{"id":4072,"date":"2018-09-19T17:22:12","date_gmt":"2018-09-19T14:22:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0162"},"modified":"2019-01-18T10:29:01","modified_gmt":"2019-01-18T08:29:01","slug":"lbr-0162","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2018-en\/lbr-0162","title":{"rendered":"Y\u00fcceli\u011fe Hakaret Davas\u0131nda Cornelius Savunmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Quintus Asconius Pedianus<\/strong>, Pro Cornelio de Maiestate<\/h2>\n

Translater: Mehmet OKTAN<\/h3>\n
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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> IV (2018) 251-313<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2018032
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 05.04.2018 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 25.07.2018
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 19.09.2018
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2018<\/p>\n

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Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Y\u00fcceli\u011fe Hakaret Davas\u0131nda Cornelius Sa\u00advunmas\u0131<\/em>. <\/em>\u00c7ev. M. Oktan. Libri<\/em> IV (2018) 251-313. DOI: 10.20480\/lbr.201832<\/strong><\/p>\n

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QUINTUS ASCONIUS PEDIANUS<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Y\u00dcCEL\u0130\u011eE HAKARET[i]<\/sup><\/a> DAVASINDA CORNELIUS SAVUNMASI<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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[50]<\/strong> Bu konu\u015fmay\u0131 L. Cotta ile L. Torquatus consul<\/em> iken[ii]<\/sup><\/a>, \u00f6ncekilerden[iii]<\/sup><\/a> son\u00adraki y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ZET<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cornelius, ad\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f bir insan olarak ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Cn. Pompe\u00adius\u2019un quaestor<\/em>u olmu\u015ftu, ard\u0131ndan \u2013 bu konu\u015fman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinden iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u2013 C. Piso ile M\u2019. Glabrio consul<\/em> iken[iv]<\/sup><\/a> tribunus plebis<\/em> oldu. Bu g\u00f6revi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00e7ok \u0131srarc\u0131 olarak nitelendirilecek \u015fekilde hareket etti. Nitekim bu durumdan dolay\u0131 senatus<\/em> ile aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 milletlerin temsilcilerine y\u00fcksek faizle y\u00fckl\u00fc miktarda para veril\u00addi\u011finden dolay\u0131 ve bundan da \u00e7irkin ve haks\u0131z kazan\u00e7lar elde edildi\u011fi i\u00e7in[v]<\/sup><\/a>, hi\u00e7bir kim\u00adsenin yabanc\u0131 milletlerin temsil\u00adcilerine gider paras\u0131 vermemesine dair, senatus<\/em>a ba\u015f\u00advuruda bulunmu\u015ftu. Se\u00adnatus<\/em>, onun bu \u00f6nerisini reddetti[vi]<\/sup><\/a> ve senatus<\/em>un daha hen\u00fcz birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, ayn\u0131 senatus consultum<\/em> uyar\u0131nca hi\u00e7bir kimsenin Kretelilere bor\u00e7 para ver\u00admemesini karara ba\u011flamas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu \u00fczere[vii]<\/sup><\/a>, bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, L. Domitius ile C. Coelius consul<\/em> iken[viii]<\/sup><\/a> \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan malum senatus consultum<\/em> i\u00e7erisinde yeterince uygun \u00f6nlemlerin bulundu\u011funa h\u00fckmetti. Bu duruma \u00f6fkelenen Cornelius halk top\u00adlant\u0131s\u0131nda senatus<\/em> aleyhine; [51]<\/strong> eyaletlerin \u00f6zellikle, el\u00e7i\u00adlerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme g\u00fcn\u00fcnde he\u00addiyeler sunmak zorunda oldu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 tefe\u00adcilik yoluyla talan edildi\u011fi[ix]<\/sup><\/a> \u015fik\u00e2ye\u00adtinde bulundu. Akabinde de populus<\/em> ona\u00ady\u0131na ba\u015fvurulmaks\u0131z\u0131n hi\u00e7 kimsenin yasala\u00adr\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015finden muaf tutulmamas\u0131 y\u00f6\u00adn\u00fcnde, senatus<\/em>un otoritesini zay\u0131flatacak bir kanun \u00f6nerdi[x]<\/sup><\/a>. Eski bir ya\u00adsada da bu h\u00fck\u00fcm vard\u0131; bundan dolay\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn senatus consultum<\/em>larda, bir kimse\u00adnin mevcut yasalardan muafiyet elde edecek olmas\u0131 duru\u00admunda, bu muafi\u00adyet \u00f6nerisi hakk\u0131nda halka dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na dair bir ekleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ge\u00adlene\u011fi[xi]<\/sup><\/a> vard\u0131. Bununla birlikte dan\u0131\u015fma mevzusu giderek terk edilmeye ba\u015f\u00adland\u0131 ve olay nihayetinde muafiyet \u00f6nerisi hakk\u0131nda halka dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na dair, senatus con\u00adsultum<\/em>lara neredeyse hi\u00e7 eklemenin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir al\u0131\u015fkan\u00adl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. S\u00f6z konusu o senatus consultum<\/em>lar da, \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kat\u0131l\u0131mlarla ger\u00e7ekle\u015f\u00admekteydi. \u0130leri gelenler ve n\u00fcfuzu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde azalacak olan senatus<\/em> mensuplar\u0131, Cornelius\u2019un bu yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131na \u015fiddetle tepki g\u00f6s\u00adterdiler. Bundan dolay\u0131 C. Corne\u00adlius\u2019a engel olmak \u00fczere, P. Servilius Globu\u00adlus isminde bir tribunus plebis<\/em> bulundu. O, yasan\u0131n ge\u00e7irilmesinin g\u00fcn\u00fc gel\u00addi\u011fi ve k\u00e2tip\u2019in f\u0131s\u0131ldamas\u0131yla tellal\u0131n yasa madde\u00adlerini halka okuma fasl\u0131 ba\u015f\u00adlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, hem k\u00e2tip\u2019in f\u0131s\u0131ldamas\u0131na hem de tellal\u0131n ilan\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015f\u00adtirme\u00adsine izin vermedi. Bunun \u00fczerine Cornelius yasa metnini bizzat okudu. Consul<\/em> C. Piso\u2019nun[xii]<\/sup><\/a> usule ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle, buna \u015fiddetle itiraz et\u00admesi ve bunun, tribunus<\/em>un veto<\/em> yetkisinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gel\u00addi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemesi[xiii]<\/sup><\/a>, halk taraf\u0131ndan a\u011f\u0131r bir protestoyla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Piso, kendi\u00adsini yumruk sallayarak tehdit eden kimselerin lictor<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan tutuklanma\u00ads\u0131n\u0131 emretti\u011fi zaman, onun fasces<\/em>i k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve contio<\/em>nun en arka k\u00f6\u015fesinden dahi consul<\/em>e ta\u015flar f\u0131rla\u00adt\u0131ld\u0131. Bu karga\u015fa nedeniyle korkuya kap\u0131lan Cornelius top\u00adlant\u0131y\u0131 hemen tatil etti[xiv]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu mevzu bir s\u00fcre sonra senatus<\/em>ta, ha\u00adra\u00adretli tart\u0131\u015fmalar e\u015fli\u00ad\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc. O esnada Cornelius, en az\u0131ndan iki y\u00fcz yeter say\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131l\u00admad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, hi\u00e7 kimsenin sena\u00adtus<\/em>ta yasalar\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fin\u00adden muaf tutulma\u00admas\u0131 ve bir muafiyet elde edildi\u011fi ve s\u00f6z konusu olay halka g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc za\u00adman, [52]<\/strong> hi\u00e7 kimsenin bunu veto<\/em> etmemesi ad\u0131na, yeni bir giri\u015fimde daha bulunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131[xv]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu tasa\u00adr\u0131s\u0131 bir karga\u015fa olmaks\u0131z\u0131n kabul edildi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hi\u00e7 kimse, senatus<\/em>a tan\u0131nan yetki y\u00fcz\u00fcnden, bu yasaya hay\u0131r diyemi\u00adyordu[xvi]<\/sup><\/a>. Ama yine de bunu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir kat\u0131l\u0131m yoluyla arkada\u015flar\u0131na l\u00fc\u00adtuflar\u0131n\u0131 sergi\u00adleme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olan optimas<\/em>lar\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcls\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131n ge\u00ad\u00e7irdi. Ard\u0131n\u00addan Cor\u00adnelius, her ne kadar hi\u00e7 kimse alenen kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya cesa\u00adret etmese de, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funa ra\u011fmen, praetor<\/em>lar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm\u00adlerini kendi daimi beyannameleri uya\u00adr\u0131nca vermelerine dair ba\u015fka bir yasa \u00e7\u0131kartt\u0131[xvii]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu d\u00fczenleme, birbirinden tutars\u0131z bir \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm vermeyi al\u0131\u015f\u00adkanl\u0131k haline getirmi\u015f olan ihtirasl\u0131 praetor<\/em>lar\u0131n parti\u00adzanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kanunsuzlu\u00ad\u011funu ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131. Cornelius, bir\u00e7o\u011funa g\u00f6revda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha ba\u015fka yasa \u00f6nerilerinde de bulundu: t\u00fcm tribunus<\/em>luk s\u00fcresini bu s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fme\u00adlerle tamam\u00adlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sonraki y\u0131l, M\u2019. Lepidus ile L. Volcacius consul<\/em> iken[xviii]<\/sup><\/a>, Cicero\u2019nun praetor<\/em> ol\u00addu\u011fu y\u0131lda, Cominius ismindeki iki karde\u015f lex Cornelia de maiestate<\/em> uyar\u0131nca Cornelius\u2019u san\u0131k yapt\u0131lar. Su\u00e7lamay\u0131 Publius haz\u0131rlad\u0131, Gaius imzalad\u0131[xix]<\/sup><\/a>. Pra\u00ade-tor<\/em> P. Cassius,[xx]<\/sup><\/a> gelenek oldu\u011fu \u00fczere san\u0131\u011f\u0131n onuncu g\u00fcnde[xxi]<\/sup><\/a> haz\u0131r olma\u00ads\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015f oldu\u011fu halde, o g\u00fcn ya kamusal yiyecek ikmali g\u00f6revine \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u00admas\u0131 nedeniyle ya da san\u0131\u011f\u0131n iyili\u011fi ad\u0131na, bilerek bizzat kendisinin haz\u0131r bu\u00adlunmamas\u0131 \u00fczerine, platformun \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7evreleyen \u00fcnl\u00fc haydutlar[xxii]<\/sup><\/a> bir an \u00f6nce davaya son vermemeleri durumunda davac\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00admekle tehdit etti\u00adler. Davac\u0131lar, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n avukatl\u0131\u011f\u0131na soyunmu\u015f consul<\/em>lerin[xxiii]<\/sup><\/a> m\u00fcdahalesiyle, bu tehlike\u00adden g\u00fc\u00e7 bela kurtuldular. Cominius karde\u015fler merdiven tarz\u0131 bir yerin al\u00adt\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra, kendilerini gece boyunca orada gizlediler, ard\u0131ndan da kom\u015fu binalar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerinden kentten ka\u00e7t\u0131lar[xxiv]<\/sup><\/a>. Ertesi g\u00fcn P. Cassius g\u00f6revinin ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu halde[xxv]<\/sup><\/a>, davay\u0131 a\u00e7anlar\u0131n davaya i\u015ftirak etmemesi \u00fczerine, Cornelius\u2019un ismi san\u0131klar listesinden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. Lakin Cominius kar\u00adde\u015flerin susmay\u0131 ciddi bir mebla\u011f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda satm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131na dair b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dedikodu dola\u015ft\u0131. Praetor<\/em>lu\u011funu hen\u00fcz tamamlam\u0131\u015f olan Cicero taraf\u0131ndan bu konu\u015fman\u0131n ya\u00adp\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, [53]<\/strong> L. Cotta ile L. Torquatus\u2019un consul<\/em> oldu\u011fu sonraki y\u0131lda, \u00e7eteler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla yarg\u0131 s\u00fcrecini kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olan[xxvi]<\/sup><\/a> Manilius, senatus consultum<\/em> uya\u00adr\u0131nca her iki consul<\/em>\u00fcn de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nezaret etti\u011fi[xxvii]<\/sup><\/a> o duru\u015fmaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, cevap vermemi\u015f oldu\u011fu ve de su\u00e7lu bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in[xxviii]<\/sup><\/a>, Co\u00adminius para ald\u0131klar\u0131 iftiras\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmek ama\u00adc\u0131yla yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Cor\u00adnelius\u2019u maiestas<\/em> d\u00fczenlemesi uyar\u0131nca tekrar su\u00e7\u00adlad\u0131[xxix]<\/sup><\/a>. S\u00fcre\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir il\u00adgiyle takip edildi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Manilius\u2019un safd\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131ndan \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir korkuya kap\u0131lan Cornelius . . . . . . . kendi yanda\u015flar\u0131ndan en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir ba\u011fr\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131\u011fr\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na meydan vermemek i\u00e7in, duru\u015fmaya sadece birka\u00e7 tane arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131 getirdi[xxx]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

