{"id":4076,"date":"2018-09-13T16:48:28","date_gmt":"2018-09-13T13:48:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0160"},"modified":"2019-01-18T10:29:38","modified_gmt":"2019-01-18T08:29:38","slug":"lbr-0160","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2018-en\/lbr-0160","title":{"rendered":"\u00dcnl\u00fc Kentlerin S\u0131ralamas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Decimus Magnus Ausonius, Ordo Urbium Nobilium<\/h2>\n

Translaters: Fatih YILMAZ \u2013 Erkan KURUL<\/h3>\n
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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> IV (2018) 161-234<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2018030
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 15.03.2018 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 12.04.2018
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 13.09.2018
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2018<\/p>\n

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Decimus Magnus Ausonius, \u00dcnl\u00fc Kentlerin S\u0131ralamas\u0131. <\/em>\u00c7ev. F. Y\u0131lmaz \u2013 E. Kurul. Libri<\/em> IV (2018) 161-234. DOI: 10.20480\/lbr.201830<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Decimus Magnus Ausonius<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc Kentlerin S\u0131ralamas\u0131<\/h3>\n

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Ordo Urbium Nobilium<\/h3>\n

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ROMA<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kentler i\u00e7inde ilk s\u0131rada, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n yurdu[i]<\/a>, g\u00f6rkemli Roma gelir[ii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

CONSTANTINOPOLIS VE KARTACA<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kartaca[iii]<\/a>, kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na dikilir kadim Constantinopolis\u2019in[iv]<\/a>,
\nbir s\u0131ra altta kalmamak ad\u0131na, ho\u015flanmaz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc
\nolarak an\u0131lmaktan, her birinin de yeri olan ikincili\u011fe
\ncesaret de edemez. \u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r birini eski vars\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\nmevcut baht\u0131 ise di\u011ferini: Biri bu konumdayken, \u00f6teki ilerler,
\nyeni de\u011ferleriyle y\u00fckselerek g\u00f6lgede b\u0131rak\u0131r eski \u015fan\u0131n\u0131
\nzorlar Elissa\u2019y\u0131[v]<\/a> yerini Constantinus\u2019a[vi]<\/a> b\u0131rakmaya,
\nUtan\u00e7 i\u00e7indeki Kartaca[vii]<\/a> sitem eder art\u0131k tanr\u0131lara
\ng\u00fc\u00e7 bela katlan\u0131rken Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne[viii]<\/a>, \u015fimdi boyun mu e\u011fsin yine!
\nTeskin etsin ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki talihiniz huzursuzluklar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131:
\nYolda\u015f olun haydi birbirinize, hat\u0131rlayarak
\nk\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 ve adlar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finizi tanr\u0131lar\u0131n inayetiyle,
\nsen bir zamanlar Byzantionlu, Lygos[ix]<\/a> ve sen Kartacal\u0131, Byrsa iken[x]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

ANTAKYA VE \u0130SKENDER\u0130YE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olurdu Apollon\u2019un defnesinin[xi]<\/a> yurdu Antakya[xii]<\/a>,
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in kenti[xiii]<\/a> raz\u0131 olsayd\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe koyulmaya.
\nDenktir konumlar\u0131 birbirine, mamafih h\u0131rs tutkular\u0131 her ikisini
\nkusur bulma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fckler. Yoldan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r her ikisi de ayak tak\u0131m\u0131
\nbak\u0131m\u0131ndan ve \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdir kendini kaybetmi\u015f halk\u0131n g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fcyle.
\nBiri Nil Nehri[xiv]<\/a> ile tahkim edildi\u011fi ve i\u00e7 kesimlerde yer alan topraklara
\nuzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00fcr bereketli ve de g\u00fcvenli olu\u015fuyla,
\ndi\u011feriyse rakip say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kalle\u015f Perslere.
\nHaydi, siz de e\u015fit gidin birbirinize ve de y\u00fcceltin Makedon ad\u0131n\u0131[xv]<\/a>!
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender kurdu seni: \u00f6tekinin kurulu\u015fuysa Seleucus\u2019a
\natfedilir, hani bir \u00e7apayd\u0131 ya onun do\u011fum i\u015fareti[xvi]<\/a>,
\nal\u0131\u015fk\u0131nlard\u0131r b\u00f6ylesi da\u011flanmaya, soylar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir i\u015fareti olarak;
\nzira s\u00fcr\u00fcp gitmi\u015ftir bu do\u011fum simgesi hanedan\u0131n t\u00fcm ard\u0131llar\u0131 boyunca.<\/p>\n

TR\u0130ER<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ceng\u00e2ver Gallia \u00f6v\u00fclmeye can atar nicedir
\nve de \u015fiddetle arzular Rhen Nehri[xvii]<\/a> yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Trier[xviii]<\/a> taht\u0131n\u0131,
\nar\u0131n\u0131p endi\u015felerden dinlenmek i\u00e7in huzur getiren bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n tam ba\u011fr\u0131nda,
\nk\u00e2h doyurur, k\u00e2h giydirir k\u00e2h silahland\u0131r\u0131r imparatorlu\u011fun askerlerini.
\nGeni\u015f surlar\u0131 ilerler y\u00fckselen bir tepe boyunca:
\nBereketli Mosella Nehri[xix]<\/a> ise ak\u0131p gider dingin sular\u0131yla,
\nTa\u015f\u0131r bitmez t\u00fckenmez mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit \u00fclkeye.<\/p>\n

M\u0130LAN0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Milano\u2019nun[xx]<\/a> da muhte\u015femdir her \u015feyi: bollu\u011fu, bereketi,
\nsay\u0131s\u0131z g\u00f6rkemli konutlar\u0131, yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n naif
\nkarakterleri ve ne\u015feli yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131, dahas\u0131 \u00e7ifte surla
\ntahkim edilmi\u015f kentin ihti\u015fam\u0131 ve halk\u0131n zevk-\u00fc sefas\u0131
\nsirki, \u00fcst\u00fc kapal\u0131 tiyatronun kamay\u0131 and\u0131ran heybetli yap\u0131s\u0131;
\ntap\u0131naklar\u0131, Palatium<\/em>vari hisarlar\u0131, zengin darphanesi
\nve \u015fanl\u0131 Herculeus\u2019un[xxi]<\/a> onuruna yapt\u0131r\u0131lan hamam kompleksi;
\nkentin b\u00fct\u00fcn revaklar\u0131 mermer heykeller ile s\u00fcsl\u00fcd\u00fcr
\nve de surlar\u0131 kaz\u0131k bi\u00e7imindeki bir hat ile \u00e7evrilidir:
\nBunlar\u0131n her biri \u00fcst\u00fcn sanatsal bi\u00e7imleriyle birer rakipmi\u015f\u00e7esine \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karlar:
\n\u00f6te yandan da g\u00f6lge d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmez sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Roma\u2019ya benzerli\u011fi.<\/p>\n

CAPUA<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Denizi, i\u015flenmi\u015f topra\u011f\u0131 ve mahsulleriyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Capua\u2019y\u0131[xxii]<\/a>,
\ncazibesi, zenginli\u011fi ve kadim \u00fcn\u00fcyle bu kenti es ge\u00e7meyece\u011fim,
\ntalih ko\u015fullar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirirken, a\u00e7\u0131k baht\u0131na yaslanan kent
\nbilemedi konumunu muhaza etmeyi. Roma\u2019ya biat etmi\u015f
\nbir rakiptir art\u0131k o, \u00f6nceden bir hainken, \u015fimdiyse sadakat timsalidir,
\nsenatus<\/em>u k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsesin mi yoksa sayg\u0131 m\u0131 duysun diye ikilemdeyken,
\nkalk\u0131\u015f\u0131r art\u0131k makamlar ummaya, Campanial\u0131 k\u00e2hinlerle[xxiii]<\/a> ve kendilerinden
\nbir consul<\/em>le, b\u00f6l\u00fcnen d\u00fcnyan\u0131n hakimiyetinden pay als\u0131n diye[xxiv]<\/a>.
\n\u00dcstelik, t\u00fcm her \u015feyin sahibesi ve Latium\u2019un annesine
\nsava\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131 g\u00fcvenmeksizin togal\u0131 komutanlara,
\nbel ba\u011flay\u0131nca Hannibal\u2019in silahlar\u0131na, sahibe vasf\u0131n\u0131 yitirip
\naldat\u0131lan bu ak\u0131ls\u0131z kent, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n esaretine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir,
\nikisi de ortak yan\u0131lg\u0131lar\u0131yla felakete s\u00fcr\u00fcklenince,
\nKartacal\u0131lar l\u00fcks d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, Campania k\u00fcstahl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131lar.
\n\u00d6yle ya! Kibir asla sa\u011flam bir taht nasip etmez!
\nBu kudretli ve servetiyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kent, bir zamanlar\u0131n di\u011fer bir Roma\u2019s\u0131,
\nkendine denk kentlerle ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde y\u00fcksek onurlar\u0131 donanabilmi\u015ftir,
\n\u015fimdiyse at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu sekizincilik konumunu neredeyse g\u00fc\u00e7 bela korur.<\/p>\n

AQUILEIA<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u0131ran buras\u0131 de\u011fildi, mamafih son zamanlardaki de\u011ferinle y\u00fckseldi\u011fin i\u00e7in,
\nEy Aquileia[xxv]<\/a>, se\u00e7kin kentler aras\u0131nda dokuzuncu olarak an\u0131lacaks\u0131n,
\nsen, Illyria Da\u011flar\u0131[xxvi]<\/a> \u00f6n\u00fcnde uzanan \u0130talyan kolonisi,
\nsurlar\u0131n ve liman\u0131nla son derece \u00fcnl\u00fc kent! Ancak daha \u00f6nemli bir de\u011ferin
\ng\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yak\u0131n bir zamanda seni se\u00e7ti,
\nbe\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan gecikmi\u015f kefaretlerini \u00f6desin diye
\nMaximus[xxvii]<\/a>, bir zamanlar silah ku\u015fanm\u0131\u015f birinin yardak\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla.
\nB\u00f6ylesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zaferin ho\u015fnut \u015fahidi mesut kent
\ncezaland\u0131rd\u0131n Mars Ausonius[xxviii]<\/a> ile beraber Rutipiael\u0131[xxix]<\/a> haydudu.<\/p>\n

ARLES<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ey \u00e7ifte kent Arles[xxx]<\/a>, a\u00e7 g\u00fcler y\u00fczl\u00fc bir ev sahibesi olarak limanlar\u0131n\u0131,
\nGallia<\/em>c\u0131\u011f\u0131n Roma\u2019s\u0131 Arles, kom\u015fudur ona hem Narbo Martius[xxxi]\u00a0<\/a>
\nve kom\u015fudur ona hem de Alplerdeki iskanc\u0131lar\u0131yla m\u00fcreffeh Vienne[xxxii]<\/a> ,
\n\u00f6ylesine b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ki seni, g\u00fcrleyerek ak\u0131p giden Rh\u00f4ne Nehri[xxxiii]<\/a>,
\nsanki ana cadde olu\u015fturursun gemiden bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc ile,
\nb\u00f6ylelikle elde edersin Roma aleminin mallar\u0131n\u0131,
\nancak kendine saklamazs\u0131n, zengin k\u0131lars\u0131n hem ba\u015fka milletleri hem de kentleri,
\nfaydalan\u0131r Gallia Aquitania[xxxiv]<\/a> bunlardan ve de senin engin ba\u011fr\u0131ndan.<\/p>\n

SEV\u0130LLA<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sen an\u0131lacaks\u0131n bu kentlerden sonra, ey \u0130berik isimli, k\u0131ymetlim Sevilla[xxxv]<\/a>,
\nNas\u0131l da bir nehir[xxxvi]<\/a> ak\u0131p gider denizmi\u015f\u00e7esine kenar\u0131ndan,
\noraya g\u00f6nderir b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130spanya kendi magistratus<\/em>lar\u0131n\u0131.
\nNe Kordoba[xxxvii]<\/a> ne kalesiyle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Tarraco[xxxviii]<\/a> boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr seninle;
\nne de denizin ba\u011fr\u0131ndaki zengin Braga[xxxix]<\/a> b\u00f6b\u00fcrlenir.<\/p>\n

AT\u0130NA<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eimdi de anal\u0131m topraktan do\u011fan[xl]<\/a> atalar\u0131yla Atina\u2019y\u0131[xli]<\/a>,
\nPallas ile Consus\u2019un[xlii]<\/a> yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir zamanlarki kalesini,
\nona nasip olmu\u015ftu ilkin bar\u0131\u015f getiren zeytin a\u011fac\u0131,
\nak\u0131c\u0131 dilinin Attika\u2019daki kat\u0131ks\u0131z \u015fan\u0131 da[xliii]<\/a>,
\nburadan Ionia halklar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ve Akhaia ad\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla
\nbeliren Grek G\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00fcz kente yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[xliv]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

KATANYA VE SYRAKUSAI<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kim es ge\u00e7ebilir Katanya\u2019y\u0131[xlv]<\/a>, kim d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015feli[xlvi]<\/a> Syrakusai\u2019\u0131[xlvii]<\/a>?
\nBiri \u00fcnl\u00fcyken alevler i\u00e7inde kalan karde\u015flerin[xlviii]<\/a> dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla,
\n\u00f6tekiyse onuland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve nehrinin mucizesiyle[xlix]<\/a>,
\nnas\u0131l da s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcrler Ionia Denizi\u2019nin[l]<\/a> tuzlu sular\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndan
\ntatl\u0131 sular, kendileri i\u00e7in uygun bir yerde birle\u015firler,
\nsaf sular\u0131n\u0131n buselerini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak.<\/p>\n

TOULOUSE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00fctannemiz Toulouse\u2019u[li]<\/a> asla es ge\u00e7meyece\u011fim,
\npi\u015fmi\u015f tu\u011fla duvarlardan devasa bir \u00e7emberin \u00e7evreledi\u011fi,
\nve g\u00fczelim Garumna Nehri\u2019nin[lii]<\/a> yan\u0131ndan ak\u0131p gitti\u011fi,
\nsay\u0131s\u0131z halk\u0131n ikamet etti\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fusu olan
\nPyrene Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n[liii]<\/a> karlar\u0131na ve Cebenna Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n[liv]<\/a> \u00e7amlar\u0131na,
\nAquitania kabileleri ile Hiber hegemonyas\u0131 aras\u0131nda.
\nAncak d\u00f6rt misli kent \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde b\u00fcnyesinden,
\nhi\u00e7bir eksiklik hissetmez g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp giden halk\u0131ndan,
\nba\u011fr\u0131na basm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r do\u011furdu\u011fu t\u00fcm kolonileri.<\/p>\n

