{"id":4148,"date":"2019-01-18T15:32:34","date_gmt":"2019-01-18T13:32:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0182"},"modified":"2019-01-18T15:56:55","modified_gmt":"2019-01-18T13:56:55","slug":"lbr-0182","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2019-en\/lbr-0182","title":{"rendered":"The Rise of Capital Al Fustat and Its Hinterland 18\/639-132\/750"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The Rise of Capital Al Fustat and Its Hinterland 18\/639-132\/750<\/h2>\n

Jelle BRUNING<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:<\/strong> 9789004366350
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0212
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02018
\nLocation:<\/strong> Leiden
\nPublisher:\u00a0<\/strong>Brill Publishing<\/p><\/div>

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LIBRI<\/em>\u00a0V (2019) 39-42<\/strong>
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 04.01.2019 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 11.01.2019
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 17.01.2019
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2019<\/p>\n

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J. BRUNING, The Rise of Capital Al Fustat and Its Hinterland 18\/639-132\/750<\/em>. Leiden 2018. Brill Publishing, 212 sayfa (3 Harita, 3 Tablo ile birlikte). ISBN: 9789004366350<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarihin di\u011fer disiplinlerle geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm i\u00e7e\u00adrisindedir. Co\u011frafya-Tarih ili\u015fkisi de bu yeni bak\u0131\u015ftan nasibini fazlas\u0131yla alm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Bu minvalde bir\u00e7ok \u201cmek\u00e2nsal<\/em>\u201d teori \u00fcretilmekte ve mek\u00e2n\u0131n tarihi, tari\u00adhin mek\u00e2n\u0131 nas\u0131l d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ak\u0131mlar ortaya at\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu tip ak\u0131mlar\u0131n tarihsel metodolojiye uygulanmas\u0131 ise b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz eder. Zira Braudel ile h\u0131z kazanan \u201cmek\u00e2n-tarih<\/em>\u201d altyap\u0131s\u0131na sahip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn yenileri eklenmektedir. Mek\u00e2n, tarihin s\u00fcre\u011fen de\u011fi\u015fiminde en etkin fakt\u00f6rlerden biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130bn Haldun\u2019un, co\u011frafyan\u0131n top\u00adlumsal kader \u00fczerindeki etkisi nazariyesi modern tarih\u00e7ilikte kuramsal bir alt\u00adyap\u0131ya kavu\u015fmu\u015f, bu altyap\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda mek\u00e2n\u0131n, tarihi \u201cyeniden<\/em>\u201d \u00fcretti\u011fin\u00adden, co\u011frafyaya ba\u011fl\u0131 iklimin tarihsel olaylar \u00fczerine etkisine kadar bir\u00e7ok te\u00adori \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Tarihin bu denli disiplinleraras\u0131 bir h\u00fcviyete kavu\u015fmu\u015f olmas\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f ve co\u011fraf\u00ee arka plana sa\u00adhip \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Co\u011frafi bilin\u00e7, tarihi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda -hangi kuramsal altyap\u0131ya sahip olursa olsun- daha sa\u011flam temeller \u00fczerine kurulmas\u0131na sebep olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafyan\u0131n bu denli \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu bir durumda co\u011frafi yap\u0131lar\u0131n da \u00f6nemi az\u0131msanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kitap ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131\u00adlaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere \u201cCapital\/Ba\u015fkent<\/em>\u201d olgusu \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. Hele ki, s\u00f6z\u00fc edi\u00adlen ba\u015fkentin \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nemi daha da artmaktad\u0131r. Zira kitaba konu olan Fustat kenti, \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00f6ne\u00adminde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli mek\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan biri haline gelmi\u015f ve bu do\u011frultuda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile \u0130sl\u00e2m\u2019\u0131n mek\u00e2nsal tarihini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bizim bu ta\u00adn\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yapmam\u0131zdaki temel gaye yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz co\u011frafi kuramla\u00adr\u0131n son derece reva\u00e7ta oldu\u011fu bu d\u00f6nemde \u201cmekan<\/em>\u201d\u0131n tarihinin yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eserin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki okuyucular\u0131n dikkatine sunulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