Senatus<\/em>ta b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfuza sahip, ileri gelenlerden Q. Hortensius[xxxi]<\/sup><\/a>, Q. Catulus, Q. Me\u00adtel\u00adlus Pius[xxxii]<\/sup><\/a>, M. Lucullus[xxxiii]<\/sup><\/a>, M\u2019. Lepidus[xxxiv]<\/sup><\/a> ona kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca tan\u0131kl\u0131k yapt\u0131lar. Ve de, ken\u00addilerinin Cornelius\u2019u tribunus<\/em>luk g\u00f6revi s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u00fcrs\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde yasa maddelerini y\u00fck\u00adsek sesle bizzat okurken g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131, b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyi Cornelius\u2019tan \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 kim\u00adsenin yapmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funun san\u0131ld\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler. Kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin, bu eylemin \u00f6zel\u00adlikle, bir tribunus<\/em>un yetki\u00adsinin zedelenmesi su\u00e7una tekab\u00fcl etmesi olarak anla\u015f\u0131l\u00admas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorlard\u0131. \u0130\u015fin asl\u0131, e\u011fer tribunus<\/em>lara bunun yolu a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rsa, veto<\/em> neredeyse or\u00adtadan kal\u00add\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u00adyordu. Cicero bunun yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ink\u00e2r edemiyordu; o, yasa maddesi\u00adnin bir tribunus<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan okunmas\u0131n\u0131n tribunus<\/em>un yetkisinin zedelenmesi anlam\u0131na gelme\u00adyece\u011fi noktas\u0131na getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131[xxxv]<\/sup><\/a>. Nitekim bu h\u00fcneri ve konu\u015fma becerisiyle hem aleyhine konu\u015fmu\u015f oldu\u011fu se\u00e7kin vatanda\u015flar\u0131n sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zedele\u00adyecek bir tutum iz\u00adlemedi\u011fini hem de san\u0131\u011f\u0131n onlar\u0131n otori\u00adtesiyle ezilmesine izin ver\u00admedi\u011fini ve dahas\u0131, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6ylesine zor bir davay\u0131 ne denli b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131kla aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015fma\u00adn\u0131n kendisi ortaya ko\u00adyacakt\u0131r. Ancak s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz \u00fczere, Corne\u00adlius\u2019un karakteri icab\u0131 ileri gelenle\u00adrin otoritesine kar\u015f\u0131 tak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tavr\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u00addan ba\u015fka, [54] <\/strong>hayat\u0131n\u0131n geri ka\u00adlan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00e7ok da k\u0131nama gerektirecek bir \u015fey yapmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 kozuna sahipti. \u00dcstelik Cornelius\u2019u veto<\/em> etmi\u015f olan Globulus dahi, ona destek veriyor\u00addu[xxxvi]<\/sup><\/a>. Hem de Cornelius, yukar\u0131da zaten belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, Pompe\u00adius Magnus\u2019un quaestor<\/em>u oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, iki decuria<\/em> yani Roma equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile tri\u00adbuni aerarii<\/em> \u00fczerinde ve devletin ileri ge\u00adlenleriyle yak\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131 olanlar\u0131n hari\u00adcinde, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kesimi te\u015fkil eden senator<\/em>lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fun\u00adlu\u011funun nezdinde[xxxvii]<\/sup><\/a> bir avantaja sahipti. S\u00fcre\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kat\u0131l\u0131mla ve nas\u0131l bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131na dair b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heyecanla takip edildi.\u00a0 . . . . . . . . \u00fcst d\u00fczey insanlar taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131kl\u0131k edildi\u011fi ve san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda ne s\u00f6yledi\u00adlerse, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n onu kabul etti\u011fi g\u00f6zlemleni\u00adyordu. Davac\u0131 Cominius\u2019un hakk\u0131n\u0131n teslim edilmesi gereken bir itham konu\u015fmas\u0131 mev\u00adcuttur. Bunu, sadece Cicero\u2019nun Corne\u00adlius\u2019u savunma konu\u015fmalar\u0131 sayesinde de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bizzat kendisininkinden dolay\u0131 bi\u00adliyoruz. Cicero, bizzat kendisi\u00adnin i\u015fa\u00adret etti\u011fi \u00fczere, Cornelius\u2019u d\u00f6rt g\u00fcnde savundu[xxxviii]<\/sup><\/a>; onun bu eylemle\u00adrini iki konu\u015f\u00admada bir araya getirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00adt\u0131r. O duru\u015fmaya praetor<\/em> Q. Gallius[xxxix]<\/sup><\/a> ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etti.<\/p>\n