NARBONNE<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ne de sen, ey Narbo Martius[lv]<\/a>, es ge\u00e7ileceksin, bu ad\u0131nla
\nvaktiyle geni\u015f egemenlik alan\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc provincia<\/em> olarak yay\u0131l\u0131p
\nsar\u0131p sarmalad\u0131n b\u00fcnyende pek \u00e7ok kolonisti h\u00fckmetmenin verdi\u011fi yetkiyle.
\nAllobroges kavmi[lvi]<\/a> Sequan[lvii]<\/a> orada s\u0131zar s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na
\nVe de Alp zirveleri \u0130talya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na orada set \u00e7eker,
\norada ayr\u0131l\u0131r \u0130berler Pyrene karlar\u0131ndan,
\norada akar Rhen Nehri g\u00fcr\u00fcl g\u00fcr\u00fcl Leman G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ne[lviii]<\/a>
\nve de gizlenir Aquitania ovalar\u0131 Cebennalar\u0131n i\u00e7lerine,
\npagan tabiriyle Tectosages olan Belcalara kadar,
\ntamamen Narbo\u2019ya aitti. \u0130lk sen ta\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n Gallia\u2019da Roma
\negemenli\u011finin fasces<\/em>ini[lix]<\/a> bir latin proconsul<\/em>\u00fc ile[lx]<\/a>.
\nPeki ya ne s\u00f6ylesem liman\u0131n, da\u011flar\u0131n, g\u00f6llerin,
\ngiyim ku\u015fam ve \u015fiveleriyle \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit yurtta\u015flar\u0131n hakk\u0131nda?
\nYa da vaktiyle Parion mermerinden yap\u0131lma tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n hakk\u0131nda?
\n\u00d6ylesine devasa yap\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131 ki, onu g\u00f6rmezden gelemedi bir zamanlar
\nTarquinius[lxi]<\/a> ve sonras\u0131nda Catullus[lxii]<\/a>, en nihayetinde de
\nCapitolium\u2019un alt\u0131n kaplama kubbelerini in\u015fa ettiren o \u00fcnl\u00fc Caesar[lxiii]<\/a>.
\nM\u00fcreffeh k\u0131l\u0131yor seni Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019in geliri ve Hiber
\nsular\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Libya ile engin Sicilya filolar\u0131:
\nNehirler ve bo\u011fazlar yoluyla farkl\u0131 rotalarda ne varsa
\nta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r, yelken a\u00e7ar sana d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her k\u00f6\u015fesinden bir tekne.<\/p>\n

BORDEAUX<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Su\u00e7lu buluyorum \u00e7oktand\u0131r sorumsuz suskunluklar\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc seni,
\ney vatan\u0131m; \u015farab\u0131nla, nehirlerinle ve erlerinle se\u00e7kin, geleneklerinle,
\nyurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n miza\u00e7lar\u0131 ve senatus<\/em>unla soylu olmana ra\u011fmen,
\nanmay\u0131p seni \u00f6nde gelen kentler aras\u0131nda, ufak bir kenti tan\u0131yan biriymi\u015f gibi
\nhaketmedi\u011fin \u00f6vg\u00fclere de\u011finmekten ku\u015fku duyarm\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na.
\nBundan b\u00f6yle utan\u00e7 yoktur benim i\u00e7in: \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne Rhen Nehri\u2019nin barbar
\nk\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ne de Kuzey Haemus Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda[lxiv]<\/a> dondurucu bir yurdum var:
\nBordeaux\u2019dur[lxv]<\/a> memleketim, orada \u0131l\u0131man iklimin
\ns\u00fckuneti ve sulak topra\u011f\u0131n c\u00f6mert ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda,
\nuzun ilkbaharlar, ilk g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131yla \u0131s\u0131nan k\u0131\u015flar
\nve gelgitli nehirler vard\u0131r, olgunla\u015f\u0131r \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131
\nbu nehirlerin denizvari dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda.
\nKare g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcml\u00fc kent duvarlar\u0131, y\u00fcksek kuleleriyle \u00f6ylesine
\neri\u015filmezdir ki, delip ge\u00e7er sanki tepeleri g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki bulutlar\u0131.
\nHayran kal\u0131rs\u0131n kentin i\u00e7indeki s\u00fcslenmi\u015f yollara, evlerin
\nd\u00fczenine ve \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc koruyan geni\u015f bulvarlar\u0131na,
\ndahas\u0131 dikey kav\u015faklar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bakan kap\u0131lar\u0131na
\nve de kentin merkezi boyunca ilerleyen nehir yata\u011f\u0131na.
\nOkyanus Baba[lxvi]<\/a> doldurur doldurmaz gelgitleriyle bu yata\u011f\u0131,
\ng\u00f6rebilirsin t\u00fcm nehir y\u00fczeyinin ak\u0131p gitti\u011fini gemilerle.
\nNas\u0131l anay\u0131m Parion mermeriyle kaplanm\u0131\u015f kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n
\nEuripos Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019na[lxvii]<\/a> benzer k\u00f6p\u00fcrmesini? Suyu \u00f6ylesine derin!
\nAk\u0131yorken \u00f6ylesine co\u015fkun ki! \u015eiddetli bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ldamayla \u00f6ylesine ilerler ki
\ndo\u011fdu\u011fu hattan itibaren on iki bent i\u00e7inden ak\u0131p ge\u00e7er,
\nhalk\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131z ihtiyac\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 t\u00fckenmek bilmeden!
\nSenki, ey Med kral\u0131, arzulam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131s\u0131n bu kayna\u011f\u0131 ordular\u0131nla zaptetmeyi,
\nak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yok etmek ve b\u00f6ylelikle debiyi sonland\u0131rmak kayd\u0131yla,
\narzulam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131s\u0131n bu kayna\u011f\u0131n sular\u0131n\u0131 yaban ellere ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131,
\nyaln\u0131zca Khoespes Nehri\u2019nden[lxviii]<\/a> su i\u00e7meyi adet edinmi\u015f biri olarak.
\nElveda, kayna\u011f\u0131 me\u00e7hul, kutsal, verimli, durmak bilmez,
\nparlak, turkuaz, engin, g\u00fcrleyen, berrak ve g\u00f6lgeli p\u0131nar,
\nelveda, \u015fifa dolu i\u00e7ilen suyuyla kentin koruyucu tanr\u0131s\u0131,
\nKeltlerin dilinde Divona[lxix]<\/strong><\/a><\/em>, ey tanr\u0131lara kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f p\u0131nar!
\n\u0130\u00e7imiyle Aponus Nehri[lxx]<\/a> veya parlak \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Nemausus Nehri[lxxi]<\/a> daha saf
\nde\u011fildir senden, ne de daha ta\u015fk\u0131nd\u0131r ak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 suyuyla Timavus Nehri[lxxii]<\/a>.
\nBu m\u00fckemmel eser an\u0131lmaya de\u011fer kentleri bir araya getirmi\u015f olsun.
\n\u00dcnl\u00fc Roma nas\u0131l listenin en ba\u015f\u0131ysa, hadi benzer bir liderlik i\u00e7in de
\nBordeaux \u00f6teki u\u00e7taki taht\u0131n\u0131 ar\u015fa erdirsin.
\nBuras\u0131 memleketimdir, ancak t\u00fcm memleketlerin \u00fcst\u00fcndedir Roma.
\nBordeaux\u2019ya a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131m, Roma\u2019yaysa h\u00fcrmet ediyorum. Burada bir yurtta\u015f,
\nher ikisinde de consul<\/em>um: Buras\u0131 be\u015fi\u011fimken, Roma ise resmi makam\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Notlar<\/h3>\n

[i]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ausonius\u2019tan \u00f6nce tanr\u0131lar yurdu\/meclisi\/oca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131ndaki Latince domus di\u00advum<\/em> ifadesi Vergilius (Aen<\/em>. II. 241) taraf\u0131ndan bire bir ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Ilium kenti i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kr\u015f. Macrob. Sat.<\/em> V. 10. Ayr\u0131ca ba\u011flam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in bk. Enn. Ann<\/em>. 586). Ancak ne Vergilius ne Ausonius s\u00f6z konusu ettikleri kentlere ili\u015f\u00adkin b\u00f6ylesi \u00f6v\u00fcn\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecek nitelemede bulunurken onlar\u0131 tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131lan birer Olympos Da\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde nitelememi\u015flerdir (ayr\u0131ca kr\u015f. Verg. Aen<\/em>. X. 1: panditur interea domus omnipotentis Olympi<\/em> = bu s\u0131rada a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r dirayetli Olympos\u2019un yurdu). \u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla hem kentleri y\u00fcceltmek i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir mecaza ba\u015fvurmu\u015flar hem de kentin kendi tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karmak istemi\u015flerdir. Ilium\u2019da kentin duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa etti\u011fine inan\u0131lan Poseidon ve Apol\u00adlon ile yine onun en sad\u0131k koruyucusu Athena gibi tanr\u0131lar bu payeyi al\u0131rken, Roma\u2019da Capitolium tanr\u0131lar\u0131 olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan Iuppiter, Iuno ve Minerva gibi kente ait tanr\u0131lar\u0131n nitelenmi\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Ayr\u0131ca benzer bir durum yine Ausonius (Prec.<\/em> IV) taraf\u0131ndan Roma\u2019n\u0131n erken d\u00f6nem kent tanr\u0131s\u0131 Quirinus i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Roma illa domusque Quirini<\/em> = Bu Roma ki Quirinus\u2019un yurdu. Bu\u00adnun yan\u0131nda Vergilius (Aen<\/em>. I. 168), Lykia co\u011frafyas\u0131ndan bahsederken Nympha\u00adrum domus<\/em> \u015feklinde bir ifade kullanmaktad\u0131r: Yazar\u0131n burada bu ifadeyi; t\u00fcm nymphe<\/em>lerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mek\u00e2n ya da ev anlam\u0131nda de\u011fil, onlara yara\u015f\u0131r, onlar i\u00e7in k\u0131ymetli\/de\u011ferli bir yer anlam\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Roma (Hellence: \u1fec\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7) kenti hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirmenin yaln\u0131zca bir dizeden olu\u00ad\u015fuyor olmas\u0131 ve anlat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6ylesine y\u00fczeysel bir bi\u00e7imde sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Auso\u00adnius\u2019un kenti k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsedi\u011fine ya da onunla ilgili olumsuz veya d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcnceye sahip oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmez. Bilakis, \u015fair burada Roma\u2019y\u0131 bir dizeye s\u0131\u011fd\u0131rarak ona bir kutsiyet ve y\u00fccelik kazand\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, antik\u00e7a\u011fdan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze dek son derece \u00f6nemli bir konuma sahip b\u00f6ylesi bir kentin tan\u0131t\u0131ma ya da \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u00e7\u0131lardan dillendirilmeye ihtiya\u00e7 duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcnde bir izlenim de uyand\u0131rmak da istiyordu. \u00d6yle ki \u015fiirde hi\u00e7 bir kentin tasvir edilmesi esnas\u0131nda kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 aurea<\/em> (= alt\u0131ndan, muhte\u015fem, g\u00f6rkemli, aza\u00admetli) s\u0131fat\u0131na yaln\u0131zca Roma i\u00e7in yer vermekte, b\u00f6ylelikle onu t\u00fcm kentlerin en y\u00fccesi ya da k\u0131ymetlisi ilan ederek zirveye yerle\u015ftirmektedir (aurea<\/em> ibaresi hak\u00adk\u0131nda kr\u015f. Ovid. Aen.<\/em> III. 113, Mart. IX. 59. 2). Klasik Latin edebiyat\u0131 genelinde ve benzer ama\u00e7lar kapsam\u0131nda Roma\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6vmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan farkl\u0131 s\u0131fatlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bilinmektedir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc; aurea, aeterna ve sacra<\/em> \u015feklindedir. Di\u011fer ikisi farkl\u0131 imparatorlar d\u00f6neminde resmi bir s\u0131fat olarak kulla\u00adn\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa bile, aurea<\/em> sadece edebi d\u00fczeyde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Friedl\u00e4nder 1913, 31). Edebi kaynaklarda, yaz\u0131tlarda ve sikkelerde kenti \u00f6vmek amac\u0131yla farkl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok epitheton<\/em>un kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin: aeterna<\/em> (ebedi ve ezeli), alta<\/em> (ka\u00addim), augusta<\/em> (azize), aurea<\/em> (g\u00f6rkemli), caput<\/em> (\u00f6nder), decus<\/em> (\u015fa\u015fal\u0131), domina<\/em> (sa\u00adhibe), felix<\/em> (bahtiyar), genetrix<\/em> (var eden), inclita<\/em> (\u015fanl\u0131), immensa<\/em> (engin), invicta<\/em> (yenilmez), magna<\/em> (ulu), maxima<\/em> (soylu), martia<\/em> (ceng\u00e2ver), mater<\/em> (ana), prima<\/em> (\u00f6nde gelen), potens<\/em> (muktedir), regia<\/em> (asil), regina<\/em> (ece), sacra<\/em> (mukaddes), sac\u00adratissima<\/em> (en m\u00fcbarek), venerabilis<\/em> (muhterem) ve victrix<\/em> (fatih) gibi. Kenti y\u00fc\u00adceltmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan epitheton<\/em>lara y\u00f6nelik detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bk. Coulston \u2013 Dodge 2000, 10 dn. 4.<\/p>\n

Bu minvalde, toplamda yaln\u0131zca yedi kelimenin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk dizede yer verilen t\u00fcm s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin \u015fair taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zenle se\u00e7ilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir. Bu husus da, \u015fairin kenti y\u00fcceltme ya da en az\u0131ndan ululama e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funa kan\u0131t olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Roma hakk\u0131ndaki anlat\u0131 di\u011fer kentlere oranla olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa olsa da son derece s\u00fcsl\u00fc ve bir o kadar da azametlidir. Auso\u00adnius\u2019un Roma kenti hakk\u0131ndaki kurgusal tasvirine dair farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler hakk\u0131nda ay\u00adr\u0131ca bk. Green 1991, 571.<\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Carthago<\/em> (Hellence: \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd) olarak an\u0131lan kent, \u015f\u00fcphesiz ki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Tunus s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Kartaca kentidir (\u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde konumlanan ve de bir zamanlar Kartacal\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki ko\u00adlonisi, ayr\u0131ca da en \u00f6nemli liman kenti ve s\u0131n\u0131r karakolu niteli\u011fine sahip olan Cart\u00adhago Nova<\/em> kenti ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r). Arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar sonucunda ula\u015f\u0131lan materyal k\u00fclt\u00fcr kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla da desteklenen s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 anlat\u0131m gelene\u011fine g\u00f6re Kartaca, M\u00d6 ca.<\/em> 814 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fenike\u2019den gelen kolonistlerce kurulmu\u015f (Hdt. III. 19) ve M\u00d6 146 y\u0131l\u0131nda Romal\u0131larca y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra defalarca \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7 odak\u00adlar\u0131nca ya\u011fmalanarak yeniden kurulmu\u015ftur. Kartacan\u0131n Romal\u0131larca y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kurulan yeni kentse Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago<\/em> ismiyle tarihsel kay\u0131tlardaki yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (konu hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca bk. Heenan 1996, 180; Edmond\u00adson 2006, 251). Kent, kurulu\u015fundan y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na kadar var oldu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131 y\u00fcz elli y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca Bat\u0131 ile Do\u011fu Akdeniz rotalar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli askeri-ticari limanlardan biri olmu\u015f ve bu do\u011frultuda tarih boyunca ekonomik, siyasi ve tarihi bak\u0131mdan eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en muktedir kentleri aras\u0131nda an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle de Constantinopolis ile beraber, antik\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli \u00fc\u00e7 liman kentinden biri olarak \u015fiirin zirvesindeki yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[iv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Constantinopolis<\/em> (Hellence: \u039a\u03c9\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2) olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fc\u00adm\u00fczde Marmara Denizi\u2019nin kuzey do\u011fu sahilinde, \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ise Avrupa yakas\u0131nda yer almaktayd\u0131. Kent, M\u00d6 657 y\u0131l\u0131nda Megaral\u0131 kolonistler taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f ve Byzantion (Hellence: \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd) olarak isimlendirilmi\u015f\u00adtir. Kurulu\u015fun\u00addan itibaren MS IV. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar bu ismiyle an\u0131lan kent, MS 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda imparator B\u00fcy\u00fck Contantinus taraf\u0131ndan Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015fkenti ilan edil\u00admi\u015f, akabinde kendisine izafeten kentin ismi Contantinopolis<\/em> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f\u00adtir. \u015eiirde de kent, bu ismiyle an\u0131larak Roma ve Kartaca\u2019yla birlikte kadim d\u00fcnya\u00adn\u0131n en \u00f6nemli kentleri aras\u0131nda zikredilmektedir.<\/p>\n

