en \u00f6nemli egzersizlerin her ikisini de terbiye et\u00admeye muktedir oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek zor de\u011fildir. (905K) \u0130yi komutanlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri, zaman\u0131nda sal\u00add\u0131r\u00admak ve (sald\u0131r\u0131rken) g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen olmak, f\u0131rsat\u0131 h\u0131zla ele ge\u00e7irmek, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na ait olan \u015feyleri ya zor kullanarak ya da beklenmeyen bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ip ele ge\u00e7irmek ve sahip oldu\u011fu \u015feyleri ko\u00adrumakt\u0131r. Genel olarak bir ko\u00admutan\u0131n hem n\u00f6bet\u00e7i hem de h\u0131rs\u0131z (olarak) becerikli olmas\u0131 gerekir, bunlar onun t\u00fcm sanat\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l mevzusudur. \u015eu halde, kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan\u0131 korumak, kaybedilmi\u015f olan\u0131 yeniden kazanmak ya da d\u00fc\u015fman\u00adlar\u0131n niyetini \u00f6nceden fark etmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fka hangi egzersiz bu kadar yeterli \u00f6n al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma yapt\u0131r\u0131r? E\u011fer birisi var oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerse, \u015fa\u015f\u0131r\u0131r\u0131m. Zira egzersizlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu aksi bir \u015fekilde zekay\u0131 tembel, uyu\u015fuk ve yava\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca palaestrada bir\u00e7ok ta\u00e7 \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc oyunlar i\u00e7in uygulanan b\u00f6ylesi egzersizler er\u00addemden ziyade \u00e7ok fazla et \/ \u015fi\u015fmanl\u0131k getirir. Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda bir\u00e7o\u011fu o kadar \u00e7ok \u015fi\u015fmanlad\u0131lar ki zor nefes ald\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylesi (adamlar) sava\u015fta iyi komutanlar ya da kraliyet veya vatanda\u015fl\u0131kla ilgili meselelerin y\u00f6neticileri olamazlar. Her ne olursa olsun herhangi biri, bunlardansa domuzlara daha \u00e7ok g\u00fcvenirdi.<\/p>\n

Ko\u015fuyu ve v\u00fccudu incelten di\u011fer egzersizleri de benzer \u015fekilde uygun buldu\u011fumu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilirsin. An\u00adcak bu (906K) b\u00f6yle de\u011fil. Zira ben her yerde orant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ele\u015ftiriyorum ve her sanat\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 uygu\u00adlan\u00admas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum, \u015fayet bir \u015fey orant\u0131dan yoksunsa, bu iyi de\u011fildir. Bu y\u00fczden kondisyonu zay\u0131flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve erkek ruhunu hi\u00e7 e\u011fitmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in ko\u015fuyu tavsiye etmiyorum. Elbette za\u00adfer kazanmak, h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ka\u00e7anlar\u0131n de\u011fil, bilakis \u00fcst\u00fcn gelmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcse m\u00fccadele edenlerindir. Bu sebep\u00adten dolay\u0131 Lakedaimonial\u0131lar \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 ko\u015fmada de\u011fil, ancak cesaretli ki\u015filer olarak ka\u00e7mamakta mukte\u00addirdiler. Sa\u011fl\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da iyice incelersen, v\u00fccudun k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 e\u015fit ol\u00admayan bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te v\u00fccutta baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede \u00e7a\u00adl\u0131\u015f\u00admak zorundayken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 tamam\u0131yla hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmaz. Bunlardan hi\u00e7biri iyi de\u011fildir, bilakis her ikisi de hem hastal\u0131klar\u0131n tohumlar\u0131n\u0131 besler hem de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir kapasite olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