[Bu davada sorgulanmas\u0131 gereken \u00fc\u00e7 temel nokta vard\u0131r. \u0130lki Cornelius, lex Cornelia<\/em> uyar\u0131nca y\u00fcceli\u011fe hakaret su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131nda san\u0131k yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, m\u00fcdafa edenin sa\u00advundu\u011fu gibi, bu yasa i\u00e7erisinde yaln\u0131z bu yap\u0131lanlara isti\u00adnaden san\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcceli\u011fe haka\u00adret kapsam\u0131nda yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n veren belli baz\u0131 maddeler var m\u0131d\u0131r, yoksa dava\u00adc\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, mahkemenin ya\u00adsay\u0131 serbest \u015fekilde yorumlamas\u0131 m\u0131 kabul edil\u00admelidir. [55]<\/strong> \u0130kincisi, acaba Corne\u00adlius\u2019un y\u00fcceli\u011fe hakaret kapsam\u0131nda yarg\u0131lan\u00admas\u0131na vesile olacak yap\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u015fey var m\u0131d\u0131r? \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc acaba y\u00fcceli\u011fi zedeleyecek bir niyet i\u00e7eri\u00adsine girmi\u015f miydi[xl]<\/sup><\/a>?]\n

YORUM<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan itibaren yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 160. sat\u0131r <\/strong><\/p>\n