[v]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n efsanevi kurucusu Elissa, Fenikelilerin en \u00f6nemli kentlerinden biri olan Tyros kral\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131d\u0131r. Dido olarak da an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Roma\u2019n\u0131n efsanevi kuru\u00adcusu Aeneias ile ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fk ve Kartaca kentinin kurulu\u015funda sahip oldu\u011fu ku\u00adrucu (= \u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) rol\u00fc ile \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Elissa\u2019n\u0131n kentin kurulu\u015f s\u00fcrecindeki rol\u00fcyle ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bk. Iust. XVIII. 5. 1-17; Strab. XVII. Elissa hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca bk. Ovid. Her.<\/em> VII. 5-11; Sil. Pun.<\/em> I. 21-25; Tac. Hist.<\/em> XVI. 1; Verg. Aen. <\/em>I. 338-368; Roller 2012, 290-291; L\u00f3pez-Ruiz 2014, 369.<\/p>\n

[vi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus (B\u00fcy\u00fck Constantinus olarak da bilinir) Roma imparatoru olarak MS 306-337 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kendisi Elissa (Dido) gibi Constantinopolis\u2019in kurucusu (\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) kimli\u011fine sahip olmamakla birlikte, kentin ismini de\u011fi\u015ftiren, kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131ran ve baz\u0131 mimari d\u00fczenlemeler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren reformist bir role sahiptir. Buradaki ale\u00adgori; yeni d\u00fczenlemelerin hayata ge\u00e7irildi\u011fi kentin art\u0131k farkl\u0131 bir sil\u00fcyet kazand\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, b\u00f6ylelikle kentin art\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu k\u00f6kl\u00fc d\u00fczenlemeleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren im\u00adparatorun ismiyle an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, sonu\u00e7 olarak Byzantium<\/em> varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n fiilen sona ermi\u015f oldu\u011funun ve kent a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yeni bir devrin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n vurgulanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[vii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Buradaki utan\u00e7 (pudor) kavram\u0131na yer verilmesinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi, kentin Roma ile s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmesinin sonunda maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 dramatik sonun vurgulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Zira antik\u00e7a\u011fda bir kentin fethedildikten sonra maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 son fethedenin uygula\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 politika do\u011frultusunda de\u011fi\u015febilmekteydi (Mosley 1975, 119). Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan kentin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve yok edilmesini sa\u011flayacak \u015fiddet galip g\u00fc\u00e7lerin sahip oldu\u011fu ve de uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 askeri, ekonomik ve siyasi erklerin seviyesi ile de do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Kartaca kentinin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in uygulanan kuvvet de mak\u00adsimum d\u00fczeydeydi ve kent i\u00e7in verilen karar en a\u011f\u0131r y\u0131k\u0131m \u015fekillerinden biri olan yerle bir etme (= \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae) metodunun uygulanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelikti. Buna ek ola\u00adrak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kentlere sald\u0131rabilme ve fethederek y\u0131kabilme de komutanlar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lanmaktayd\u0131. Konu hakk\u0131nda bk. Purcell 1995, 133. Antik\u00e7a\u011fda kent y\u0131k\u0131m t\u00fcrleri ve uygulamalar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bk. Hansen \u2013 Nielsen 2004, 120-123.<\/p>\n

[viii]<\/a> \u00a0 Denizlere inme ve karasular\u0131nda h\u00e2kimiyet kurma m\u00fccadelesi Roma ve Kar\u00adtaca\u2019n\u0131n askeri-ticari deniz g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin geli\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir role sahipti. Bu do\u011frultuda Roma ve Kartaca aras\u0131nda ilki M\u00d6 509, di\u011ferleriyse M\u00d6 348, M\u00d6 279\/278, M\u00d6 241 ve M\u00d6 226 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere be\u015f adet an\u00adla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Bu anla\u015fmalar s\u00f6z konusu zaman di\u00adlimleri aras\u0131nda donanmalar ve deniz kuvvetleri olu\u015fturmak suretiyle Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda rakip olarak sivrilen Roma\u2019n\u0131n bir deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak belirginle\u015fti\u011fi an\u00adla\u015fmalar olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nem arzetmektedir. Buna ek olarak, belirtilen bu anla\u015fmalar ile Roma ve Kartaca aras\u0131ndaki Bat\u0131 Akdeniz h\u00e2kimiyeti m\u00fccade\u00adlesi-sorunu giderek ciddile\u015fmi\u015f ve her bir anla\u015fma sonras\u0131ndaki tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te sava\u015f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ve mutlak son haline gelmi\u015ftir. Anla\u015fmalar\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve tarih\u00adsel analizleri hakk\u0131nda bk. Mitchell 1971, 633-655; Serrati 2006, 113-134; Steinby 2014, 24-27<\/p>\n

[ix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lygos (Hellence: \u03bb\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2); Gaius Plinius Secundus\u2019un (= Plinius Maior) aktar\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re Byzantium<\/em> kentinin \u00f6nceki ismidir (Nat.<\/em> IV. 11. 46; Arslan 2010, 24). S\u00f6z konusu yerle\u015fimin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n antik\u00e7a\u011fda Sarayburnu \u00fczerinde, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Topkap\u0131 Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n konumland\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ausonius bu\u00adrada, Constantinopolis\u2019in Lygos<\/em> olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir yerle\u015fim biriminden (muhtemelen bir bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 kasabas\u0131ndan) s\u00f6z konusu m\u00fcreffeh ve kudretli metro\u00adpolis<\/em>e evrilmesine g\u00f6nderimde bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[x]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Byrsa<\/em> (Hellence: \u03b2\u03cd\u03c1\u03c3\u03b1) \u00f6k\u00fcz ya da s\u0131\u011f\u0131r postu\/derisi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Ke\u00adlime bu anlam\u0131 \u00f6zelinde bir \u00f6k\u00fcz ya da s\u0131\u011f\u0131r derisinin ince bir urgan haline getiri\u00adlerek Kartaca territorium<\/em>unun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 netice\u00adsinde kentin kadim akropolis<\/em>iyle \u00f6zde\u015fletirilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca \u015fiirde bu kelimenin ter\u00adcih edilmesiyle Kartaca\u2019y\u0131 kuran Elissa\u2019n\u0131n (Dido) kent alan\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7mesi ve s\u0131n\u0131rla\u00adr\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesiyle ili\u015fkili efsaneye vurgu yap\u0131lmak istenmektedir. Bu minvalde kentin en erken ismi olarak da bilinegelmektedir (Serv. Aen.<\/em> I. 70: Carthago ante Byrsa, post Tyros dicta est<\/em> = Kartaca ilk olarak Byrsa<\/em>, sonras\u0131ndaysa Tyros<\/em> olarak an\u0131ld\u0131). Ayr\u0131ca bk. Verg. Aen<\/em>. I. 367. Liv. XXXIV. 62. 12.<\/p>\n

[xi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Burada Phoebus<\/em> (Hellence: \u03a6\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2) olarak an\u0131lan tanr\u0131, Hellen pantheon<\/em>unda Apollon (Hellence: \u1f08\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd; Latince: Apollo) ile \u00f6zde\u015ftir ve tanr\u0131n\u0131n epitheton<\/em>la\u00adr\u0131ndan biri olarak (Hellence: \u03a6\u03bf\u1fd6\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2; Latince: Phoebus), \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7an, parlak, \u0131\u015f\u0131l \u0131\u015f\u0131l gibi anlamlara gelmektedir. Antakya yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki koruluklarda tanr\u0131 Apollon ile nymphe<\/em> Daphne (Hellence: \u0394\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b7) aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en a\u015fk ser\u00fcveniyle alakal\u0131 myt\u00adhos<\/em>a istinaden defne tanr\u0131 i\u00e7in kutsal say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Philost. Ap.<\/em> I. 16). Daphne\u2019nin a\u011faca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu koruda ayn\u0131 zamanda Apollon\u2019a ait bir kutsal alan\u0131n oldu\u011fu da bilinmektedir. Antakya\u2019n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a yan\u0131nda yer alan ve en az bu kent kadar \u00fcnl\u00fc olan Daphne yerle\u015fimindeki kehanet oca\u011f\u0131 ve tap\u0131nak Seleukos Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00f6\u00adnemi\u2019nde Apollon\u2019a adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Downey 1961, 68). Pek \u00e7ok yazar gibi Plinius (Nat<\/em>. V. 79) da kentin (Antiochia) ayn\u0131 zamanda epi Daphnes<\/em> olarak da an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Ge\u00e7 antik\u00e7a\u011fda ise Constantinus\u2019un MS 197\/199 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131risti\u00adyanlar\u0131n durumuna ili\u015fkin Daphne\u2019deki Apollon\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kehanet, Roma \u0130m\u00adparatorlu\u011fu ordusu i\u00e7erisindeki H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n tasfiyesine neden olmu\u015f ve daha sonra H\u0131ristiyanlara uygulanan b\u00fcy\u00fck kovu\u015fturmalar\u0131n zeminini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Di\u00adgeser 2004, 57-58). Ancak Ausonius\u2019un ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde buraya \u00e7ok fazla h\u00fcr\u00admet g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015ftir, \u00f6zellikle de MS 362 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki yang\u0131ndan sonra (Amm. XXII. 13. 1; kr\u015f. Liban. Or.<\/em> LX. V).<\/p>\n

[xii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Antiochia<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan kent (Hellence: \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1), M\u00d6 307 y\u0131l\u0131nda Orontes Irma\u011f\u0131 (= Asi Nehri) k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in komutanlar\u0131ndan Antigonos I Monophthalmos taraf\u0131ndan Antigonea<\/em> ismiyle kurulmu\u015ftur. Kurulu\u015fundan \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, Antigonos\u2019un M\u00d6 301 y\u0131l\u0131nda vuku bulan Ipsos Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Seleukos I Nikator taraf\u0131ndan yenilmesini takiben, M\u00d6 300 y\u0131l\u0131nda kentin yeri ye\u00adniden belirlenerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Antakya\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve ismi de Se\u00adleukos\u2019un babas\u0131 Antiokhos\u2019a ithafen Antiokheia<\/em> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcreci ta\u00adkiben kent, M\u00d6 64 y\u0131l\u0131nda Seleukos Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Romal\u0131larca ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131na kadar ba\u015fkent stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip olmu\u015ftur. Akabinde Antiokheia bu defa Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Syria Eyaleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkentli\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015f ve antik\u00e7a\u011fdan iti\u00adbaren Roma, Contantinopolis ve \u0130skenderiye ile birlikte en \u00f6nemli kosmopolisler\u00adden biri olarak an\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[xiii]<\/a> \u00a0 \u015eiirde Alexandria <\/em>(Hellence: \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1) olarak an\u0131lan kent, M\u00d6 331 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nil Nehri\u2019nin Akdeniz\u2019e bo\u015fald\u0131\u011f\u0131 verimli delta \u00fczerinde, Makedonlar\u0131n \u00fcnl\u00fc kral\u0131 B\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck \u0130skender taraf\u0131ndan bir liman kenti i\u015fleviyle ve Makedonlar\u0131n \u00f6rf, adet ve ge\u00adleneklerini Akdeniz havzas\u0131na yaymak amac\u0131yla tasarlanarak kurulmu\u015ftur. Kent kurulu\u015fundan itibaren giderek kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6nce Ptolemaios Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015f, sonras\u0131nda MS 641 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarca fethine kadar gerek Roma \u0130m\u00adparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda, gerekse de Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda yakla\u015f\u0131k bin y\u0131l bo\u00adyunca son derece \u00f6nemli bir metropolis<\/em> kimli\u011fine sahip olmu\u015ftur. Bu minvalde \u0130skenderiye, antik\u00e7a\u011fdan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli edebi eserlerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla konu edilmi\u015f (\u00f6zellikle kent a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndaki Pharos Adas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan deniz feneri ve kentte bilimsel bir ivme kazand\u0131ran k\u00fct\u00fcphanesiyle [= Mousaion<\/em>]) ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130skenderiye, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde M\u0131s\u0131r s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer almakta ve kuruldu\u011fu bu ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xiv]<\/a> \u00a0 Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ve ayn\u0131 zamanda da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli su kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri olan Nil Nehri (Hellence: \u039d\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2; Latince: Nilus), M\u0131s\u0131r topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7in her daim verim\u00adlili\u011fin, bereketin ve refah\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu do\u011frultuda da, Ausonius tara\u00adf\u0131ndan \u0130skenderiye kentinin tasvirinde Nil Nehri anlat\u0131s\u0131na yer veriliyor olmas\u0131; kentin zenginli\u011fine, geni\u015f imk\u00e2nlar\u0131na ve m\u00fcreffehli\u011fine vurgu yap\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131\u00adm\u0131ndan \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n

[xv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Burada Antakya ile \u0130skenderiye\u2019nin kurucular\u0131n\u0131n her ikisinin de Makedon k\u00f6kenli olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, s\u00f6z konusu kentlerin halklar\u0131n\u0131n mensubu olduklar\u0131 uluslar ba\u00adk\u0131m\u0131ndan soyda\u015f olduklar\u0131na g\u00f6nderim yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xvi]<\/a> \u00a0 Efsaneler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Seleucus I Nicator’un M\u00d6 ca.<\/em> 355 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki do\u011fumundan evvel (kendisi daha sonra Antakya kentinin kurucusu olmu\u015ftur), annesi Laodike r\u00fcya\u00ads\u0131nda Apollon’dan bir \u00e7ocuk d\u00fcnyaya getirdi\u011fini ve tanr\u0131n\u0131n kendisine \u00fczerine \u00e7apa (= ancora) fig\u00fcr\u00fc i\u015flenmi\u015f de\u011ferli bir y\u00fcz\u00fck hediye etti\u011fini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. R\u00fc\u00adyay\u0131 takiben Laodike \u00e7ocu\u011funu d\u00fcnyaya getirdi\u011finde, bebe\u011fin uylu\u011funda \u00e7apay\u0131 and\u0131ran bir do\u011fum izi oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akabinde ayn\u0131 i\u015faret, Seleukos\u2019tan sonra d\u00fcnyaya gelen erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n tamam\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye devam etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle \u00e7apa fig\u00fcr\u00fc Seleukos Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren t\u00fcm hanedan\u0131n bir sembol\u00fc olarak me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (bk. Iustin. XV. 4. 8).<\/p>\n