J. Bruning taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nan bu eser yazar\u0131n doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r. Doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 2014 senesinde tamamlanm\u0131\u015f, 2018 se\u00adnesinde ise Brill Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 vesilesiyle okuyucu ile bulu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Eser bir Giri\u015f, d\u00f6rt ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm ve bir Sonu\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma muhteviyat\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cgeleneksel<\/em>\u201d tarih \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Zira yazar sadece d\u00f6nemin \u201ctarih<\/em>\u201d anlat\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u015fvurmam\u0131\u015f, yine ilgili d\u00f6ne\u00admin fiskal ve idari dok\u00fcmanlar\u0131na, arkeolojik verilerine, n\u00fcmizmatik malze\u00admeye ve topografiye ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. Eser 639 ile 750 seneleri aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6\u00adneme odaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eserin Giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00f6ncesi tarihi ve \u0130sl\u00e2m idaresinin tesisi hakk\u0131nda k\u0131sa bir giri\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n metodolojisi ayr\u0131nt\u0131yla anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmde kaynaklardan bahsedilerek bu kaynaklar\u0131n hangi d\u00f6\u00adnemde yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anlat\u0131lan d\u00f6neme ne derece \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutabilece\u011fi tenkit edilir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer dini gruplardan da bahsedilerek okuyucuya b\u00f6l\u00adgedeki sosyal tabakala\u015fma hakk\u0131nda bir altyap\u0131 sunulur. Yazar bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00f6zellikle arkeolojik buluntular\u0131n \u00f6neminden ve b\u00f6lgede yap\u0131lan \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee arkeo\u00adloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6keninden bahsetmektedir. Bu arka plan \u00fczerine ilk b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm \u201cThe Administrative Relationship between Alexandria and al-Fus\u1e6d\u0101\u1e6d (Fus\u00adtat ve \u0130skenderiye Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130dari \u0130li\u015fkiler)<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u0130lgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u0130sl\u00e2m kuvvetlerinin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ilk giri\u015fiyle ba\u015flayan idari yap\u0131lanmay\u0131 konu edin\u00admektedir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u201cmerkez<\/em>\u201d ve \u201c\u00e7evre<\/em>\u201d ili\u015fkisi ciddiyetle ele al\u0131n\u0131r ve ko\u00adnuya \u201c\u0130sl\u00e2m Kenti<\/em>\u201d perspektifinden bir yorum getirilir. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131kta fetih son\u00adras\u0131 kente yap\u0131lan ilk yerle\u015fimler \u0130sl\u00e2m kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131lar\u0131 dikkatle ince\u00adlenerek ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu durumda hilafet makam\u0131n\u0131n duruma yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve idari tutum de\u011ferlendirilir. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgede kurulan \u0130sl\u00e2m garnizonu ve fetih ordu\u00adlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir inceleme bulunur. T\u00fcm bu perspek\u00adtiften bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda her ne kadar olaylar\u0131n arka y\u00fcz\u00fc ve ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 inceleni\u00adyor olsa da ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm esasen \u201csiyasi<\/em>\u201d tarih \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cThe Commercial Development of Alexandria after the Foundation of al-Fus\u1e6d\u0101\u1e6d (Fustat\u2019\u0131n Tesisinden Sonra \u0130skenderiye\u2019de Ticari Geli\u015fim)<\/em>\u201ddir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm tamamen b\u00f6lgenin ticari yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine odaklanmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Nil nehri de bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u0130lgili b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli kaynak grubunu ilgili d\u00f6neme ait fiskal evraklar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Ticaret yollar\u0131 ve ticaretin i\u015fletilmesi, \u00fcretim ve \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00f6neminde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen ticari ili\u015fkiler bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde incelenmektedir. Zira b\u00f6lgedeki siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcn de\u011fi\u015fimi ticareti de belli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemi\u015ftir. \u0130lgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmde bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm titizlikle incelenir. Hammaddeden, ticareti y\u00fcr\u00fcten topluluklara kadar bir\u00e7ok mesele bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi \u00fczere bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm ta\u00admimiyle bir \u201cekonomi\u201d tarihi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. Ama bunu yaparken \u201cmekan<\/em>\u201d\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131 ve ekonomiye etkisi dikkatle incelenir.