Praetor iken benim huzurumda, ilk olarak zimmete para ge\u00e7irme uyar\u0131nca dava edi\u00adlir<\/em>[xli]<\/sup><\/a>. Cominius gayet tabii ki, ne olup bitti\u011fini g\u00f6zlemliyor<\/em>[xlii]<\/sup><\/a>: Riski test etmek i\u00e7in or\u00adtaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen i\u00e7i saman dolu insanlar\u0131 inceliyor<\/em>[xliii]<\/sup><\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n sa\u00admandan betimlenmi\u015f suretinin olmas\u0131 gelene\u011fi vard\u0131, g\u00f6steri i\u00e7in ileriye s\u00fc\u00adr\u00fclen bo\u011falar bu nesnelerle k\u0131\u015f\u00adk\u0131rt\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Ama ne? \u00c7ok soylu ve de erdemli bir insan olan Metellus ilkin \u00f6zel \u015fekilde ard\u0131ndan da resmi olarak, \u00f6zel \u015fekilde babas\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131, resmi olarak ise yasa \u00fczerine iki kez yemin etti\u011fi<\/em>[xliv]<\/sup><\/a> halde . . . . . . vazge\u00e7memi\u015f miydi? R\u0131zas\u0131yla m\u0131, yoksa zorla m\u0131? Bir taraftan C. Curio\u2019nun<\/em>[xlv]<\/sup><\/a> erdemi ve de sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011fer ta\u00adraftan ise b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015flerine en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6v\u00adg\u00fcn\u00fcn e\u015flik etti\u011fi Q. Metellus\u2019un<\/em>[xlvi]<\/sup><\/a> ka\u00adn\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f gen\u00e7li\u011fi, her taraftan akla gelen b\u00fct\u00fcn soru i\u015faretini ortadan kald\u0131\u00adr\u0131yor.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7i her ne kadar hem su\u00e7lanmam\u0131\u015f hem de bir anla\u015fma yapmam\u0131\u015f olsa da, onun[xlvii]<\/sup><\/a> su\u00e7lamadan vazge\u00e7mesi gerekti\u011fini g\u00f6stermek niyetinde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu \u00f6rne\u011fi bu\u00adrada g\u00fcndeme getiriyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Metellus hem Curio aleyhine dava a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f hem de bundan vazge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Bununla birlikte hatip, yap\u0131lan\u0131n iti\u00adbar getirecek bir \u015fey olma\u00ads\u0131ndan ziyade ak\u0131lc\u0131 bir \u015fey oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini gizle\u00admek i\u00e7in[xlviii]<\/sup><\/a>, Metellus\u2019un soylulu\u011funu ve C. Curio\u2019nun gayretini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131\u00adkard\u0131. Lakin b\u00fct\u00fcn olan bitenin \u00f6z\u00fc \u015fudur: [56]<\/strong> ancak bu olayda ilkin, hangi Metellus hakk\u0131nda konu\u015ftu\u011funa a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirilmelidir. Zira o s\u0131ralarda \u00e7ok sa\u00ady\u0131da Quintus Metellus vard\u0131, bunlardan ikisi yani Pius[xlix]<\/sup><\/a> ve Cre\u00adticus[l]<\/sup><\/a> consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015ftu, bunlardan birini kastetmedi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r, ancak Nepos ve Celer[li]<\/sup><\/a> ad\u0131nda iki gen\u00e7 vard\u0131 ki, bunlardan \u015fimdi Nepos\u2019u[lii]<\/sup><\/a> i\u015faret ediyor. Zira onun, T. Didius ile birlikte consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunan, Macedonicus\u2019un[liii]<\/sup><\/a> torunu, Baliaricus\u2019un[liv]<\/sup><\/a> ise o\u011flu olan, babas\u0131 Q. Metellus Nepos\u2019u[lv]<\/sup><\/a> hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fulan o Cu\u00adrio su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ve o Metellus, \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011findeyken kendi o\u011flu Metellus\u2019tan, kendisi\u00adnin davac\u0131s\u0131 Curio\u2019yu su\u00e7lamas\u0131n\u0131 istedi ve bunu yapaca\u00ad\u011f\u0131na dair ona yemin ettirdi. Metellus, Curio\u2019yu san\u0131k yapt\u0131; bu arada ayn\u0131 Me\u00adtellus, kendisinin k\u00f6lesi oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek bir vatanda\u015f\u0131 zorla tutup ona dayak att\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, Curio onu himayesi alt\u0131na ald\u0131[lvi]<\/sup><\/a>. Ard\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lacak bir davadan, Metellus\u2019un dayak atm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ink\u00e2r edeme\u00adyece\u011fi, azat edilmi\u015f bir insa\u00adn\u0131n yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucunun \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 belli olunca, Metellus ve Curio aras\u0131nda mutabakatla hem onun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczerine bir giri\u015fimin olmama\u00ads\u0131na, her ha\u00adl\u00fckarda s\u00f6z konusu ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcr olarak muamaele g\u00f6rmesine, hem de Me\u00adtellus\u2019un Curio\u2019yu su\u00e7lama konusunda \u0131srarc\u0131 olmamas\u0131na dair bir fikir birli\u00ad\u011fine var\u0131ld\u0131[lvii]<\/sup><\/a>. Her ikisi de, bu mutabakata sad\u0131k kald\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden, ilkin \u00f6zel \u015fekilde yemin etti\u011fi . . . . . . . . sonras\u0131nda ise resmi olarak yani elbette Curio\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 art niyetli bir dava a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair yemin etti\u011fi i\u00e7in olay bu noktaya var\u0131yor. Lakin Cicero, sonra\u00addan bu Metellus ile husumet i\u00e7inde oldu. Zira Me\u00adtellus[lviii]<\/sup><\/a>, k\u00f6t\u00fc ve de zalim bir vatan\u00adda\u015f olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cornelius\u2019un Manilius\u2019a azatl\u0131lar\u0131n oy kullanmas\u0131na dair bir yasa verdi\u011fini s\u00f6y\u00adl\u00fcyor<\/em>[lix]<\/sup><\/a>. <\/em>[57]<\/strong> Bu \u201cverdi\u201d ne demek oluyor? Taslak metni mi vermi\u015f? Yoksa tek\u00adlif mi etmi\u015f? Ya da te\u015fvik mi etmi\u015f<\/em>[lx]<\/sup><\/a>? Sanki yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 zor, ya da olu\u015ftur\u00admas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba gerektiren bir yasaym\u0131\u015f gibi taslak metni vermesi g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 geliyor. Bundan birka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, b\u00f6yle bir yasa yaz\u0131lmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe de girmi\u015ftir<\/em>[lxi]<\/sup><\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n

Tribunus <\/em>oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada P. Sulpicius\u2019un, bunun ayn\u0131s\u0131 olan bir ya\u00adsay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe soktu\u011funu zaten belirttik[lxii]<\/a>. Bunu, devletin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc zorbal\u0131kla ele ge\u00e7ir\u00addi\u011fi[lxiii]<\/a> ve iyi i\u015flerinin evresinden felaket s\u00fcrecine do\u011fru yol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, son\u00adradan Felix olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan L. Sulla ile Q. Pompeius consul <\/em>oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada \u2013 bunlar\u0131n s\u00f6ylenmesinden 23 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u2013 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe soktu. Bu hem i\u00e7 sava\u015fla\u00adr\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu hem de Sulpi\u00adcius\u2019un kendisi bundan dolay\u0131 consul<\/em>lerin si\u00adlahlar\u0131yla, hakl\u0131 olarak devrildi \u015fek\u00adlinde de\u011ferlendirildi[lxiv<\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Bu olay s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir\u00e7ok \u015fey, \u00f6zellikle de s\u00fcrecin h\u0131zl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ay\u0131plan\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u00fcrecin h\u0131zl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret etmektedir, zira daha \u00f6nceden belirtti\u011fimiz gibi, Mani\u00adlius tri\u00adbunus<\/em> olmas\u0131n\u0131n[lxv]<\/sup><\/a> \u00fczerinden daha hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok fazla bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7me\u00adden, Com\u00adpitalia<\/em>[lxvi]<\/sup><\/a> s\u0131ras\u0131nda malum yasay\u0131[lxvii]<\/sup><\/a> y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte praetor, Manilius\u2019un davas\u0131n\u0131 savunmam i\u00e7in var g\u00fcc\u00fcyle benden ricada bulundu.<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u0131pk\u0131 daha \u00f6nce s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi \u00fczere, C. Attius Celsus\u2019u[lxviii]<\/sup><\/a> kastediyor.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan itibaren 850 sat\u0131r<\/strong><\/p>\n

Manilius\u2019un ayn\u0131 tribunus<\/em>lu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fuyor:<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o, tribunus plebis iken g\u00f6\u00adrevi s\u0131ras\u0131nda biri zararl\u0131 di\u011feri muhte\u015fem iki kanun sundu\u011fu zaman: y\u00fcce devletin menfaatine zarar verdi\u011finden dolay\u0131 ilkine, o tribunusun ken\u00addisi taraf\u0131ndan da sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmad\u0131, ancak iyi olan \u015fey . . . . . . <\/em>[58]<\/strong> y\u00fcce devletle birlikte kal\u0131r ve sizin . . . tanr\u0131lar i\u00e7indi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da bu yasalar hakk\u0131nda zaten bilgi verildi. Bunlardan ilki, senatus con\u00adsultum<\/em> yoluyla reddedilmi\u015f olan, Ma\u00adnilius\u2019un kendisi taraf\u0131ndan da arkas\u0131nda durul\u00admayan, azatl\u0131lar\u0131n oy kullanma hakk\u0131 \u00fczerineydi. Di\u011feri ise, Mithradates ile sava\u015f i\u00e7in Cn. Pompeius\u2019a ola\u011fa\u00adn\u00fcst\u00fc bir yetki verilmesi \u00fczerineydi. Pompeius Magnus bu yasa uyar\u0131nca o vakitlerde sava\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Manilius\u2019un yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki karga\u015fa hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fuyor:<\/p>\n