[xvii]<\/a> \u00a0 Burada Rhenus<\/em> (Hellence: \u1fec\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) olarak an\u0131lan \u0131rmak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Rhen Nehri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir. Nehir, \u0130svi\u00e7re Alpleri\u2019nden do\u011fup Lihten\u015ftayn ve Fransa s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan ilerledikten sonra, Almanya ile Hollanda topraklar\u0131ndan ge\u00ad\u00e7er. Son olarak Hollanda\u2019n\u0131n Rotterdam kenti yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Kuzey Denizi\u2019ne d\u00f6k\u00fc\u00adl\u00fcr. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1230 km uzunlu\u011fuyla Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Tuna Nehri\u2019nden sonraki en uzun ikinci nehridir. Nehrin yakla\u015f\u0131k 883 kilometrelik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc deniz trafi\u011fine uy\u00adgundur ve bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda seyr\u00fcsefere elveri\u015fli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir. Nehrin yan kollar\u0131 ile birlikte kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplam alan 185.000 kilometrekaredir. Rhen\u2019in Almanya topraklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7 kolu Moselle, Main ve Nec\u00adkar \u0131rmaklar\u0131d\u0131r ve Trier kenti de en \u00f6nemli yan kollardan bir tanesi olan Moselle Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xviii]<\/a> \u015eiirde Treveri<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Almanya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer al\u00admakta ve Trier ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kentin M\u00d6 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bir Gallia kenti olarak kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu ve ad\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin ilk yerle\u015fimcileri olarak tahmin edilen Treveri<\/em> kavminden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Kent M\u00d6 ca.<\/em> 17 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma h\u00e2kimiyeti al\u00adt\u0131na girmi\u015f ve Roma imparatoru Augustus\u2019un ad\u0131na ithafen Augusta Treverorum<\/em> ismiyle an\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir. Roma h\u00e2kimiyeti s\u00fcresince gerek \u00f6nemli yol a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u00ad\u015fi\u015fme noktas\u0131nda konumlanmas\u0131ndan, gerekse bereketli Moselle Nehri\u2019nin yak\u0131\u00adn\u0131ndan akmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 giderek kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve antik\u00e7a\u011fda \u00f6nemli yerle\u015fim mer\u00adkezlerinden biri olmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, Trier; imparator Constantius Chlorus ve o\u011flu B\u00fcy\u00fck Constantinus (yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak MS 285\u2019ten 312 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar), ayr\u0131ca yine Valentinianus I ile Gratianus II (ca.<\/em> 364-383 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda) d\u00f6nemlerinde idari y\u00f6netim merkezi (sacrum palatium<\/em>) olarak kullan\u0131m g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kent MS IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren (\u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019da olu\u015fan otorite bo\u015flu\u011fuyla birlikte) mevcut konumunu korumay\u0131 ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015f, ilerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7le birlikte gi\u00adderek \u00f6nemini yitirmi\u015f ve yine eski ismiyle an\u0131lmaya devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[xix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Yakla\u015f\u0131k 545 kilometrelik uzunlu\u011fa sahip Moselle Nehri, yukar\u0131da de\u011finildi\u011fi \u00fczere Rhen Nehri\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fc\u00e7 kolundan biridir. Nehir; Fransa, Luksemburg ve Almanya topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinden ilerler ve Trier kentinin yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ti\u011fi i\u00e7in kente bir\u00e7ok bak\u0131mdan katk\u0131 sunar. Ayr\u0131ca Ausonius\u2019un da, Moselle\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zel bir ilgi besledi\u011fi ve bu nehir ile k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6vmek i\u00e7in methiye niteli\u011finde tasarla\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131, MS ca.<\/em> 371 y\u0131l\u0131na tarihlenen ve heksameter<\/em> (alt\u0131l\u0131 hece) formunda kaleme al\u0131nan Mosella<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fiirin yazar\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

[xx]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Mediolanum<\/em> (Hellence: \u039c\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd[\u03b9]\u03bf\u03bd) olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde, Alp Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eteklerinde ve Po Nehri\u2019nin vadisi \u00fczerinde yer alan Milano kentine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u0130talya Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Roma\u2019dan sonraki en kalabal\u0131k ikinci kentidir. Kentin M\u00d6 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda kuruldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekle birlikte, M\u00d6 II. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren (M\u00d6. ca.<\/em> 194 y\u0131l\u0131nda) Roma h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Kent Roma imparatoru Augustus d\u00f6nemi sonras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir yerle\u015fim merkezi haline gelmi\u015f, ayn\u0131 za\u00admanda Roma\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli e\u011fitim kurumu niteli\u011fine sahip olmu\u015ftur. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu y\u00f6nleriyle \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan Milano, Roma imparatorlar\u0131 nazar\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemini h\u0131zla artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bu \u00f6nemine binaen de -\u015fiirde de an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere- pek \u00e7ok de\u011ferli ya\u00adp\u0131yla (\u00f6zellikle pagan tap\u0131naklar\u0131, Hristiyan kiliseleri ve imparatorluk saraylar\u0131 ile) donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eiirin Milano\u2019nun mimarisine ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ilerleyen k\u0131sm\u0131nda da, bizzat Ausonius\u2019un ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde kentte \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kan \u00f6nemli yap\u0131lara y\u00fczeysel bir \u015fekilde de\u011finilmektedir.<\/p>\n

[xxi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Milano kentindeki bu hamam muhtemel olarak \u00fcnl\u00fc mitolojik kahraman Herak\u00adles\u2019in Latinler nezdindeki \u00f6zde\u015fi Hercules onuruna in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti. Di\u011fer bir yan\u00addan, Herculius epitheton<\/em>undan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen farkl\u0131 bir \u00f6neriye g\u00f6\u00adreyse, tasviri sunulan hamam kompleksi bu ismi kullanan imparatorlardan biri olan Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius Augustus (MS ca<\/em>. 250 – 310 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) zaman\u0131nda, bizzat onun talimat\u0131yla in\u015fa ettirilmi\u015fti. \u00d6yle ki Aurelius Victor\u2019a (de Ceas.<\/em> XXXIX. 45) g\u00f6re de bu imparator Milano\u2019yu son derece azametli pek \u00e7ok yap\u0131yla donatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u015fiirde an\u0131lan Palatinae <\/em>(akropolis?) surlar\u0131n\u0131n veya imparatorluk saray\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 da yine bu imparatora atfedilmektedir (Evelyn-White 1919, 273 dn. 2).<\/p>\n

\u015eiirin Milano\u2019ya ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan k\u0131sm\u0131nda dikkat edilmesi gereken di\u011fer bir husus ise, kent sakinlerini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u00f6vg\u00fc dolu ibareler ile kentin d\u00fczen ve intizam\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kaleme al\u0131nan y\u00fcceltici ifadelerdir. Bu durum genellenecek oldu\u011funda, Ausonius\u2019un Milano kenti hakk\u0131nda ki\u015fisel bilgisinin oldu\u011fu (ayn\u0131 za\u00admanda uzun bir s\u00fcre olmasa da belirli bir s\u00fcre boyunca konaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131) sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131labilir (Green 1991, 573).<\/p>\n

[xxii]<\/a> \u00a0 \u015eiirde Capua<\/em> (Hellence: \u039a\u03b1\u03c0\u03cd\u03b7) olarak an\u0131lan yerle\u015fim birimi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde yer alan \u00f6nemli bir liman kentidir ve halen ayn\u0131 isimle an\u0131l\u00admaktad\u0131r. Kentin -genel olarak- kabul g\u00f6ren kurulu\u015f tarihi M\u00d6 800 y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r (Livius ise farkl\u0131 bir \u00f6neri getirerek kentin Etr\u00fcskler taraf\u0131ndan [V. 37. 1] M\u00d6 424 y\u0131l\u0131nda kuruldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedir). M\u00d6 424 y\u0131l\u0131yla birlikte, kent Samnitler taraf\u0131ndan fethedilir ve Etr\u00fcsk h\u00e2kimiyeti son bulur. \u0130lerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7 d\u00e2hilinde Capua, Roma ile zaman zaman olumlu, zaman zamansa olumsuz ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7erisinde bulunmu\u015f olsa da, kentin gelece\u011fine y\u00f6n veren en \u00f6nemli hadise \u0130kinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ra\u00ads\u0131nda (\u00f6zellikle M\u00d6 216 y\u0131l\u0131nda vuku bulan Cannae Muharabesi sonras\u0131nda) Ca\u00adpual\u0131lar\u0131n Hannibal ile m\u00fcttefiklik kurmas\u0131d\u0131r (Liv. XXIII. 7). Bu s\u00fcreci takiben kent, hen\u00fcz sava\u015f devam ederken M\u00d6 211 y\u0131l\u0131nda Romal\u0131larca ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f (Diod. XXVI. 14; Liv. XXIII. 18; Strab. V. 4. 12), b\u00f6ylelikle de Capual\u0131lar olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r cezai y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u015eiirdeki tasvirde Ausonius, Capu\u00adal\u0131lar\u0131n Romal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir tutum sergiledi\u011fi bu s\u00fcrece ve bu tutumlar\u0131 neticesinde \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 cezalara dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. Bu suretle de, t\u00fcm Roma d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131la\u015facaklar\u0131 nihai son ile ilgili ufak bir hat\u0131rlatmada (ya da daha net bir bi\u00e7imde, edebi i\u00e7erikli bir tehditte) bulunmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xxiii]<\/a> Campania b\u00f6lgesindeki kentlerde auspex\u2019lerin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok efsane anlat\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131nda \u00f6tesinde s\u00f6z konusu kahinler kentlerde bir memur olarak g\u00f6rev al\u0131rlard\u0131. Buradaki bir Etr\u00fcsk yerle\u015fimi olan Puteoli kentinin kolonizasyonu Apollon\u2019un auspex<\/em>leri e\u015fli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir (Stat. Silv<\/em>. III. V. 74vd.). Yine ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kent olan Capua da bir Etr\u00fcsk yerle\u015fimiydi ve muhtemelen burada da kehanet uygulamalar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131 (Campania\u2019daki auspex<\/em>lerin konumu i\u00e7in bk. Peterson 1919, 32-33). \u00d6zellikle de Ausonius\u2019un burada belirtti\u011fi auspex\u2019<\/em>ler, ku\u015flar\u0131n hareketlerini yorumlayarak kehanet \u00fcretilmi\u015f olmal\u0131lard\u0131. Bu\u00adnunla birlikte bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re Capua kentinin ismi bir ku\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc olan capus<\/em>tan t\u00fc\u00adremi\u015ftir (Serv. Aen<\/em>. X. 145; Isid. Etym<\/em>. XII. 7. 57. Konuya ili\u015fkin olarak ayr\u0131ca bk. Palmer \u2013 Palmer 1970, 103). Ancak Ausonius\u2019un buradaki ifadesi Campania ya da Capua\u2019daki auspex<\/em>lerin \u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc olmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil, Roma imparatorlu\u011funu y\u00f6\u00adnetmek ad\u0131na bir consul<\/em>un yan\u0131nda, kendi b\u00f6lgelerinden atanacak bir tak\u0131m aus\u00adpex<\/em>i vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Zira bu kehanet t\u00fcr\u00fc; hem Roma Cumhuriyeti ve Devleti, hem de \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7erisinde olduk\u00e7a etkin bir kuruma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, \u00f6zellikle senatus<\/em>un ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar \u00fczerinde etki sahibi olmu\u015ftur ve farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeydeki karar\u00adlar\u0131 onaylama mercisi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ak\u015fit 2014, 13-29).<\/p>\n

[xxiv]<\/a> Liv. XXIII. 6. 6. Roma ile Kartaca birlikleri aras\u0131nda meydana gelen M\u00d6 216 y\u0131l\u0131n\u00addaki Cannae Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Capua, Kartaca generali Hannibal’in taraf\u0131n\u0131 ter\u00adkederek Roma ile m\u00fcttefiklik olu\u015fturmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Capual\u0131lar\u0131n Ro\u00admal\u0131lar ile olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 bu m\u00fcttefiklikten tek beklentileriyse, Roma\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k ola\u00adrak belirlenen iki consul<\/em>\u00fcnden birinin Capua yurtta\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kendile\u00adrine tan\u0131nmas\u0131yd\u0131. Ausonius\u2019un burada belirtti\u011fi husus, bu anla\u015fma \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n

[xxv]<\/a> \u00a0 \u015eiirde Aquileia<\/em> (Hellence: \u1f08\u03ba\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7\u1f31\u03b1) olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n ku\u00adzeydo\u011fu ucunda, Adriyatik Denizi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer almaktayd\u0131. Bu kent de t\u0131pk\u0131 Capua gibi, antik\u00e7a\u011fdaki ismini halen muhafaza etmektedir. M\u00d6 181 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir Roma kolonisi olarak kuruldu\u011fu bilinen kent (Liv. XXXIX. 22. 6f; XLV. 6 vd.; LIV.1 – LV. 6; XL. 26. 2; XXXIV. 2 vd.; CIL<\/em> V. 873), antik\u00e7a\u011fdan orta\u00e7a\u011fa ve akabinde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin \u00f6nemli bir liman kenti kimli\u011fiyle \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kentin \u00f6zellikle MS II. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz bin ki\u015filik bir n\u00fcfusu b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu minvalde olduk\u00e7a uzun bir zaman dilimi s\u00fcresince Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00fcnyesindeki en \u00f6nemli liman kentlerinden biri oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Buna ek olarak Aquileia, Roma donanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kararg\u00e2h ve ikmal \u00fcss\u00fc niteli\u011fine de sahipti. T\u00fcm bu \u00f6zellikleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kent, Ausonius\u2019un ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 MS IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6nemini korumaktayd\u0131 ve bu do\u011frultuda da an\u0131lmaya de\u011fer kentler aras\u0131nda yer bulmu\u015f\u00adtur. Ancak MS V. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte kent, Attila \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Hunlar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tahribata u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, sonras\u0131nda bir daha eski g\u00fcc\u00fcne ve var\u00ads\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015famayarak mevcut g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[xxvi]<\/a> Illyria (Hellence: \u1f38\u03bb\u03bb\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b1), antik\u00e7a\u011fda Balkan Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda, Adriyatik Denizi’nin ise do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f otokton bir krall\u0131kt\u0131r. Aquileia, bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n Roma ile s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgeye yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle bu b\u00f6lgeyi isk\u00e2n eden Illryrial\u0131lar ile Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda koruyucu bir i\u015fleve sahipti, bu do\u011f\u00adrultuda Romal\u0131larca bir s\u0131n\u0131r karakolu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi (Kommagene Kral\u00adl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Parthlar-Armenial\u0131lar ile Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki i\u015flevine benzer bi\u00e7imde). Ausonius burada kentin bu \u00f6zelli\u011fini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karmakta ve Aquileia\u2019y\u0131 Illyria co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 denetim alt\u0131nda bulunduran ve oradan gelebilecek herhangi bir teh\u00adlikeyi engelleyebilmek ya da Roma\u2019ya tehdit yaratmas\u0131n\u0131 geciktirebilmek \u00fczere s\u00fcrekli tetikte bekleyen muhaf\u0131z kimli\u011fine sahip bir kent olarak tasvir etmektedir.<\/p>\n