IV.<\/strong> Bu sebeple hem bedenin yeterli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcdeki sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hem (v\u00fccudun) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n uygunlu\u011funu hem de ruhun erdemini sa\u011flayan egzersizi \u00f6zellikle taktir ediyorum, ki t\u00fcm bunlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topla yap\u0131lan (eg\u00adzer\u00adsizde) bulunur. Zira ruha t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yararl\u0131 olabilir ve v\u00fccudun t\u00fcm k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fit d\u00fc\u00adzeyde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u00adrabilir. \u00d6zellikle hem sa\u011fl\u0131k i\u00e7in faydal\u0131d\u0131r hem de uygun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kondisyon olu\u015fturur, ne orant\u0131s\u0131z \u015fi\u015fmanl\u0131k ne de a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zay\u0131fl\u0131k getirir, bilakis g\u00fc\u00e7 gerektiren egzersizler i\u00e7in yeterli, ayn\u0131 de\u00adrecede h\u0131z gerektiren i\u015fler i\u00e7in uygundur. B\u00f6ylece ger\u00e7ekten bu (egzersizdeki) fazla g\u00fcc\u00fcn \/ ener\u00adjinin, di\u011fer eg\u00adzersizlerin hi\u00e7birinden hi\u00e7bir bak\u0131mdan eksi\u011fi yoktur. \u015eu h\u00e2lde yine de a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yumu\u00ad\u015fakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00ad\u00e7irelim. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, hem a\u011f\u0131r i\u015fleri ta\u015f\u0131yamayaca\u011f\u0131 ya da art\u0131k katlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 zaman hem de me\u015fakkati azaltman\u0131n ya da hastal\u0131ktan kurtulman\u0131n istendi\u011fi bir ya\u015fta buna ihtiya\u00e7 duya\u00adr\u0131z. Bana \u00f6yle geliyor ki, bunda bile di\u011fer t\u00fcm (egzersizlerden) daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 sunar. \u015eayet a\u015f\u0131r\u0131ya ka\u00e7madan\/\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir \u015fe\u00adkilde uygularsan, hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bu kadar yumu\u015fak\/nazik olmaz. \u015eu h\u00e2lde, bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcden hi\u00e7 uzakla\u015fmadan, bazen yava\u015f\u00e7a ilerleyerek, bazen de bir yerde bekleye\u00adrek, \u00e7ok fazla m\u00fccadele etme\u00adden ortada (bir pozisyon) almak, sonras\u0131nda da zeytinya\u011f\u0131yla yumu\u00ad\u015fak bir masaj ve s\u0131cak banyolar\u0131 kullanmak (908K) gerekir. \u015e\u00fcphesiz bu hepsinden daha yumu\u00ad\u015fak olan\u0131d\u0131r, \u00f6yle ki dinlenmeye ihtiya\u00e7 oldu\u011funda en ya\u00adrarl\u0131, zay\u0131f bir kapasiteyi iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in en etkili, hem ya\u015fl\u0131lar hem de \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in en yararl\u0131 olan\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bundan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ancak en \u015fiddetli olandan daha yumu\u015fak olanlar da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck top arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla uy\u00adgu\u00adla\u00adn\u0131r. Bunu b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde uygulamak isteyenlerin bu \u015feyleri \u00f6\u011frenmesi gerekir. Zira, e\u011fer bazen bizlerin s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u00fcstlendi\u011fi zorunlu i\u015flerden dolay\u0131, ya alt ve \u00fcstteki t\u00fcm k\u0131s\u0131mlarda ya sa\u00addece ayaklar ya da ellerde orant\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olursa, bu egzersiz arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6nceden \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 dinlendirmek, \u00f6nceden tamam\u0131yla bo\u015fta kalm\u0131\u015f olan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 da \u00f6ncekiyle e\u015fit bir harekete getirmek senin i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc (birisi topu) yeterli mesafe\u00adden enerjik bir \u015fekilde atarsa, ya bacaklar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 kullanmaz ya da ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok az kullan\u0131r, bu \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 (k\u0131s\u0131mlar) dinlenir, yukar\u0131 (k\u0131s\u0131mlar) ise \u015fiddetli bir \u015fekilde hareket eder. \u00d6te yandan \u00e7ok fazla ko\u015farak, h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00e7ok uzak mesafelerden birka\u00e7 kez at\u0131\u015ftan yararlanmak alt k\u0131s\u0131m\u00adlar\u0131 daha \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Ve bunda (909K) g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir enerji\/tansiyon olmaks\u0131z\u0131n h\u0131z ve ivedilik s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda nefes daha \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Kav\u00adray\u0131\u015flarda, at\u0131\u015flarda ve tutu\u015flarda ger\u00e7ekte h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fil ama enerjik olan bedeni \u00e7ok fazla zorlar ve g\u00fc\u00e7 sarf eder. Oysa ki h\u0131zla birlikte enerji olursa, bu \u015fekilde hem beden hem de nefes \u00e7ok fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015facakt\u0131r ve t\u00fcm egzersizlerin i\u00e7inde en kuvvetlisi olacakt\u0131r. Her kullan\u0131mda ne kadar zorla\u00adman\u0131n ve b\u0131rakman\u0131n yeterli oldu\u011funu yazmak imkans\u0131z\u00add\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her durum i\u00e7in miktar s\u00f6ylenme\u00admi\u015ftir, (bunu) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmala\u00adr\u0131n kendisinde ke\u015ffetmek ve \u00f6\u011frenmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, bunun t\u00fcm ispat\u0131 kendi i\u00e7indedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u015fayet miktar bozulursa, nitelik yararl\u0131 olmaz. Bu, egzersizi \u00f6\u011fretecek olan paidotri\u00adbese b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