O, bu \u00e7\u0131l\u00adg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7ine, devlet i\u00e7in \u00e7ok tehlikeli, kendi durumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygun, benim d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcncelerime ise tamamen ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmakla birlikte, arbedenin h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu mahkemelerden bir \u00f6rne\u00ad\u011fin tesis edilmesini arzu eden, \u00f6teki b\u00fcy\u00fck adamla\u00adr\u0131n ak\u0131l vermesiyle sokuldu<\/em>[lxix]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Catilina\u2019y\u0131 ve Cn. Piso\u2019yu i\u015faret etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Catilina bir patricius<\/em> idi ve Africa Eyaleti\u2019ni y\u00f6nettikten sonra kendisini tam consul<\/em> aday\u0131 olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015fti ki zimmet su\u00e7u i\u015fledi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle san\u0131k yap\u0131ld\u0131. Onu, ilerde Ci\u00adcero\u2019ya d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k bes\u00adleyecek olan, yolunu kaybetmi\u015f bir delikanl\u0131n\u0131n ta ken\u00addisi, P. Clodius su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve sorun yuma\u011f\u0131 bir delikanl\u0131 olan Cn. Piso da, Catilina\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131yd\u0131 ve onun b\u00fct\u00fcn kararlar\u0131n\u0131n orta\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc pat\u0131rt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sat\u0131r yak. 1010<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7ok sa\u011fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc bir insan oldu\u011fu su g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez bir ger\u00e7ek olan C. Cotta\u2019n\u0131n kendi yasa\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi i\u00e7in \u015fahsen senatusa m\u00fcracat etmi\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilirim. <\/em><\/p>\n

Bu ki\u015fi, kendisini s\u0131k s\u0131k and\u0131\u011f\u0131m, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hatip olarak say\u0131lan ve bu \u015f\u00f6hrette P. Sulpi\u00adcius\u2019a ve C. Caesar\u2019a e\u015f de\u011fer olan Cotta\u2019d\u0131r[lxxi]<\/sup><\/a> . . . . . . . [59]<\/strong> Her ne kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koymu\u015f olsa da, iptali istemiyle senatus<\/em>a ba\u015f\u00advurdu\u011fu s\u00f6z konusu yasalar\u0131na, \u00f6nemsiz meseleler \u00fczerine oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc soylu kesimin kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ra\u011f\u00admen, consul<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada b\u00fcy\u00fck bir halk deste\u011fiyle, tribunus plebis<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev ya\u00adpanlar\u0131n di\u011fer ma\u00adkamlara da ula\u015fabilmesine olanak sa\u011flayan malum yasay\u0131 ge\u00e7ir\u00admesi hari\u00adcinde onun taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokulmu\u015f farkl\u0131 ikinci bir yasan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ne Sallustius\u2019ta ne Livius\u2019ta ne de Fenestella\u2019da bir bahis vard\u0131r. Bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce dictator<\/em> L. Sulla taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan yasa, di\u011fer makamlara eri\u015fmeyi engelli\u00adyordu: Cotta\u2019n\u0131n o yasas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmiyor.<\/p>\n

Devam ediyor<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 Cotta\u2019n\u0131n yasala\u015fmas\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l sonra kendi karde\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00adl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lan de iudiciis privatis yasas\u0131n\u0131<\/em>[lxxii]<\/sup><\/a> da sayabilirim. <\/em><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Cotta\u2019y\u0131 i\u015faret ediyor. Ger\u00e7ekte \u00fc\u00e7 karde\u015ftiler. Bunlardan ikisi C., M. [idi]. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00adc\u00fcs\u00fc olan L. Cotta kendi d\u00fczenlemesi uyar\u0131nca, j\u00fcri \u00fcyeli\u011fini \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131f yani senatus,<\/em> equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve tribuni aerarii<\/em> aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131[lxxiii]<\/sup><\/a> ve karde\u015flerin hepsi consul <\/em>ol\u00admay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131[lxxiv]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Hemen sonra<\/strong><\/p>\n

    G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz b\u00fct\u00fcn consuller i\u00e7erisinde en bilgeleri olan iki consul taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00adl\u00fc\u011fe sokulmu\u015f olsa da, as\u0131l vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6nmeyi d\u00fczenleyen lex Licinia ve Mucia d\u00fczenlemesinin devlet i\u00e7in sadece faydas\u0131z de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda teh\u00adlikeli[lxxv]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a> oldu\u011funun herkes taraf\u0131ndan bilindi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Hatip L. Licinius Crassus ile ayn\u0131 zamanda hem bir hatip hem de bir hukuk\u00e7u olan pontifex maximus<\/em> Q. Mucius Scaevola\u2019y\u0131 i\u015faret ediyor. [60]<\/strong> Zira bunlar consul<\/em> olduk\u00adlar\u0131 s\u0131rada, m\u00fcttefiklerin kendi vatanda\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7e\u00adren, onun hakk\u0131nda ko\u00adnu\u015ftu\u011fu malum yasay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe soktular. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Italia halklar\u0131 Roma vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u0131ms\u0131k\u0131 sar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden onlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu kendilerini Roma vatanda\u015f\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n yerine koyduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in, her bir kimsenin kendi vatan\u0131ndaki hakk\u0131na d\u00f6nmesini i\u00e7eren bir yasan\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131ld\u0131[lxxvi]<\/sup><\/a>. Lakin bu yasa, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra[lxxvii]<\/sup><\/a> vuku bulan Italia Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni olacak kadar, Italia halklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelenle\u00adrinin hislerini \u00e7ok fazla incitti.<\/p>\n

    Say\u0131n yarg\u0131\u00e7lar, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n geleneklerine g\u00f6re, senatus taraf\u0131ndan kanunla\u00adr\u0131n varl\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir karar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131na dair toplamda d\u00f6rt t\u00fcr y\u00f6ntem bu\u00adlunmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00f6ntemin biri, kanunun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na karar ver\u00admektir: Q. Caecilius ile M. Iunius consul oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada, askeri yetkinli\u011fe zarar veren yasalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi<\/em>[lxxviii]<\/sup><\/a>. <\/em><\/p>\n