[xxvii]<\/a> S\u0131radan bir hizmetk\u00e2r ve ayn\u0131 zamanda da yardak\u00e7\u0131 olan \u0130spanyol Magnus Maxi\u00admus, Pacatus (Paneg<\/em>. XXXI) taraf\u0131ndan da an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tanr\u0131 Mars, Hellen pantheon<\/em>unda Ares (= \u1f0c\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2) ile \u00f6zde\u015ftir ve sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Hellen pantheon<\/em>undaki \u00f6nemine oranla, Romal\u0131lar nezdinde daha kutsal bir ko\u00adnuma sahipti ve ayr\u0131ca Roma topraklar\u0131 \u00f6zelinde olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imde tap\u0131\u00adn\u0131m g\u00f6rmekteydi. Bu minvalde, Romal\u0131lar nazar\u0131nda ba\u015f tanr\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fcndeydi (\u00f6yle ki erken Roma takviminde ilk ay da mensis Martius <\/em>[= Mars\u2019\u0131n ay\u0131] ismine sahipti ve her yeni y\u0131l bu tanr\u0131n\u0131n ismiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lmaktayd\u0131). Burada tanr\u0131n\u0131n ismi\u00adnin yan\u0131na eklenen Ausonius epitheton<\/em>u, Mars\u2019\u0131n \u0130talya Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndaki b\u00f6lge\u00adsel bir k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir. Di\u011fer bir yandan, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n atalar\u0131 olarak say\u0131lan Ausonial\u0131lar\u0131n bir s\u0131fat e\u015fli\u011finde (Ausonius, a, um = Ausonial\u0131, Au\u00adsonia\u2019dan, Ausonia\u2019ya ait\/has) tanr\u0131n\u0131n ismiyle birlikte yan yana an\u0131l\u0131yor olmas\u0131 Mars\u2019\u0131n, Latinlerin atalar\u0131n\u0131n inanc\u0131nda da yer alan ba\u015fat bir tanr\u0131 oldu\u011fu izleni\u00admini uyand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xxix]<\/a> \u00a0 Burada Romal\u0131lar\u0131n MS 43 y\u0131l\u0131nda Britannia Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 fethetmelerini takiben adada y\u00fcr\u00fctecekleri yeni askeri-ticari faaliyetlere bir \u00fcs olarak kurduklar\u0131 ve Rutupiae<\/em> (ya da Portus Ritupis) olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 koloni kentiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir ethnikon<\/em> niteli\u011finde (Rutupinus, a, um) kullan\u0131lan Rutupinum<\/em> s\u0131fat\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. An\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Kent Vilayeti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 ve Richborough ismine sahip bir liman yerle\u015fiminin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer almaktayd\u0131. Ancak Ausonius s\u00f6z ko\u00adnusu ethnikon<\/em>u Rutupiae ile ilgili bir husustan s\u00f6z etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, aksine Britan\u00adnia Adas\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fayan ve \u00f6zellikle Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca bir tav\u0131r sergileyen t\u00fcm otokton kavimleri ve ayn\u0131 zamanda adan\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak \u00fczere kul\u00adlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ethnikon<\/em> ile birlikte kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 latro<\/em> [onis, m = haydut, zorba, e\u015fk\u0131ya] ibaresiyle de aday\u0131 ve adal\u0131lar\u0131 niteleyen bir tamlama olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylelikle (t\u0131pk\u0131 Hellenlerin, kendi \u0131rklar\u0131na mensup olmayan ve dillerini bilmeyen t\u00fcm top\u00adluluklar i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 Barbarlar<\/em> [Hellence: \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9] ibaresinde oldu\u011fu \u00fczere), bu adada ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcc\u00fc ve tenkit edici bir \u00fcslup sergilemi\u015ftir. Bu minvalde kelime, Britannia Adas\u0131\u2019nda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 niteleyen Britannus<\/em> s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131n olumsuz anlam y\u00fcklenmi\u015f ve Latince \u00f6zelinde en erken kullan\u0131m g\u00f6ren t\u00fcrde\u015fidir (benzer bir kullan\u0131m i\u00e7in bk. Aus. Par<\/em>. VII. 2, XVIII. 8. Konu hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca bk. Green 1991, 576; Evelyn White 1919, 69 dn. 1; 275 dn. 3).<\/p>\n

[xxx]<\/a> \u00a0 \u015eiirde Arelate<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney sahili \u00fczerinde konumlanmakta, ayn\u0131 zamanda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nehirlerinden biri olan Rh\u00f4ne Nehri kenar\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Arles olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Arles, antik\u00e7a\u011fda Fenikelilerce kurulmu\u015f di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli liman kenti Marsilya ile s\u0131k\u0131 bir rekabet i\u00e7erisindeydi ve bu sebeple de \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7 odaklar\u0131n hedefleri ara\u00ads\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla yer alabiliyordu. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fine binaen kent, M\u00d6 46 y\u0131l\u0131nda Gaius Iulius Caesar taraf\u0131ndan (Pompeius ile Caesar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eki\u015fmede Caesar tara\u00adf\u0131nda saf tutmu\u015f olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc) Colonia Arelate<\/em> ismiyle yeniden kurulmu\u015f ve Roma\u2019ya tabi k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arles hakk\u0131nda bilinmesi gereken di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli ayr\u0131n\u00adt\u0131ysa kentin i\u00e7erisinden ge\u00e7en Rh\u00f4ne Nehri\u2019nin kenti ikiye ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ausonius, kente y\u00f6nelik tasvirsel aktar\u0131m\u0131nda duplex Arelate<\/em> (= \u00e7ift tarafl\u0131 Arles) ibaresine yer vererek bu hususa de\u011finmektedir. Belirtilen t\u00fcm bu \u00f6zellikleri ve stratejik avantaj\u0131 \u00f6zelinde kent, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00fcnyesinde giderek kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve Gallia Narbonensis Eyaleti\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli kentleri aras\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylelikle de Gallula Roma<\/em> (= Galliac\u0131\u011f\u0131n Roma\u2019s\u0131) ibaresiyle \u015fair taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcceltilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[xxxi]<\/a> \u00a0 \u015eiirin devam\u0131nda de\u011finilecek olan Narbo kentinin Arles ile yak\u0131n bir konumda bu\u00adlundu\u011funa ve her iki kentin de ayn\u0131 sahil hatt\u0131nda konumland\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderim ya\u00adp\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle kentler birbirlerinin kom\u015fusu olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xxxii]<\/a> \u015eiirde Arles kentine dair anlat\u0131da sadece bir tasvir unsuru olarak kendine yer bu\u00adlan Vienna<\/em> kenti, antik\u00e7a\u011fdan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin son derece \u00f6nemli bir yerle\u015fim alan\u0131 ve ticaret merkezi (emporium) kimli\u011fine sahip olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Fran\u00adsa\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan kent, Vienne ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Avus\u00adtur\u00adya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Vienna ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r). Benzer bir \u00f6neme antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00f6ze\u00adlinde, bilhassa da Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde sahip olan Vienne, Narbo ve de Arles ile birlikte Gallia Narbonensis Eyaleti\u2019nin en \u00f6nemli kentlerinden biriydi ve yine t\u0131pk\u0131 Arles gibi, Rh\u00f4ne Nehri taraf\u0131ndan iki k\u0131sma ayr\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. An\u0131lan bu \u00f6nemine ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konumuna binaen kent, MS V. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar Trier\u2019den sonraki en \u00f6nemli Gallia yerle\u015fimi olarak an\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir. Ancak Auso\u00adnius, s\u00f6z konusu bu \u00f6nemine ra\u011fmen Vienne\u2019ye d\u00f6neminin ya da ge\u00e7mi\u015fin an\u0131l\u00admaya de\u011fer kentleri aras\u0131nda hususi bir yer ay\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r (ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Troia, Sparta, Korinthos, Pergamon, Miletos, Ephesos, Nicomedeia, Patara, Perge, Tar\u00adsus, Rhodos, Kud\u00fcs, \u015eam, Byblos, Tyros, Utica, Kyrene, Gadeira, Marsilya, Sinope gibi kentlere de\u011finilmemektedir). Bu husus da baz\u0131 soru i\u015faretlerini beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu soru i\u015faretleri \u00f6zelinde de, Ausonius\u2019un Ordo<\/em> ya da Catalogus Urbium Nobilium<\/em> olarak ba\u015fl\u0131kland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserinde, kendisinin bizzat ziyaret ede\u00adbili\u00addi\u011fi kentlere yer verdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Di\u011fer bir (pesimist) olas\u0131l\u0131k ise, ken\u00addisi nazar\u0131nda \u00f6nem arz etti\u011fini ve mutlaka de\u011finilmesi gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kentleri aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011ferlerini kasti bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti\u011fi ya da arka planda b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xxxiii]<\/a> \u015eiir i\u00e7erisinde Rhodanus<\/em> (Hellence: \u1fec\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2) olarak an\u0131lan nehir, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Rh\u00f4ne ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130svi\u00e7re Alpleri\u2019ndeki Rh\u00f4ne buzullardan do\u011fan ve Ar\u00adles yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan Akdeniz\u2019e bo\u015falan Rh\u00f4ne Nehri, 812 kilometre uzunlu\u011fuyla Gal\u00adlia\u2019n\u0131n en uzun ikinci nehridir. Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ise en \u00f6nemli nehirlerinden biridir. Nehrin neredeyse tamam\u0131 seyr\u00fcsefere elveri\u015flidir. Bu do\u011frultuda antik\u00e7a\u011fdan Orta\u00e7a\u011fa kadar Rh\u00f4ne nehri; Arles, Avignon, Valence, Vienne ve Lyon gibi farkl\u0131 kentlere ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayan en \u00f6nemli g\u00fczerg\u00e2ht\u0131 ve orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki gemiler neh\u00adrin i\u00e7erisinde aktif bir bi\u00e7imde yolcu ya da y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yabilmekteydi. Seyr\u00fcseferler, nehrin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc deltaya kadar, k\u00fcrekle \u00e7ekilen ya da yelkenle idare edilen orta b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki bir gemiyle yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak \u00fc\u00e7 hafta s\u00fcrmekteydi. T\u00fcm bu \u00f6zellikleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda gerek Hellenler, Gerek Fenikeliler gerekse de Romal\u0131lar nezdinde Rh\u00f4ne, Akdeniz\u2019den gelen ticari mallar\u0131 Gallia\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine ula\u015ft\u0131rabilmek ad\u0131na en pratik ve elveri\u015fli g\u00fczerg\u00e2h \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahipti. Bu sebeple de nehrin kenar\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f kentler bir liman kenti ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip olabiliyor ve m\u00fcreffeh kentler haline gelebiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

[xxxiv]<\/a> Gallia Aquitania, M\u00d6 27 y\u0131l\u0131nda Augustus taraf\u0131ndan tesis edilmi\u015f Roma eyaletle\u00adrinden biridir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6lgesini kapsamakta olan bu eyalet, halen Fransa\u2019n\u0131n bir b\u00f6lgesi\/eyaletidir ve Aquitaine<\/em> olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Eyalet Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Narbonensis ve Hispania Tarraconensis eyaletleriyle s\u0131n\u0131rda\u015fd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Garumna (modern ismi Garonne) ile Liger (Loire Irma\u011f\u0131) nehirleri aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan on d\u00f6rt Kelt kabilesi\u00adnin bir eyalet \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirilmesiyle tesis edilmi\u015ftir (Strab. IV. 1. 1; Plin. nat.<\/em> IV. 107-109; Ptol. Geog<\/em>. II. 7). Kurulu\u015funu takip eden erken s\u00fcre\u00e7te eyaletin y\u00f6netim merkezi Milano kenti iken, daha sonra \u015fairin memleketi Bordeaux\u2019a ta\u00ad\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. MS IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l eyalet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem arz etmektedir, zira belir\u00adtilen y\u00fczy\u0131lla birlikte Gallia Aquitania Eyaleti; Novempopulana<\/em>, Aquitania<\/em> I ve de Aquitania<\/em> II olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 idari y\u00f6netim merkezine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak yazar burada, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde muhtemelen ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye yer ver\u00admeyerek, Gallia Aquitania Eyaleti\u2019ni b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bir perspekifte tasvir etmektedir.<\/p>\n

[xxxv]<\/a> \u015eiirde Hispalis<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130spanya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Sevilla ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmektedir (Plin. nat.<\/em> II. 97, 100, \u00a7 219; Caes. civ<\/em>. II. 18). Kent, gerek \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine kadar sokulan Guadalquivir Nehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yer al\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, gerekse de \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na a\u00e7\u0131lan bir li\u00adman\u0131 niteli\u011fine sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in antik\u00e7a\u011fdan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem arz eden bir liman kenti olarak an\u0131lmagelmi\u015ftir. Mitolojik anlat\u0131lar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kentin ku\u00adrucusu Herakles\u2019tir (ya da farkl\u0131 anlat\u0131lara g\u00f6re Fenike-Kartaca pantheon<\/em>undaki Melqart). Arkeolojik materyal k\u00fclt\u00fcr kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ise, kentin ilk isk\u00e2n tarihi olarak M\u00d6 VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 i\u015faret etmekte ve kentin kurucular\u0131n\u0131n Fenike-Sami k\u00f6kenli oldu\u00ad\u011funa dair ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 vermektedir. Bu minvalde kent yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 2.200 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahiptir ve yazar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de \u00f6nemini korumakta olan kadim kentler i\u00e7erisinde yer almaktayd\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle de an\u0131lmaya de\u011fer kentler aras\u0131nda -yaln\u0131zca bir dizeyle de olsa- yer bulabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[xxxvi]<\/a> Bahis konusu edilen ve denizi and\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilen nehir (= aequoreus amnis) g\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Guadalquivir Nehri\u2019dir. S\u00f6z konusu nehir zaman\u0131m\u0131zda, C\u00e1diz K\u00f6r\u00adfezi\u2019nden Seville kentine kadar tamam\u0131yla seyr\u00fcsefere uygun niteliktedir. Ancak antik\u00e7a\u011fda debisinin daha fazla oldu\u011fu ve bu suretle de nehir \u00fczerinden \u0130s\u00adpanya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7 kesimlerinde yer alan C\u00f3rdoba kentine kadar ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ol\u00addu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Hellen co\u011frafya yazarlar\u0131 bu nehri kimi zaman Tartessos Nehri olarak da zikretmi\u015flerdir. Romal\u0131lar ise Baetis Irma\u011f\u0131 olarak anm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Strab. III. 1. 9; 2, 11).<\/p>\n