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u201cChanges in the Military Administration of Upper Egypt and Its Relationship with al-Fus\u1e6d\u0101\u1e6d (Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Askeri Y\u00f6netimindeki De\u00ad\u011fi\u015fimler ve Bunun Fustat ile \u0130li\u015fkisi)<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla \u201cmerkez \u00e7evre ili\u015fkisi<\/em>\u201d \u00fczerinedir. Bir ba\u015fkent halini alan Fustat\u2019\u0131n \u201c\u00e7evresindeki<\/em>\u201d kent\u00adlerle olan ili\u015fkisi bir\u00e7ok disiplin ba\u011flam\u0131nda incelenir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklara dayanmaktad\u0131r. Kentlerin dikkatle ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, bu ili\u015fkinin \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00f6ncesi durumu da incelenmekte ve bu minvalde \u0130sl\u00e2mi d\u00f6nem ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te esas dikkate al\u0131nan \u201caskeri organizasyon<\/em>\u201d dur.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u201cAl-Fus\u1e6d\u0101\u1e6d and the Legal Administration of Upper Egypt (Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Hukuki Y\u00f6netimi ve Fustat)<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm Fustat ve hinterland\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki hukuki, y\u00f6netimsel meseleleri incelemektedir. \u0130sl\u00e2m fethi sonras\u0131 sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, hukuk\u00ee d\u00fczenin nas\u0131l sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131, insan ili\u015fkilerinin nas\u0131l \u015fekillendi\u011fi gibi meseleler bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde tar\u00adt\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar yap\u0131l\u0131rken fetih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemle de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z t\u00fcm bu meseleler M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da de\u011fi\u015fen iktidarlar ba\u011fla\u00adm\u0131nda ele al\u0131n\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131n \u0130sl\u00e2mi d\u00f6nemde kendi i\u00e7 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmleri de s\u00f6z ko\u00adnusu edilir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde idari g\u00f6revler ve g\u00f6revliler hakk\u0131nda da gerekli bilgi\u00adler yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli meselesi de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan gruplar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler ve bu ili\u015fkilerin ta\u00adrihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc genel bir de\u011ferlendirme mahiyeti ta\u015f\u0131r ve \u201cGeneral Conclusion: On the Development of al-Fus\u1e6d\u0101\u1e6d\u2019s Relationship with Its Hinter\u00adland (Fustat\u2019\u0131n Hinterland\u0131 ile \u0130li\u015fkilerinin Geli\u015fimi \u00dczerine Genel De\u011ferlen\u00addirme)<\/em>\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahiptir. Yazar di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde her ne kadar \u201cmerkez<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u00e7evre<\/em>\u201d ili\u015fkilerine dair n\u00fcveler sunsa da bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm do\u011frudan bunun \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve kitab\u0131n de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi d\u00f6rt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel olarak burada ba\u015f\u00adkent- hinterlant ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7erisinde inceler. Burada ba\u015fkenti, \u00e7evreden besle\u00adyen unsurlar incelenmi\u015f, kurumlar, politika ve merkezile\u015fme sonu\u00e7 ba\u011fla\u00adm\u0131nda incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131tma gayreti g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz bu eser erken \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihinde enderine az rastlanan bir metotla, s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen bir meseleyi incele\u00admi\u015ftir. Burada esas \u00f6zne \u201cFustat<\/em>\u201d kenti olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yazar bu \u00f6rnek \u00fcze\u00adrinden \u0130sl\u00e2mi ba\u015fkent olgusunu dikkatle incelemi\u015ftir. Eser yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u00ad\u011fimiz \u00fczere \u201cmekan<\/em>\u201d\u0131n tarihini yazmaya odaklansa da, konuyu co\u011frafya ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutmam\u0131\u015f, ilgili mekandaki idari sistem, ekonomi ve siyasi olaylar hak\u00adk\u0131nda da, bir\u00e7ok disiplin kapsam\u0131nda tatminkar bilgiler sunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi
\nTarih Anabilim Dal\u0131
\n<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Do\u011fan Mert DEM\u0130R (PhD.)<\/strong>
\ndoganmdemir@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

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