    Haklar\u0131nda bahsetti\u011fi Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus ile M. Iunius Silanus[lxxix]<\/sup><\/a> uzun s\u00fcre \u00f6nce hem etkisiz hem de bir sonuca ula\u015fmayacak bi\u00e7imde y\u00f6neti\u00adlen Cimbri Sa\u00adva\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda consul <\/em>g\u00f6revinde bulunuyorlard\u0131. Bu Iunius\u2019un kendisi de, Cimbri kav\u00admine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fekilde idare etti . . . ve o s\u0131ralarda populus<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7irildi\u011finin bilindi\u011fi baz\u0131 yasalar\u0131 askeri hiz\u00admet s\u00fcresini azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00ad\u00e7esiyle y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Bir di\u011feri, halk\u0131n uymaya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yasan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funun s\u00f6ylenmesidir: L. Marcius ile Sex. Iulius\u2019un consul oldu\u011fu s\u0131radaki Livius yasa\u00adlar\u0131 du\u00adrumunda oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Sizlerin, bunlar\u0131n, onlar consul<\/em> iken tribunus plebis<\/em> M. Livius Drusus taraf\u0131n\u00addan \u00e7\u0131ka\u00adr\u0131lan Livius yasalar\u0131[lxxx]<\/sup><\/a> oldu\u011funu an\u0131msayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. [61]<\/strong> Bu kimse, sena\u00adtus<\/em>un \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 vazife edindi\u011fi ve optimates<\/em> yara\u00adr\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe yasalar soktu\u011fu halde, sonradan \u00f6yle bir haddini bilmezli\u011fe<\/p>\n

    y\u00f6neldi ki bu konulardaki hi\u00e7bir gelene\u011fe ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bundan dolay\u0131, ona has\u0131m olan consul<\/em> Philippus senatus<\/em>tan, tek bir senatus consul\u00adtum<\/em> yoluyla onun b\u00fct\u00fcn yasalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yetki ald\u0131. Zira alametlerin hi\u00e7e say\u0131larak \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa ve hal\u00adk\u0131n bunlara uymaya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verildi[lxxxi]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc yasalar\u0131n tadil edilmesi \u00fczerinedir. Ge\u00e7enlerde kendisine k\u0131smi de\u00ad\u011fi\u015fiklikle\u00adrin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Calpurnia Yasas\u0131\u2019nda da bizzat g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere, bu t\u00fcr \u00fczerine olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k bir \u015fekilde senatus consultum olmaktayd\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Bu Calpurnia Yasas\u0131 [se\u00e7imlerdeki] usuls\u00fczl\u00fck[lxxxii]<\/sup><\/a> \u00fczerineydi. Ba\u015fka cezalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, para cezalar\u0131n\u0131 da b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran[lxxxiii]<\/sup><\/a> bu yasay\u0131 iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce consul <\/em>C. Calpurnius Piso y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

    S\u00f6ylendi\u011fine g\u00f6re, o me\u015fhur P. Africanus, Ti. Longus ile birlikte consul oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada, senator s\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131n halk kitlesinin oturma yerinden ilk kez ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade etmek durumunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, sadece o zaman\u0131n en ileri gelenleri taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 za\u00admanda bizzat kendisi taraf\u0131ndan da su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/em>[lxxxiv]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Bu olay, Kartacal\u0131larla ikinci sava\u015fta bar\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonraki yedinci y\u0131lda, Scipio ikinci kez consul<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Ve Antias da bunun, aediles curulis<\/em> C. Ati\u00adlius Serranus ile L. Scribonius Libo\u2019nun d\u00fczenledikleri Roma oyunlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00ad\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funu ve onlar\u0131n bunu censor<\/em>lar Sex. Ae\u00adlius Paetus ile C. Cornelius Cet\u00adhegus\u2019un emriyle yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. El\u00adbette bu konu\u015fmas\u0131nda bu yazar\u0131[lxxxv]<\/sup><\/a> takip etmi\u015f olan Cicero\u2019nun, Scipio\u2019nun senator<\/em>lar\u0131n s\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer kesiminkinden ayr\u0131l\u00admas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade etmek du\u00adrumunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131[lxxxvi]<\/sup><\/a> s\u00f6ylemi\u015f oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. [62]<\/strong> Oysaki birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu de<\/em> haruspicum responso<\/em> isimli konu\u015fmas\u0131nda Sci\u00adpio\u2019nun buna m\u00fcsaade etmek durumunda kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tersine o yerin sena\u00adtor<\/em>lara verilmesine bizzat kendisinin karar verdi\u011fini i\u015faret etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Onun s\u00f6z\u00adleri \u015f\u00f6yledir: Peki ya ben, atalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n Palatium\u2019da Magna Mater Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde ol\u00admas\u0131n\u0131 ve kutlanmas\u0131n\u0131 istedikleri o oyunlar <\/em>hakk\u0131nda ne s\u00f6yleyeyim? O me\u015f\u00adhur b\u00fcy\u00fck adam P. Africanus ikinci kez consul oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada senatusa bu oyunlarda ilk kez halk\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde oturma hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131<\/em> * * * * ve senatus<\/em>a bu hakk\u0131n kendisinin g\u00f6revda\u015f\u0131 Sempronius Longus ile birlikte tahsis edilmi\u015f ol\u00addu\u011funu yazar, ancak Megalesia\u2019dan bahsetmeksi\u00adzin \u2013 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o oyunlar\u0131 aedi\u00adles<\/em> d\u00fczenlemekteydi \u2013 Scipio ile Longus\u2019un consul<\/em> iken himaye ettikleri adak oyunlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu aktar\u0131r[lxxxvii]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu\u00adna kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131n bu\u00adnun, ihtiya\u00e7 du\u00adyuldu\u011funda, ayn\u0131 konularda her iki taraf\u0131nkinden veya kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131nkin\u00adden ya\u00adrarlanman\u0131n hatip kurnazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir misali oldu\u011fu\u00adnun sizin g\u00f6\u00adz\u00fc\u00adn\u00fczden ka\u00e7\u00adma\u00admas\u0131n\u0131 istiyorum. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Cicero\u2019nun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re, senator\u00ad<\/em>la\u00adra \u00f6n s\u0131\u00adra\u00adda izleme ye\u00adrini consul<\/em> Scipio \u00f6nderli\u011finde aediles<\/em> tahsis etmekle birlikte, dava halk\u0131 ilgilendirdi\u011fi ve senatus<\/em>un otoritesi nedeniyle bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ve bundan dolay\u0131 da, o s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n n\u00fcfuzunu davas\u0131 i\u00e7in olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok etkisiz hale getirmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, elbette bu konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, Scipio\u2019nun o eyle\u00admiyle ilgili olarak Scipio\u2019nun, bunun y\u00fc\u00adr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesine m\u00fcsaade etmek du\u00adrumunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in pi\u015fmanl\u0131k duydu\u011funu s\u00f6y\u00adl\u00fcyor. Oysa senatus<\/em>ta yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Haruspex<\/em>\u2019lerin<\/em> Cevab\u0131 \u00dczerine<\/em> isimli o konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u00fcyelerin kulaklar\u0131n\u0131n ok\u015fanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi i\u00e7in, hem onu \u00e7ok fazla \u00f6v\u00fcyor hem de daha hafif kald\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 onun [\u00f6n s\u0131ray\u0131] vermenin mimar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, tersine bunu biz\u00adzat kendisinin vermi\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

    Yar\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bu noktada, yasay\u0131 \u00f6neren ki\u015finin halka ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmeden \u00f6nce[lxxxviii]<\/sup><\/a>, bir teklifin yasala\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde ka\u00e7 veto<\/em> f\u0131rsat\u0131 oldu\u011funu sayar.<\/p>\n