[xxxvii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Corduba<\/em> (Hellence: \u039a\u03bf\u03c1\u03b4\u03cd\u03b2\u03b7) olarak an\u0131lan kent, Seville ile birlikte \u0130ber Ya\u00adr\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130spanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli kentlerinden biridir. Kentin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ad\u0131 ise C\u00f3rdoba\u2019d\u0131r. B\u00f6lgedeki ilk yerle\u015fimin Fenike-Kartacal\u0131lar ta\u00adraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, b\u00f6lge \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeyde k\u00fclt\u00fc\u00adrel etkiye sahip Tartessos kentiyle yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili k\u00fclt\u00fcr kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na da rastlan\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kentin Roma ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131, M\u00d6 II. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130lerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7le birlikte kent giderek g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanm\u0131\u015f ve Hispania Baetica Eya\u00adleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkentli\u011fine kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Antik\u00e7a\u011fda kenti \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan etmenle\u00adrin en \u00f6nemlisi, Guadalquivir Nehri\u2019nin k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer almas\u0131yd\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle C\u00f3rdoba nehir \u00fczerinden s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen mevcut gemi trafi\u011finden yararlanabiliyordu ve bunun sonucunda bir liman kentinin sahip olabilece\u011fi t\u00fcm imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 elde ede\u00adbiliyordu. Kenti \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan di\u011fer bir unsur ise, Ya\u015fl\u0131 Seneca, Gen\u00e7 Seneca ve Marcus Annaeus Lucanus gibi entellekt\u00fcel ki\u015filerin burada do\u011fmalar\u0131 ve kentin entellekt\u00fcel kimli\u011finin temsilcileri olmalad\u0131r. Ausonius da kentin bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve mevcut entellekt\u00fcel kimli\u011fini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmeyerek, C\u00f3rdoba\u2019ya Iberia Yar\u0131ma\u00addas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan kentler aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir konum sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xxxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Tarraco<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan (Hellence: \u03a4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd) kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fu sahilinde yer alan ve Akdeniz\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00f6nemli bir liman kentidir ve de Tarragona ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kent ilk olarak Avienus\u2019un Ora Maritima<\/em> (512 ff) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fiirinde an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Ayr\u0131ca bk. Strab. III. 4. 7; kr\u015f. Plin. Nat.<\/em> III. 18; 23; 110; Ptol. Geog<\/em>. II. 6. 17). Tarragona\u2019y\u0131 antik\u00e7a\u011fda me\u015fhur k\u0131lan etmenlerin ba\u00ad\u015f\u0131nda, kentin ortalama 150 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fe sahip ve kayal\u0131klardan olu\u015fan bir zemin \u00fczerinde yer al\u0131yor olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca olduk\u00e7a k\u0131ymetli bir limana da sahipti (her ne kadar kent liman\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lsa da ve hatta Strabon ta\u00adra\u00adf\u0131ndan \u1f00\u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> [= limans\u0131z] bir yerle\u015fim birimi olarak an\u0131lsa da [bk. Strab. l. C; Polyb. III. 76]). Di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli husus ise, kentin \u0130kinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda Roma ordusunun ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan Publius Cornelius Scipio ile Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus karde\u015fler taraf\u0131ndan Kartacal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 bir ikmal \u00fcss\u00fc olarak kulla\u00adn\u0131l\u00admas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle kentin Roma ile mevcut ili\u015fkileri ilerlemi\u015f ve kent pek \u00e7ok askeri yap\u0131yla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda kent Roma nezdinde giderek daha \u00f6nemli ve stratejik bir konuma sahip olmu\u015f, akabinde M\u00d6 27\u2019den daha ge\u00e7 ol\u00admayan bir ta\u00adrihte Hispania Citerior Eyaleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti stat\u00fcs\u00fcne y\u00fckseltilmi\u015ftir (Dio Cass. LIII. 12. 5). \u00d6yle ki MS II. y\u00fczy\u0131lla birlikte Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u0130be\u00adria Yar\u0131ma\u00addas\u0131\u2019ndaki idari merkezi Tarragona olmu\u015ftur ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn doru\u011funa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Son\u00adras\u0131nda MS 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda kent Visigothlarca fethedilmi\u015f ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. MS 724 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Araplar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilerek tarih sahnesinden silinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[xxxix]<\/a> \u015eiirde Bracara<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan kent, Portekiz\u2019in kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda yer almakta ve g\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcm\u00fczde Braga ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Lisbon ve Porto\u2019dan sonra Portekiz\u2019in en \u00f6nemli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fehridir. Kentin M\u00d6 II. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131yla birlikte Roma n\u00fcfuzu alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi ve M\u00d6 ca.<\/em> 20 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Bracara Augusta<\/em> ismiyle Roma\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 bir koloni kent stat\u00fcs\u00fcne getirildi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Bu stat\u00fcs\u00fcyle birlikte Braga, MS I. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve MS II. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn doru\u011funa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kent i\u00e7in di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli geli\u015fme de MS III. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, imparator Gaius Au\u00adrelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu minvalde im\u00adperator<\/em> Braga\u2019y\u0131 hen\u00fcz yeni kurulan Hispania Gallaecia eyaletinin alt y\u00f6netim bi\u00adrimlerinden biri olan Conventus Bracarensis<\/em>\u2019in ba\u015fkenti stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kentin Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n olmas\u0131 ve i\u00e7erisinden ge\u00e7en C\u00e1vado Nehri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki teknelerin kente ula\u015fabilmesi, Braga\u2019ya bir liman kenti \u00f6zelli\u011fi de katmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6zellikleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kent, Ausonius taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131saca an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve -en k\u00f6t\u00fc ihtimalle- ismi zikredilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[xl]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Atina\u2019n\u0131n en eski yerle\u015fimcilerinin Atina kentinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki topraklardan do\u011fdu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu do\u011frultuda Ausonius, kent ile ilgili anlat\u0131s\u0131nda yer ver\u00addi\u011fi terrigenis patribus <\/em>ibaresiyle, Atina\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7menler, kolonistler ya da bir grup macerac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bir kent olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bilakis b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan otokton bir kavmin s\u00f6z konusu kent \u00f6zelinde kadim bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip oldu\u011funu belirt\u00admektedir. Benzer bir durum, Thebai (Hellence: \u0398\u1fc6\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9) kenti ve halk\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00ad\u00e7erliydi (an\u0131lan kent; M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da bulunan y\u00fcz kap\u0131l\u0131 [\u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9] kent de\u011fil, Boe\u00adotia\u2019da yer alan yedi kap\u0131l\u0131 [\u1f11\u03c0\u03c4\u03ac\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9] Thebai kentidir). Zira kurulu\u015f s\u00f6ylenceleri \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00f6lgeye gelen Kadmos<\/em> isimli kahraman (kendisi ayn\u0131 zamanda kentin ktistes<\/em>idir) kent yak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 mesken tutan ve t\u00fcm halka olduk\u00e7a zor anlar ya\u015fatan bir bo\u011fa\/piton y\u0131lan\u0131n\u0131 (ejderha bir alegoridir) \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr ve di\u015flerini s\u00f6ker, sonra\u00ads\u0131nda kent topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu co\u011frafyada bu di\u015fleri topra\u011fa serper. Top\u00adra\u011fa serpilen bu di\u015flerden de bir\u00e7ok sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 do\u011far ve topraktan do\u011far do\u011fmaz b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kavgaya tutu\u015furlar. Bu kavgadan sa\u011f \u00e7\u0131kan be\u015f sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131, Kadmos\u2019un kenti kurmas\u0131na yard\u0131m eder. Thebai kentinin atalar\u0131 olarak an\u0131lan kavimlerin de, bu be\u015f sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n soyundan geldi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 (Apollod. III. 4. l; Paus. IX. 5. \u00a7 1, 10. l; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. Argon<\/em>. III. 1179. B\u00f6ylelikle t\u0131pk\u0131 Atinal\u0131lar gibi Thebail\u0131lar da, terrigenis patribus <\/em>olarak an\u0131labilecek kurucu tasviri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirleriyle benze\u015fmektedirler. Ausonius\u2019un da bu benze\u015fme konusunda bilgi sahibi oldu\u011fu y\u00fcksek bir ihtimale sahiptir ve kendisi \u015fiirde bu tasvirsel kullan\u0131ma yer vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[xli]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Athenae<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan kent, gerek siyasi, gerek askeri gerekse de ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131lardan antik\u00e7a\u011fa y\u00f6n vermi\u015f kentlerden biri olan Atina\u2019d\u0131r. Auso\u00adnius\u2019un Atina\u2019ya y\u00fczeysel bir \u015fekilde yer vermesi, kentin MS IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda art\u0131k \u00f6ne\u00admini yitirmesi ve Arkaik-Klasik d\u00f6nemlerdeki \u015fan\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesiyle alakal\u0131 olmal\u0131\u00add\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xlii]<\/a> \u00a0 Burada Poseidon (Consus) ile Athena\u2019n\u0131n (Pallas) Atina kenti hamili\u011fi ad\u0131na gir\u00addikleri efsanevi m\u00fccadele Ausonius taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok iyi harmanlanarak Latince\u2019ye alegorik bir anlat\u0131mla tek sat\u0131rda aktarmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Hellen tanr\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ter\u00adcih etti\u011fi isimler efsenenin pek \u00e7ok ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda genel\u00adlikle tar\u0131mla ili\u015fkilendirilen Consus\u2019un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Roma kentinin kurulu\u015funa kadar da\u00adyanmaktad\u0131r (Consus\u2019a ili\u015fkin genel olarak bk. Aust 1900, 1147-1148; Wissowa 1902, 166-169; Frazer 1929, 49-53; Tak\u00e1cs 2008, 55-57). Romulus\u2019un Roma ken\u00adtini kurmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan n\u00fcfusunu \u00e7o\u011faltmak ad\u0131na Sabin kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7ir\u00admek amac\u0131yla tertipledi\u011fi Consualia<\/em> \u015fenli\u011fi bir hasat festivali olarak Consus onu\u00adruna ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (Liv I. 9; Dion. Hal. Ant<\/em>. II. 30-31; Plut. Rom.<\/em> XIV; Cic. Re Pub.<\/em> II. 7. 12; Varro Ling<\/em>. VI. 20; Serv. Aen<\/em>. VIII. 635-636; Aur. Vict. Vir. \u0130llus. <\/em>II. 1-2; Flor. Epit<\/em>. I. 1. 10; Tert. Spect<\/em>. V). Daha sonra geleneksel hale gelen ve tanr\u0131 i\u00e7in 21 A\u011fustos\u2019ta (Ovidius\u2019a [Fast<\/em>. III. 199-200] g\u00f6re Mart ay\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde) ve 15 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta kutlanan \u015fenliklerde o g\u00fcn ne yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Consus\u2019un bizzat kendisi bil\u00addirirdi. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn atlar ve e\u015fekler kesinlikle i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaz, dahas\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7ek\u00adlerle ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131 (Dion. Hal. ant<\/em>. I. 33. 2). Bununla birlikte \u00f6zellikle at yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u015fenli\u011fin temel etkinliklerinden biridir. Zira Roma\u2019da at yar\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n da ger\u00e7ekle\u015f\u00adtirildi\u011fi Circus Maximus<\/em> hipodromunun alt\u0131nda Consus\u2019un bir suna\u011f\u0131 yer almak\u00adtad\u0131r. Burada tanr\u0131 i\u00e7in kurbanlar kesilir ve aparkhe<\/em> sunular\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirdi (Varro Ling<\/em>. VI. 20; Dion. Hal. Ant<\/em>. II. 31. 2-3; Plut. Rom.<\/em> XIV. 3; Tert. Spect<\/em>. V). Tanr\u0131n\u0131n atlarla olan bu yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz antik yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan kendisinin Latin\u00adlerdeki Neptunus Equesteris<\/em>\u2019le ya da Hellenlerdeki Poseidon Hippios<\/em> ile \u00f6zde\u015f k\u0131\u00adl\u0131nmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir (Liv. I. 9. 6; Plut. Rom<\/em>. XIV. 3). Bu ba\u011flamda Auso\u00adnius\u2019un Consus tercihi di\u011fer \u00f6rneklerde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere Poseidon Hippios<\/em> ile do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r (Ayr\u0131ca bk. Aus. Ecl.<\/em> 16. 20). Zira efsaneye g\u00f6re Atina ken\u00adtinin hamili\u011fi \u00fczerine girilen m\u00fccadelede Poseidon kent i\u00e7in atlar\u0131 yarat\u0131rken (Serv. Georg<\/em>.\u00a0I. 12. Ancak farkl\u0131 anlat\u0131larda Poseidon atlar\u0131 Attika\u2019da de\u011fil, Pe\u00adleus\u2019e hediye etti\u011fi yer olan Thessalia\u2019da yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Lucan. Phar<\/em>.\u00a0VI. 396; Hom. Il. <\/em>XXIII. 277; Apollod. bibl<\/em>. III. 13. 5), Athena ise zeytin a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r (Hdt. VIII. 55; Apollod. bibl<\/em>. III. 14. 1 ; Paus. I. 24. 3; Hyg. Fab<\/em>. 164; Serv. Georg<\/em>. I. 12). Benzer bir durum Ausonius\u2019un Pallas tercihi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Yazar, Athena\u2019n\u0131n Latinlerdeki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Minerva ismini de\u011fil, Hellence\u2019den Latince\u2019ye girmi\u015f ve bu dilde s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lan Pallas ismini tercih etmi\u015ftir. Ancak Hellenceden farkl\u0131 ola\u00adrak s\u00f6z konusu isim Latince\u2019de do\u011frudan \u2018zeytin a\u011fac\u0131\u2019 anlam\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lmak\u00adtad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Ausonius tercih etti\u011fi isimlerle hem tanr\u0131lar\u0131 vurgulam\u0131\u015f hem de kent i\u00e7in sunduklar\u0131 \u015feyleri vurgulam\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xliii]<\/a> \u00a0 Antik\u00e7a\u011fda kullan\u0131m g\u00f6ren Hellence\u2019nin d\u00f6rt \u00f6nemli leh\u00e7esinden (di\u011ferleriyse Dor, Ionia ve Aiolia leh\u00e7eleridir) biri olan Attika Leh\u00e7esi\u2019nin Atina\u2019dan yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6nderim yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xliv]<\/a> \u00a0 M\u00d6 750-550 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda gerekle\u015fen ve Hellenler ile birlikte K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131, G\u00fcney ve k\u0131smen de Kuzey k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki polis<\/em>lerin ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kavim-halklar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck ettikleri B\u00fcy\u00fck Kolonizasyon D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde Atina\u2019n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu ba\u015fat rol vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Zira belirtilen y\u0131llarda Hellenler Akdeniz, Karadeniz ve Mar\u00admara Denizi genelinde Platon\u2019un da bahsetti\u011fi \u00fczere (Phaedo<\/em> 109B); \u201c(Hellenler)<\/em> bir havuzun kenar\u0131nda ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren kar\u0131ncalar ve de kurba\u011falara benzer \u015fekilde deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda<\/em>\u201d ya\u015famaktayd\u0131lar. Bu ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 \u015fekillendik\u00e7e Hellen denizcilerin k\u0131y\u0131 hatt\u0131 ve sahil kentleri konusundaki bellekleri giderek geni\u015flemi\u015f ve bu bilgi birikimi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131narak yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck Kolonizasyon D\u00f6nemi hakk\u0131nda genel olarak bk. Lamboley 2007, 55-64.<\/p>\n

[xlv]<\/a> \u00a0 \u015eiirde Catina<\/em> (Hellence: \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7) olarak an\u0131lan bu kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130talya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Sicilya Adas\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer alan \u00f6nemli bir liman kentidir ve Catania olarak an\u0131l\u00admaktad\u0131r. Kentin M\u00d6 ca<\/em>. 729 y\u0131l\u0131nda Khalkisliler taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu bi\u00adlinmektedir. Kurulu\u015fundan bir s\u00fcre sonra adan\u0131n h\u00e2kim g\u00fcc\u00fc olan Syrakusai ege\u00admenli\u011fine giren kent, daha sonraysa kimi zaman Atinal\u0131lar, kimi zaman Kartacal\u0131\u00adlar kimi zamansa Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Sicilya ya da Kartaca \u00fczerine s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen seferlerin ikmal noktas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Kentin M\u00d6 415 ve 123 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Etna Yanar\u00adda\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n patlamalar\u0131 neticesinde yok olman\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine geldi\u011fi bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

[xlvi]<\/a> \u00a0 \u015eiirde Syracusae<\/em> (Hellence: \u03a3\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9) olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130talya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Sicilya Adas\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer alan \u00f6nemli bir liman kentidir ve Sirak\u00fcza olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kentin, d\u00f6rt \u00f6nemli mahalli yerle\u015fim biriminin bir araya gelmesiyle olu\u015fan kom\u00fcn bir \u015fehir kimli\u011fine sahip oldu\u011funa vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu yerle\u00ad\u015fim birimleri; Ortygia Adas\u0131, Akhradina, Tykhe ve Neapolis\u2019tir (bk. Cic. Verr<\/em>. II. IV. 52 f).<\/p>\n