V. <\/strong>Tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 bitirelim. Burada bu egzersize ait olan iyi \u015feyleri s\u00f6ylemek istiyorum, ne t\u00fcr ve ne kadar olursa olsun, di\u011fer (egzersizlerin) \u00e7o\u011funun kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikelerden hari\u00e7 b\u0131ra\u00adk\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u0131zl\u0131 ko\u00ad\u015fular, hayati damar\u0131 y\u0131rt\u0131klar\u0131nda bir\u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131 hemen \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu \u015fekilde, y\u00fcksek ve ayn\u0131 za\u00admanda g\u00fc\u00e7\u00adl\u00fc sesler de bir seferde aniden hayk\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, (910K) az olmayacak say\u0131da (in\u00adsanda) b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar\u00adlara sebep olur. Ve ger\u00e7ekten \u015fiddetli ata binme b\u00f6breklerle ilgili \u015feylerin y\u0131r\u00adt\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131na ve s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs ka\u00adfe\u00adsiyle ilgili \u015feylerin ve hatta bazen de sperm kanallar\u0131n\u0131n sakatlan\u00admas\u0131na (sebep olur). Bu\u00adrada atlar\u0131n hatalar\u0131n\u0131 es ge\u00e7iyorum, ki s\u0131kl\u0131kla at\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri i\u00e7in biniciler hemen \u00f6l\u00fcrlerdi. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde atlama, disk atma ve kazma arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla (yap\u0131lan) egzersizler esnas\u0131nda uzuvlardan birinin burkulma\u00ads\u0131na \/d\u00f6n\u00admesine (sebep olurdu). Hepsi de Homeros \u0130lahile\u00adrindekinden daha az sakatlanma\u00adm\u0131\u015f olan pa\u00adlaestradan \u00e7\u0131kanlar i\u00e7in ne s\u00f6ylemek gerekir? Zira \u015fa\u00adirin onlara dedi\u011fi gibi \u201chem topal, hem<\/em> (y\u00fczleri) k\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131k, hem de g\u00f6zleri k\u00f6r<\/em>\u201d, bu \u015fekilde palaestra\u2019\u00addan \u00e7\u0131kanlar\u0131 topal, e\u011fri b\u00fc\u011fr\u00fc, ezilmi\u015f ya da bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tamamen sakatlanm\u0131\u015f (olarak) g\u00f6zlemlersin. S\u00f6yledi\u011fim iyi \u015feylere ek olarak k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck top ara\u00adc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla eg\u00adzersizler ger\u00e7ek \u015fu ki hi\u00e7bir tehlike ta\u015f\u0131ma\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, fayda a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hepsinden daha iyi bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/div>

<\/div>\n

[1]<\/a> Paus. II. 26. 8.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Mart. epigr. <\/em>XVI. 2.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> Front. Ep<\/em>. III. 10.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Ael. Arist. Hier. Log.<\/em>; Cass. Dio. LXXVIII. 15.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Johnston 2006, 7.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> Mattern 2008, 3.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Johnston 2018a, 766.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Gal. de ordine librorum suorum<\/em> XIX. 59K.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> Johnston 2018a, 767. Bu atama Galenos\u2019un anatomi ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yara ve k\u0131r\u0131k \u00fczerine uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, bk. Rocca 2003, 4-5.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> Gal. Praec. <\/em>XIV. 608 K.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> Gal. AA <\/em>I. 1 (2.215\u2013216 K)\u2019da Boethius\u2019u \u00f6ven bir giri\u015f bir k\u0131sm\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> Johnston 2018a, 767-8.<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> Gal. Med. Exp.<\/em> XIX. 37. 11.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> Johnston 2018a, 768.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> Singer 1997, L-LII ve Johnston 2006, 8\u2019den geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> Gal. Aff. Dig. <\/em>I. 8; V. 41.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> Nutton 2020, 17-18.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> Gal. Praec.<\/em> XIV. 623, 648 K.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> MS 180 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra bir tarihte yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eseri, neredeyse eksiksiz bir \u015fekilde ele ge\u00e7en eserlerinden biridir; bk. Scarborough 1985, 171-172.<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> Marquardt 1884 ve Johnston 2018b edisyon olarak kaynak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> Scarborough 1985, 171.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Galenos\u2019a g\u00f6re ruh i\u00e7in de yap\u0131lan egzersizler vard\u0131r. De consuetudinibus<\/em> adl\u0131 incelemesinde \u201cruh i\u00e7in jimnasitik egzersizleri\u201d ifadesini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> Jouanna 2009, 201.<\/p>\n

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