    Haliyle kanun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcrken, . . . . . . . getirilirken[lxxxix]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a> veto etme hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r. Yani \u015f\u00f6yledir . . . . . . . . <\/em>[63]<\/strong> yasa, bireyler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini dile getirirken, . . . . . . . . . iken, kura kab\u0131[xc]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a> getirilirken, kuralar kontrol edilirken, kura ger\u00e7eklik kazan\u0131rken ve e\u011fer bu t\u00fcrden ba\u015fka \u015feyler varsa<\/em>[xci]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Halk di\u011fer yerlerde her zaman nas\u0131lsa, contio<\/em>da da \u00f6yle bir ak\u0131l kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in\u00addedir. O \u015fey bitti\u011fi ve geriye sadece halk\u0131n fikrini sand\u0131\u011fa ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 za\u00adman, yasay\u0131 \u00f6ne\u00adren ki\u015fi halka ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emreder. Bu kelime al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel \u015fekliyle, yasan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc o yerin terk edilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmez, bunun yerine her bir kimsenin oyunu kullanaca\u011f\u0131 kendi tribus<\/em>una ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n

    Bir m\u00fcddet sonra<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Yine de, bizzat bir tribunus plebis taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u015fu noktan\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edil\u00admemesi gerekti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne veto cereyan ederken yasa metnini okumak oy kab\u0131n\u0131n kendisini veto etmeye yeltenen ki\u015finin g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn tam \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7\u0131karmaktan daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesizce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir harekettir, ne sun\u00admaya koyulmak kabul g\u00f6rmesini ba\u015farmaktan daha ciddi bir i\u015ftir, ne g\u00f6rev\u00adda\u015f\u0131n iradesine kar\u015f\u0131n kendisinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce\u00adsini uygulamaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermek g\u00f6revda\u015f\u0131 kendi vazifesinden azletmek\u00adten daha \u00e7etindir, ne de tribuslar\u0131 bir yasay\u0131 kabul etmek \u00fczere \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmak bir g\u00f6rev\u00adda\u015f\u0131 s\u0131radan bir va\u00adtanda\u015f haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmaktan daha fazla su\u00e7 unsuru i\u00e7erir<\/em>[xcii]<\/sup><\/a>. B\u00fc\u00adt\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 onun g\u00f6revda\u015f\u0131, mert adam A. Gabinius en iyi \u015fekilde yapt\u0131. Roma halk\u0131na selamet ve de b\u00fct\u00fcn soylar i\u00e7in uzun s\u00fcredir devam eden onursuzlu\u00ad\u011fun ve k\u00f6leli\u011fin sonunu getirirken, kendisinin tek bir g\u00f6revda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sesinin ve iradesinin t\u00fcm devletin sesinden ve iradesinden daha g\u00fcr \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na izin ver\u00admedi<\/em>[xciii]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Cicero\u2019nun burada, korsanlarla sava\u015f i\u00e7in Cn. Pompeius\u2019un g\u00f6revlendirilmesini sa\u011f\u00adlayan Gabinius\u2019un malum yasas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda konu\u015ftu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. [64]<\/strong> An\u00adcak ad\u0131n\u0131 anma\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 tribunus plebis<\/em> L. Trebellius\u2019tur[xciv]<\/sup><\/a>. Bu adam\u0131n veto<\/em> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00adcesinden vazge\u00e7memesi \u00fczerine \u2013 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc senatus<\/em>a bu yasay\u0131 amac\u0131na ula\u015f\u00adt\u0131rtmaktansa \u00f6l\u00fcr\u00fcm diyerek s\u00f6z vermi\u015fti[xcv]<\/sup><\/a> \u2013 Gabinius, t\u0131pk\u0131 vaktiyle tribunus<\/em> Ti. Gracchus\u2019un kendi g\u00f6revda\u015f\u0131 M. Oc\u00adtavius\u2019u kendi g\u00f6revinden azlettirdi\u011fi gibi[xcvi]<\/sup><\/a>, Trebellius\u2019u g\u00f6revinden azlettirmek i\u00e7in tribus<\/em>lar\u0131 g\u00f6reve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bundan korkmam\u0131\u015f olan Trebellius, Gabinius\u2019un bunu yapacak olma\u00ads\u0131ndan ziyade bununla sadece g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn korkutulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00add\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, bir m\u00fcddet daha dik durmay\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131 koymay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n on yedi tribus<\/em> \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ya olumlu cevap verdikten sonra, populus<\/em>un onay\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in ge\u00adriye sadece bir tane kalmas\u0131 \u00fczerine[xcvii]<\/sup><\/a>, Trebellius veto<\/em> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden vaz\u00adge\u00e7ti. Niha\u00adyetinde Gabinius b\u00f6ylelikle, korsanlar\u0131n pe\u015fine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesini sa\u011fla\u00adyan yasas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fa\u00adr\u0131ya ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131[xcviii]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Fakat yasan\u0131n tadil edilmesi hususunda giri\u015fimde bulundular.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta zaten, Cornelius\u2019un ilk olarak, hi\u00e7 kimse senatus<\/em> vas\u0131tas\u0131yla yasa\u00adn\u0131n i\u015fle\u00adyi\u015finden muaf tutulmas\u0131n diye bir yasa \u00f6nerisinde bulundu\u011funu, ar\u00add\u0131ndan senatus<\/em>ta topland\u0131klar\u0131 zaman iki y\u00fcz ki\u015fiden az olmamay\u0131[xcix]<\/sup><\/a> y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokmu\u015f oldu\u011funu, en nihayetinde de daha sonra s\u00f6z konusu olay hakk\u0131nda s(enatus) c(onsultum)<\/em> oldu\u00ad\u011funu s\u00f6yledik. Tadil olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 o \u015fey bu\u00addur.<\/p>\n

    E\u011fer C. Cornelius\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe soktu\u011fu bu yasan\u0131n bizzat kendisi engel te\u015fkil etmemi\u015f olsayd\u0131, ayn\u0131 \u015fah\u0131slar<\/em>[c]<\/sup><\/a>, mahkemelerin s\u00f6zde savunucular\u0131n\u0131n<\/em>[ci]<\/sup><\/a> za\u00adten alenen u\u011fra\u015f verdikleri o \u015fey do\u011frultusunda karar verirlerdi<\/em>[cii]<\/sup><\/a>, [yani] se\u00adnatus\u2019un Sulla\u2019n\u0131n mal var\u00adl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine o mahkemenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinden ho\u015fnut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131. Ben praetor iken, bu davay\u0131 bir contio\u2019da farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde savundum<\/em>[ciii]<\/sup><\/a>, mahkemenin daha elveri\u015fli bir ko\u00ad\u015fulda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fim \u00fczere, daha sonra yar\u00adg\u0131\u00e7lar da ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde karar verdiler<\/em>[civ]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Eski zamanlarda hazinede kamu paras\u0131 k\u0131t ol\u00addu\u011fundan do\u00adlay\u0131[cv]<\/sup><\/a>, bunun i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok ve s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00e7areler arand\u0131; bu \u00e7areler aras\u0131nda her bir kimsede arta kalan kamu paras\u0131n\u0131n geri talep edilmesi de vard\u0131. Ancak bu en fazla dictator<\/em>un o\u011flu Cornelius Faustus\u2019a dokunuyordu, [65]<\/strong> \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Sulla bir\u00ad\u00e7ok y\u0131llar boyunca orduya komuta etmi\u015fti ve devleti elinde tutmu\u015ftu, vergi\u00adlerden ve Roma halk\u0131n\u0131n hazinesinden paralar\u0131 \u00fczerine ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Bu durum s\u0131k s\u0131k g\u00fcndeme getiril\u00admi\u015fti, k\u0131smen Sulla taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n n\u00fcfuzundan[cvi]<\/sup><\/a> k\u0131s\u00admen de . . . . . . . . . . . dolay\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k ihmal edildi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc onca y\u0131l ard\u0131ndan bir kimsenin \u00fczerine ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan paran\u0131n, servetin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ve m\u00fclk\u00fcn iadesinin istenmesi haks\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