[xlvii]<\/a> Sirak\u00fcza antik\u00e7a\u011fda son derece i\u015flek bir ticaret merkezi (emporium) \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle daima \u00f6n planda yer alm\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda tar\u0131msal bak\u0131mdan bereketli topraklara ve ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan da son derece \u00f6nemli bir etkile\u015fim a\u011f\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u00advaml\u0131 olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7 odaklar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle Atina, Sparta, Kartaca ve Roma) he\u00addefinde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kentin M\u00d6 734\/733 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Korinthos ve Tenea kentlerin\u00adden ktistes<\/em> Arkhias \u00f6nderli\u011finde gelen bir grup kolonist taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011fu bi\u00adlinmetedir. Sirak\u00fcza, en parlak d\u00f6nemini M\u00d6 485-478 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fc\u00adren ve ayn\u0131 zamanda adan\u0131n di\u011fer bir \u00f6nemli kenti Gela\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi olan Ge\u00adlon\u2019un h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu minvalde de, Klasik D\u00f6nem Akdenizi\u2019nin s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fc konumuna ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Gelon, adan\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6nemli kenti olan Akragas tiran\u0131 Theron\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131 Demarata ile evlenerek ada \u00fczerindeki siyasi otoritesini pe\u00adki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir). B\u00f6ylelikle Sirak\u00fcza kenti, Gelon\u2019un h\u00e2kimiyetiyle birlikte gelecek \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n s\u00fcre boyunca Sicilya Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n h\u00e2kim g\u00fcc\u00fc olmay\u0131 sa\u011flayacak otori\u00adtenin alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturabilmeyi ve di\u011fer Sicilya kentlerine oranla ayr\u0131cal\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bir konum elde edebilmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sicilya, M\u00d6 241 y\u0131l\u0131yla birlikte Provincia Sici\u00adlia<\/em> ismiyle Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u0130talya topraklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki ilk kolonisi olmu\u015f ve kent b\u00f6ylelikle s\u00fcre\u00e7le birlikte Roma h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Kenti antik\u00e7a\u011fda \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u0131lan et\u00admenlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u015fiirde de an\u0131lan Sicilya filolar\u0131n\u0131n (classes Siculi) en \u00f6nemli li\u00admanlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rmas\u0131, buna mukabil klasik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131n\u00addan gelen \u00e7e\u015fitli mallar\u0131n toplanma noktas\u0131 ve pazar\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, askeri a\u00e7\u0131dan da thalassokratik<\/em> bir politika benimsedikleri bilinmekte, ge\u00adrek gemi teknolojileri, gerekse de denizcilik k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri-rit\u00fcelleriyle \u00f6n planda yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir yandan, Ausonius taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmeyecek di\u011fer bir husus da, kentin entellekt\u00fcel birikiminin M\u00d6 ca.<\/em> 287 – 212 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc bilge Arkhimedes (Hellence: \u1f08\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2) ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xlviii]<\/a> Etna Yanarda\u011f\u0131 patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman volkanik lavlar\u0131n yok etmek \u00fczere oldu\u011fu Catania kentinden ebeveynlerini kurtaran Amphinomus ve Anapias karde\u015flerle ilgili mi\u00adtolojik anlat\u0131ya g\u00f6nderimde bulunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[xlix]<\/a> \u00a0 Burada bahsedilen su kayna\u011f\u0131, Hellen ve Latin s\u00f6ylencelerinde s\u0131kl\u0131kla an\u0131lan ve Nereid<\/em>lerden biri olarak bilinen nymphe<\/em> Arethusa p\u0131nar\u0131d\u0131r. Efsaneler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Arethusa, nehir tanr\u0131s\u0131 Alpheus\u2019un kendisine \u00e2\u015f\u0131k olmas\u0131 ve bu minvalde ona sa\u00adhip olma \u00fcmidine kap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, yurdu Arkadia\u2019dan ka\u00e7arak Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n Sira\u00adk\u00fcza kenti yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki Ortygia Adas\u0131\u2019na s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. Akabinde kendisini, ayr\u0131ca da bek\u00e2retini kurtarmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yakar\u0131\u015flarda bulundu\u011fu tanr\u0131 Artemis taraf\u0131ndan adada a\u00e7\u0131lan bir oyu\u011fun alt\u0131na saklanarak orada bir tatl\u0131 su kayna\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Alp\u00adheus da bunun \u00fczerine Arethusa\u2019n\u0131n sevdas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mez, bu do\u011frutuda da Arkadia\u2019dan Ortygia Adas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131na kadar bir yer alt\u0131 nehri olarak ilerleyerek, tuzlu sular\u0131n\u0131 Arethusa p\u0131nar\u0131n\u0131n tatl\u0131 sular\u0131na kar\u0131\u015f\u0131r (Verg. Ecl<\/em>. X. 4).<\/p>\n

[l]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ionia Denizi (Hellence: \u1f38\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 ya da \u03a0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2), Akdeniz\u2019e ait bir i\u00e7 denizdir ve yerel niteliktedir. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 genel olarak G\u00fcney Arnavutluk, Hellas Anakaras\u0131 ile Peloponnesos Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney sahilinin tamam\u0131 ve Sicilya Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ise do\u011fu sahili aras\u0131nda kalan karasular\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Deni\u00adzin g\u00fcney hatt\u0131 ise Sicilya Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fcneyi a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131ndaki karasular\u0131 ile tan\u0131m\u00adlanmaktad\u0131r. Adriyatik Denizi\u2019nin \u0130talya\u2019daki Brindisi (Brundisium) kenti karasu\u00adlar\u0131, Ionia Denizi ile aras\u0131ndaki karasular\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu do\u011frultuda Alpheus Nehri\u2019nin, Arkadia\u2019dan ba\u015flayarak ve yer alt\u0131-deniz alt\u0131 ak\u0131n\u00adt\u0131s\u0131 \u015feklinde belirli bir rota \u00fczerinden ilerleyerek bu denizi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve Ortygia Adas\u0131\u2019na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

[li]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Tolosa<\/em> (Hellence: \u03a4\u03bf\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1) olarak an\u0131lan kent, antik\u00e7a\u011fda Gallia Narbo\u00adnensis Eyaleti\u2019nin \u00f6nemli bir kentiydi (Mela II. 5. 2; Caes. Gall.<\/em> III. 20; Cic. Font.<\/em> V. 9; Mart. Epigr<\/em>. IX. 100. 3). Tolosa g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney do\u011fu hatt\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u00adsinde (\u0130spanya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131nda) yer almakta ve Toulouse ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kent tarihi hakk\u0131ndaki en erken kay\u0131tlar, Roma Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde askeri bir s\u0131n\u0131r karakolu olarak kullan\u0131m g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 II. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar takip edile\u00adbilmektedir. Bu s\u00fcreci takiben kent Roma h\u00e2kimiyetinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli Roma imparatorlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 idari d\u00fczenlemeler i\u00e7erisine d\u00e2hil edilmi\u015f olsa da, kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmi\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle ge\u00e7 antik\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli kentleri ara\u00ads\u0131na girebilmi\u015ftir. Toulouse\u2019yi antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00f6zelinde \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131ca husus ise; \u00fcnl\u00fc hukuk\u00e7ular, din adamlar\u0131 ve rhetor<\/em>lar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinden \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilmi\u015f en\u00adtellekt\u00fcel bir kent kimli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu minvalde, prestijli pek\u00e7ok e\u011fitim kurumunun da bir arada bulundu\u011fu bir kentti (kr\u015f. Mart. IX. 99. 3; Aus. Ordo<\/em> 15, 5, 11; 16, 18, 7; Sid. Carm.<\/em> VII. 4955). Ausonius da \u00f6zellikle kentin bu entellekt\u00fcel perspektifini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmeyerek, ayr\u0131ca day\u0131s\u0131 Aemilius Magnus Arborius\u2019un g\u00f6\u00adzetiminde e\u011fitim al\u0131rken kenti yak\u0131ndan tan\u0131ma f\u0131rsat\u0131na eri\u015fmi\u015f biri olarak, ona an\u0131lmaya de\u011fer kentler aras\u0131nda yer vermeyi ihmal etmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[lii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Garunna (Garumna ya da Garonna formlar\u0131 da mevcuttur) olarak an\u0131lan nehir, Galya\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli nehirlerdendir ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Garonne Nehri olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nehir Kuzey \u0130spanya’da Pirene Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan do\u011far ve sonras\u0131nda Fransa topraklar\u0131na do\u011fru ilerler. Akabinde, Toulouse \u00fczerinden Bordeaux\u2019a do\u011fru akar ve kentin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Dordogne Nehri ile birle\u015ftikten sonra Gironde Halici\u2019ni yarat\u0131p Biskay K\u00f6rfezi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Atlas Okyanusu’na d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Uzunlu\u011fu 647 kilometredir. Nehir antik\u00e7a\u011fda Gallial\u0131lar ile Aquitanial\u0131lar aras\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131r ola\u00adrak kabul edilmekteydi (Caes. Gall.<\/em> I. 1, 1; 5; 7; Strab. IV. 1. 1; II. 1f; III. 3; V. 2; Mela III. 20f. Plin. Nat<\/em>. IV. 105; Amm. Marc. XV. 11. 2). Strabon\u2019a g\u00f6re (IV. II. 1) nehrin 370 kilometresinden daha fazlas\u0131 seyr\u00fcsefere uygundu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ise sadece yolcu ve y\u00fck gemileri Atlas Okyanusu\u2019ndan nehrin i\u00e7erisine girerek Bor\u00addeaux kenti liman\u0131na ula\u015fabilmektedirler.<\/p>\n

[liii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Pyrene (Hellence: \u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b7) Da\u011flar\u0131, G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Avrupa’da Fransa ile \u0130spanya s\u0131n\u0131\u00adr\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan da\u011f silsilesini tan\u0131mlayan co\u011frafi bir adland\u0131rmad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu da\u011f s\u0131ras\u0131, 430 kilometre uzunlu\u011fuyla Fransa ile \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 birbirinden ay\u0131r\u0131r. Gas\u00adcogne K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nden Lion K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne kadar da uzanmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu da\u011flar ula\u00ad\u015f\u0131ma elveri\u015flidir ve antik\u00e7a\u011f ile orta\u00e7a\u011f \u00f6zelinde Alp Da\u011flar\u0131 kadar \u00e7etrefilli bir yol a\u011f\u0131na sahip de\u011fildi. Da\u011f, Fransa taraf\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a sarpt\u0131r ve derin vadilerle kap\u00adl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[liv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Gebenna (Cebenna ya da Cevenna olarak da an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r) S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00adneyinin merkez aks\u0131nda yer alan da\u011f s\u0131ras\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde C\u00e9vennes S\u0131rada\u011f\u00adlar\u0131 ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131rlar. Strabon ise (IV. 6) bu da\u011flar\u0131n ismini \u039a\u03b5\u03bc\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u015fek\u00adlinde belirtir.<\/p>\n

[lv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 \u015eiirde Narbo Martius<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131 sahili \u00fczerinde yer almakta ve Narbonne olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Narbonne\u2019ye ilk olarak ne zaman ve kimler taraf\u0131ndan yerle\u015fildi\u011fi tam olarak bilinememekle birlikte, kentin M\u00d6 118\/7 y\u0131l\u0131nda Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan Colonia Narbo Martius<\/em> ismiyle ad\u00adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir yerle\u015fim birimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (Mela II 5. 2; VI; Plin. Nat.<\/em> III. 4. 5; Cic. Font.<\/em> I. 3; XVI. 36; Vell. I. 15. 5; II. 8. 1). Narbonne antik\u00ad\u00e7a\u011fda kendi ismiyle an\u0131lan Gallia Narbonensis Eyaleti\u2019nin proconsul<\/em>\u00fcn\u00fcn resmi konutunun bulundu\u011fu ba\u015fkentti ve bu anlamda idari a\u00e7\u0131dan son derece \u00f6nemli bir konuma sahipti. Bu \u00f6nemine binaen kent, gerek bir liman kenti olmas\u0131n\u0131n avantajlar\u0131ndan gerekse de Via Domitia<\/em> ile Via Aquitania<\/em> gibi \u00f6nemli Roma g\u00fc\u00adzerg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015fi\u015fme noktas\u0131nda konumlanmas\u0131ndan fayda sa\u011flayarak, g\u00fc\u00e7 ka\u00adzanabilmi\u015f ve y\u00fcksek bir bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k seviyesine ula\u015fabilmi\u015ftir. Kentin bu kalk\u0131nma s\u00fcreci belirli ini\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarla MS V. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve akabinde kent Vizi\u00adgothlar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilerek mevcut g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

[lvi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Allobroges Kavmi (Hellence: \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2, \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03b2\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 ya da \u0386\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03b2\u03c1o\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2), antik\u00ad\u00e7a\u011fda Gallia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ya\u015fam s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan Kelt k\u00f6kenli bir kavimdir. Rh\u00f4ne Nehri ile Genava (Cenevre) G\u00f6l\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fczl\u00fckleri yurt edindikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00admektedir. Allobroges kavminin Roma ile ilk ili\u015fkilerinin M\u00d6 II. y\u00fczy\u0131lla birlikte ba\u015f\u00adlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. B\u00f6ylelikle Allobroges kavminin ismi s\u00f6z konusu y\u00fcz\u00ady\u0131ldan itibaren \u00e7e\u015fitli tarihi-edebi metinlerde (inceledi\u011fimiz \u015fiir de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere) s\u0131kl\u0131kla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[lvii]<\/a> \u00a0 Sequani (Sequan kavmi); Gallia\u2019da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bir Kelt kabilesiydi. Kabile halk\u0131n\u0131n Sa\u00f4ne Nehri\u2019nin yukar\u0131 ve Doubs Nehri\u2019nin ise a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 vadisini mesken tutmu\u015f ol\u00adduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, Alpler’in kuzeyinde yer alan, Rhen ve Rh\u00f4ne \u0131rmak\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131ran s\u0131rada\u011flar olarak bilinen, b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyse Fransa ve \u0130svi\u00e7re s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan Jura Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019nda baz\u0131 kollar\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

[lviii]<\/a> Antik\u00e7a\u011fda Lacus Lemannus<\/em> (Hellence: \u039b\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039b\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7 = Liman G\u00f6l\u00fc) olarak bili\u00adnen bu g\u00f6l, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Cenevre G\u00f6l\u00fc ismiyle an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve Alp Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ku\u00adzeyinde yer almaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6l havzas\u0131 \u0130svi\u00e7re ile Fransa aras\u0131nda yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya payla\u00ad\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 zamanda iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda ortak s\u0131n\u0131r te\u015fkil etmektedir. Rh\u00f4ne Nehri, \u0130svi\u00e7re Alpleri\u2019nden do\u011farak bu g\u00f6le do\u011fru y\u00f6nlenir ve g\u00f6l\u00fc bir u\u00e7tan \u00f6teki uca katettikten sonra seyrini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrerek Arles kenti yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan denize bo\u015fal\u0131r. Cenevre G\u00f6l\u00fc, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6llerinden biri olmakla birlikte, Rh\u00f4ne Nehri havzas\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer alan en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6ld\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

[lix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Roma\u2019da y\u00fcksek seviyedeki imparatorluk erk\u00e2n\u0131na e\u015flik eden ve lictor<\/em> olarak bi\u00adlinen hususi korumalar\u0131n ellerinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 s\u0131r\u0131mlarla birbirine ba\u011flan\u00adm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ubuk demetidir. Fasces<\/em>ler lictor<\/em>larca omuzda ta\u015fn\u0131rd\u0131 ve idari g\u00f6revlilerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, ayr\u0131ca Roma\u2019n\u0131n onlara verdi\u011fi yetkiyi simgelerdi. Konu hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bk. Howatson 2013, 318.<\/p>\n

[lx]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Burada aktar\u0131lan s\u00fcre\u00e7, M\u00d6 123 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Gallia\u2019da Roma\u2019ya ba\u015fkald\u0131ran Allobro\u00adges ile Averni kavimlerinin Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus ve Quintus Fabius Maximus (bu kavimlere kar\u015f\u0131 zaferlerine binaen daha sonra Allobrogicus cogno\u00admen<\/em>ine sahip olmu\u015ftur) komutas\u0131ndaki Roma ordular\u0131nca bertaraf edilmesilyle alakal\u0131d\u0131r. Akabinde, s\u00f6z konusu kavimlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede Narbo Martius ken\u00adtinin ismiyle an\u0131lan ve de Alp Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyindeki ilk Roma eyaleti stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip Gallia Narbonensis Eyaleti kurulmu\u015ftur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, Gallia\u2019daki ilk Roma proconsul<\/em>\u00fcn\u00fcn resmi makam\u0131 da Narbo Martius ba\u015fkentli\u011findeki Gallia Narbo\u00adnensis Eyaleti olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

[lxi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Burada ya Roma Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin be\u015finci kral\u0131 olan ve Aedes Iovis Optimi Maximi Capitolini<\/em>\u2019nin (= Iupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolium Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131) in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015flayan Lucius Tarquinius Priscus ya da bu yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fa s\u00fcrecini tamamlayan (Dion. Hal. Ant<\/em>. IV. 61; Liv. I. 55-56. 1) yedinci ve son kral Lucius Tarquinius Su\u00adperbus\u2019a g\u00f6nderim yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[lxii]<\/a> \u00a0 Burada an\u0131lan ki\u015fi, M\u00d6 120-61 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Quintus Lutatius Catu\u00adlus\u2019tur (Capitolinus olarak da bilinmektedir). Kendisinin \u015fiirde an\u0131lma sebebi, Lu\u00adcius Cornelius Sulla Felix ve Gaius Marius aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen iktidar m\u00fccade\u00adleleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda yak\u0131larak zarar g\u00f6ren Capitolium\u2019daki tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n restorasyonunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[lxiii]<\/a> \u00a0 Burada ismi an\u0131lan Caesar, \u0130mperator Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augus\u00adtus\u2019tur (MS 81-96 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr). Kendisinin, Roma \u0130mpara\u00adtorluk D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin en karma\u015f\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131ndan biri olan MS 69 y\u0131l\u0131nda tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan d\u00f6rt imparatordan biri olan Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Augustus\u2019un yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz ay s\u00fcren imparatorlu\u011fu s\u0131ras\u0131nda tahrip edilmi\u015f Capitolium\u2019daki tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 12.000 talanta<\/em>n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki bir maliyetle restore ettirmi\u015f ve kubbelerini alt\u0131n ile kaplatm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Burada Ausonius, Domitianus\u2019un s\u00f6z konusu bu restarasyon faaliyetine de\u011finmektedir.<\/p>\n

[lxiv]<\/a> \u00a0 Haemus (Hellence: \u0391\u1f37\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2) Da\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Koca Balkan Da\u011flar\u0131 olarak bilinen da\u011f silsilesinin antikitedeki ismidir. Ege ve Karadeniz aras\u0131nda do\u011fal bir set i\u015fle\u00advine sahip olan bu s\u0131rada\u011flar, antik\u00e7a\u011fda \u00f6zellikle Thrake<\/em>li kavimler ve Getai adl\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir otokton halk taraf\u0131ndan isk\u00e2n edilmekteydi. Ayr\u0131ca, antik\u00e7a\u011fdan Orta\u00ad\u00e7a\u011fa de\u011fin \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslar ya da kavimler aras\u0131nda do\u011fal bir s\u0131n\u0131r olarak kabul edil\u00admi\u015f, pek \u00e7ok s\u00f6ylenceye de kaynakl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir (Apollod. I. VI. 3; Ps. Plut. De Fluv.<\/em> XI. 3; Servius Aen<\/em>. I. 317; 321; Steph. Byz. s.v. <\/em>\u0391\u1f37\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2).<\/p>\n

[lxv]<\/a> \u00a0 \u015eiirde Burdigala<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan kent, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 sahili \u00fczerinde (Biskay K\u00f6rfezi hatt\u0131nda) konumlanmakta ve Bordeaux olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ken\u00adtin M\u00d6 III. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kuruldu\u011fu bilinmekle birlikte, kent tarihine ili\u015fkin arkeolojik bulgular M\u00d6 VI. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar izlenebilmektedir. Yazar\u0131n memleketi olan Bor\u00addeaux\u2019un antik\u00e7a\u011fdan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin giderek geli\u015fmesini ve kalk\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011f\u00adlayan en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6r, kentin Garonne Nehri \u00fczerinde konumlanmas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda da Atlas Okyanusu\u2019na a\u00e7\u0131lan bir liman kenti (\u00f6zellikle Britannia Adas\u0131 ile s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen deniz ticareti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan) \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nemine bi\u00adnaen kent MS III. y\u00fczy\u0131lda (ilk ba\u015fkent Mediolanum Santanum<\/em> kentinden sonra) Gallia Aquitania Eyaleti\u2019nin ba\u015fkentli\u011fine kadar y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. Kentin bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemi de, \u00f6zellikle yazar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem olan MS III-IV. y\u00fczy\u0131llardan itibaren kentin \u00f6nemli bir e\u011fitim kurumu \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131 ve evrensel bir y\u00fckse\u00adk\u00f6\u011frenim merkezi kimli\u011fini kazanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[lxvi]<\/a> \u00a0 Burada Oceanus Baba (= pater Oceanus<\/em>) olarak an\u0131lan deniz, Atlas (= Atlantik) Okyanusu\u2019dur. Antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00f6zelinde de hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olunan Atlas Okyanusu, Hellen thalassografi<\/em>sinde (denizcilik yaz\u0131m gelene\u011finde) \u1f08\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 <\/em>ya da \u1f08\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 <\/em>(Hdt. I. 202. 4) \u015feklinde ifade edilmektedir. Kelime bu kul\u00adlan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6zelinde \u00fcnl\u00fc mitolojik kahraman Atlas\u2019\u0131n Denizi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Efsane yaz\u0131m gelene\u011fince (mitografi) tercih edilmi\u015f olan Oceanus<\/em> ismiyse bir de\u00adnizi ya da okyanusu de\u011fil, aksine yer k\u00fcreyi \u00e7evreleyen devasa bir nehri ifade etmekteydi. Ausonius burada thalassografik <\/em>bir anlat\u0131 yerine, mitografik bir tas\u00advire yer vererek Oceanus<\/em> (Hellence: \u1f68\u03ba\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2) ibaresini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

[lxvii]<\/a> Antik\u00e7a\u011fda Euripus Bo\u011faz\u0131 <\/em>(Hellence: \u0395\u1f54\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2) olarak bilinen bo\u011faz, Euboia Adas\u0131 ile K\u0131ta Hellas\u2019\u0131 (bilhassa Boiotia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nden) birbirinden ay\u0131ran ve Ege Denizi \u00fczerinde yer alan olduk\u00e7a dar bir bo\u011fazd\u0131r. Euboia Adas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131\u00ads\u0131nda, bo\u011faz\u0131n en dar k\u0131sm\u0131nda adan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli liman kenti olan Khalkis yer almaktad\u0131r. Bo\u011faz\u0131n en dar noktas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 metre geni\u015fli\u011fe sahiptir ve ge\u00e7idin toplam uzunlu\u011fu ise dokuz kilometredir. Bo\u011faz ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131 ise g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde saatte 15 kilometreye kadar ula\u015fabilmekte ve bu minvalde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla savru\u00adlan dalgalar\u0131n bo\u011faz\u0131n her iki yan\u0131nda meydana getirdi\u011fi \u00e7evresel de\u011fi\u015fkenliklere g\u00f6re ge\u00e7i\u015f alan\u0131 30 metreye kadar daralabilmekteydi. Antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00f6zelinde Euripus Bo\u011faz\u0131, kanal i\u00e7erisindeki gelgitli karasular\u0131 ve g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrekli (d\u00f6rt ya da alt\u0131 kez) kuzey-g\u00fcney veya g\u00fcney-kuzey istikametinde y\u00f6n de\u011fi\u015ftiren ak\u0131nt\u0131lar sebe\u00adbiyle gemiciler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a zorlu bir ge\u00e7it olarak an\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bu sebeple (t\u0131pk\u0131 Messina Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 mesken tuttuklar\u0131na inan\u0131lan efsanevi yarat\u0131klar Skylla ile Kharybdis gibi), Euripus da antik\u00e7a\u011f denizcileri nezdinde korku uyand\u0131ran bir ro\u00adtaya i\u015faret etmekteydi. Ausonius ise burada memleketi Burdigala\u2019n\u0131n tatl\u0131 su kay\u00adna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Euripus Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019ndaki deniz sular\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6p\u00fcrmesine ya da \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ldamas\u0131na benzeterek, bo\u011faz ak\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tasvirsel bir \u00a0benzetme unsuru olarak kullan\u00admaktad\u0131r. Bo\u011faz hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca bk. Carr 1838, 63.<\/p>\n

[lxviii]<\/a> Bk. Hdt. I. 188. Choaspes<\/em> (Hellence: \u03a7\u03bf\u03ac\u03c3\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2) olarak an\u0131lan nehir, antik\u00e7a\u011fda Pers krallar\u0131n\u0131n sular\u0131ndan i\u00e7meyi adet olarak sayd\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u015fifal\u0131 sulara sahip ol\u00addu\u011funa inand\u0131klar\u0131 bir nehirdi. Khoaspes Nehri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Karkheh (Karkhen?) ya da K\u00e2r\u00fbn isimleriyle an\u0131lmakla birlikte, nehrin Zagros Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan do\u011fdu\u011fu ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Susiana\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7inden ve Susa\u2019n\u0131n ise yak\u0131n\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erek Tigris (= Dicle) Nehri ile birle\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekteydi.<\/p>\n

[lxix]<\/a> \u00a0 Divona<\/em>, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde art\u0131k i\u015flerli\u011fi kalmayan ve yeri de tam olarak bilinmeyen Burdigala\u2019daki bir su kayna\u011f\u0131yla ili\u015fkili bir nehir tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r (Ihm 1903, 1241; Beck 2009, 345). \u0130sminin genel itibar\u0131yla Latince\u2019deki diva<\/em>\u2019yla (tanr\u0131\u00e7a) ayn\u0131 anlamda olan Kelt\u00e7e deva<\/em>\u2019dan \u00fcretildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (MacLeod 2018, 97-98). Burdigala kentinde ele ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan bir yaz\u0131t (CIL<\/em> XIII 582) tanr\u0131\u00e7aya ili\u015fkin buradaki bir tap\u0131m\u0131n olas\u0131 (zira yaz\u0131tta \u201c[Div]onae\u201d olarak yap\u0131lan tamamlama \u201c[Sir]onae\u201d \u015feklinde de olabilir) tek kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda yine Fransa\u2019da Bagnols-sur-C\u00e8ze yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Laudun\u2019dan ele ge\u00e7en bir yaz\u0131t (CIL<\/em> XII 2768: DIIONA) do\u011frudan tanr\u0131\u00e7aya yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir adamay\u0131 belgelemektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki \u0130n\u00adgiltere, \u0130sko\u00e7ya, \u0130rlanda, Fransa, Bel\u00e7ika ve \u0130spanya co\u011frafyas\u0131nda bulunan pek \u00e7ok nehir ve kent ismi de Burdigala kentindeki s\u00f6z konusu nehir ve tanr\u0131\u00e7a isimi\u00adnin t\u00fcredi\u011fi (tanr\u0131sal\/tanr\u0131\u00e7a anlam\u0131ndaki) k\u00f6k ile \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir: \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019daki De\u00advana Nehri ve hemen yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Devoni kenti; Almanya\u2019daki Dewangen ken\u00adtindeki Devona (Ptol. Geogr<\/em>. II. 11. 14: \u0394\u03b7\u03bf\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1); Fransa\u2019daki Lot kentinde yer alan Divona Cadurcorum (Ptol. geogr<\/em>. II. 7. 9: \u039a\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u0394\u03bf\u03c5\u03ae\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u015fek\u00adlinde tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r) ya da ayn\u0131 \u00fclkedeki Ain kentinde bulunan Divonne Nehri bunlar\u0131n sadece birka\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r (ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6rnekler i\u00e7in bk. Dowden 2000, 54).<\/p>\n

[lxx]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Aponus<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan bu nehrin, antik\u00e7a\u011fda Kuzey \u0130talya\u2019da yer alan Padua (g\u00fc\u00adn\u00fcm\u00fczde Padova) kenti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan ve bir\u00e7ok hastal\u0131\u011fa iyi gelen \u015fifal\u0131 bir tatl\u0131 su kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir (bk. Claudian. Idyll<\/em>. VI).<\/p>\n

[lxxi]<\/a> \u00a0 Nemausus<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan bu nehir, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde konumlanan N\u00eemes ken\u00adtinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir tatl\u0131 su kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. \u015eehrin de ismini bu kaynaktan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmektedir. Antik\u00e7a\u011f \u00f6zelinde \u015fehre ad\u0131n\u0131 veren bu tatl\u0131 su kayna\u011f\u0131\u00adn\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kutsal bir alan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu ve burada da Deus Nemausus<\/em> ad\u0131nda bir k\u00fclt merkezinin var oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

[lxxii]<\/a> Timavus<\/em> olarak an\u0131lan bu nehir, Aquileia ve Trieste (ya da Histria ile Venetia b\u00f6l\u00adgeleri \u00f6zelinde) aras\u0131nda yer alan ve antik\u00e7a\u011fda \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015f bir tatl\u0131 su kayna\u00ad\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Timao Nehri olarak da bilinmektedir (bk. Verg. Aen.<\/em> I. 245f. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Mela. II. 4. 3; Plin. Nat.<\/em> II. 103, 106, 229; III. 18, 22, 127; Verg. Aen.<\/em> I. 244; Mart. IV. 25. 5).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 Decimus Magnus Ausonius, \u00dcnl\u00fc Kentlerin S\u0131ralamas\u0131. \u00c7ev. F. Y\u0131lmaz \u2013 E. Kurul. Libri IV (2018) 161-234. DOI: 10.20480\/lbr.201830 Decimus Magnus Ausonius ROMA Kentler i\u00e7inde ilk s\u0131rada, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n yurdu[i], g\u00f6rkemli Roma gelir[ii]. CONSTANTINOPOLIS VE KARTACA Kartaca[iii], kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na dikilir kadim Constantinopolis\u2019in[iv], bir s\u0131ra altta kalmamak ad\u0131na, ho\u015flanmaz \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak an\u0131lmaktan, her birinin de yeri olan …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3746,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[128,131],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2018-en","category-trans-2018-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4076","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4076"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4076\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4084,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4076\/revisions\/4084"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4076"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4076"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4076"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}