    Hemen<\/strong><\/p>\n

    H\u00e2lbuki hem zaten bildi\u011finiz i\u00e7i<\/em>n hem de benim konu\u015fmam\u0131n sanki birisini<\/em> mahke\u00admeye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yormu\u015f gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmemesi i\u00e7in, daha \u00f6nceden bir\u00e7ok da\u00advadan ka\u00e7 tanesi\u00adnin ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlatm\u0131yorum.<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u0130lerleyen s\u00fcre\u00e7te devlette s\u00f6z sahibi olacak olan onlar\u0131n delikanl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131ra\u00ads\u0131nda ger\u00ad\u00e7ekle\u015fen Italik Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda, sanki o sava\u015f onlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibi bir\u00e7ok kimse lex Varia<\/em>[cvii]<\/sup><\/a> uyar\u0131nca haks\u0131zca su\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Italiklerin birbiri ard\u0131 s\u0131ra isyan etti\u011fi ha\u00adberi geldi\u011fi zaman, ask\u0131ya alma olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 eline alan senatus<\/em> Italik ayak\u00adlanmas\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00adsince yarg\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmamas\u0131na karar verdi. Onlar\u0131n bu karar\u0131 hal\u00adk\u0131n contio<\/em>lar\u0131nda s\u0131k s\u0131k protesto edilmi\u015fti. Ger\u00e7ekte bu yarg\u0131dan en fazla korkan\u00adlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, o vakit etkin bir \u015fah\u0131s olan, i\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Caesar taraftar\u0131 olan \u00fcnl\u00fc delikanl\u0131 Curio\u2019nun babas\u0131, C. Curio geli\u00adyordu[cviii]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Bir m\u00fcddet sonra<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Cn. Dolabella \u00e7ok sayg\u0131n bir adam olan C. Volcacius\u2019u<\/em>[cix]<\/sup><\/a> ola\u011fan ve g\u00fcndelik bir hak\u00adtan mahrum b\u0131rakmazd\u0131<\/em>[cx]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    O esnada iki tane Cn. Dolabella vard\u0131, bun\u00adlar\u0131n birini C. Caesar di\u011ferini ise M. Scaurus dava etti.<\/p>\n

    [66] <\/strong>En nihayetinde hem hayat tarz\u0131yla hem de sa\u011fduyusuyla onlardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131, dahas\u0131 adalet sergilemede \u00e7ok \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir insan olan L. Sisenna kendi beyannamesi uyar\u0131nca, Cn. Cornelius\u2019un<\/em>[cxi]<\/sup><\/a> m\u00fclklerine sahip olma hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok asil bir soya mensup bir delikanl\u0131 olan, \u00e7ok se\u00e7kin bir erdemle donanm\u0131\u015f P. Scipio\u2019ya vermemezlik et\u00admezdi<\/em>[cxii]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Burada sadece, bu ki\u015finin Roma tarihi yaz\u00adm\u0131\u015f olan L. Sisenna[cxiii]<\/sup><\/a> oldu\u011funu be\u00adlirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n

    Bundan dolay\u0131 Roma halk\u0131 bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lara<\/em>[cxiv]<\/sup><\/a> y\u00f6nelik bir ceza tayin edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece, [se\u00e7imlerdeki] usuls\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yok etmenin hi\u00e7bir \u015fe\u00adkilde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ol\u00admayaca\u011f\u0131 bilgisi tribunus\u2019lar taraf\u0131ndan verildi\u011fi zaman, Cor\u00adne\u00adlius\u2019un bu yasas\u0131 \u00fcze\u00adrine \u0131srar ediyordu, senatus consultum uyar\u0131nca su\u00adnu\u00adlan\u0131<\/em>[cxv]<\/sup><\/a> ise reddediyordu. \u0130ki con\u00adsul designatus\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131na gelen felaket\u00adten<\/em>[cxvi]<\/sup><\/a> tecr\u00fcbe etti\u011fimiz \u00fczere do\u011fru olan\u0131 buydu<\/em> \u2013<\/p>\n

    ve ayn\u0131 olay \u00fczerine bir m\u00fcddet sonra:<\/p>\n

    \u00d6yle ki ko\u015ful ve zaman a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hay\u0131rl\u0131 ve de gerekli, t\u00fcr ve \u00f6rnek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ac\u0131nacak ve de keder verici bu me\u015fhur g\u00f6steriyi izliyoruz<\/em>[cxvii]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Sulla\u2019y\u0131 ve P. Autronius\u2019u i\u015faret ediyor. Cicero\u2019nun bunlar\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u0131rada consul<\/em> olan L. Cotta birini, L. Torquatus ise di\u011ferini [se\u00e7imlerdeki] usuls\u00fcz\u00adl\u00fckle su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n yerine se\u00e7ilmi\u015flerdi[cxviii]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Ne diye ben \u015fimdi sana Phileros diye bir k\u00f6leye sahip ba\u015fka bir Cornelius\u2019un olabile\u00adce\u011fine; Phileros isminin yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funa <\/em>[67]<\/strong> ve hatta Cornelius say\u0131\u00ads\u0131n\u0131n, art\u0131k bir collegium bile olu\u015fturulabilecek kadar \u00e7ok oldu\u011funa dair bel\u00adgelerle cevap vereyim ki<\/em>[cxix]<\/sup><\/a>?<\/em><\/p>\n

    O zaman olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k bir \u015fekilde, kamu denetimi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n fitneci adamlardan kamu i\u00e7in tehlikeli birlikler olu\u015fuyordu: bundan dolay\u0131 birka\u00e7\u0131 ve t\u0131pk\u0131 za\u00adnaatk\u00e2rlar ve hey\u00adkeltra\u015flar gibi devletin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeten belli ba\u015fl\u0131 olanlar\u0131 haricinde, collegium<\/em>lar hem senatus<\/em> consultum <\/em>hem de bir\u00e7ok yasa yo\u00adluyla[cxx]<\/sup><\/a> sonradan yasakland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

    Di\u011fer yandan ey C. Cornelius! Sen, consul\u00fc \u00e7ok \u00e7etin ve de \u00e7ok zor zaman\u0131n \u015fu me\u015fhur \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na ba\u015fvurmaya y\u00f6nelttin: devletin selamet i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131 arzusunu ta\u015f\u0131yanla\u00adr\u0131n, yasan\u0131n kabul edilmesine yard\u0131mlar\u0131 dokunsun<\/em>[cxxi]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Cornelius\u2019un tribunus plebis<\/em> oldu\u011fu o y\u0131lda, C. Piso consul <\/em>idi. Senatus con\u00adsultum<\/em> uyar\u0131nca daha \u00f6ncekinden daha a\u011f\u0131r bir r\u00fc\u015fvet yasas\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi\u011fi ve kaba kuvvet yoluyla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131karan \u00e7ok say\u0131daki da\u011f\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan forum\u00ad<\/em>dan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 at\u0131l\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, Cicero\u2019nun i\u015faret etti\u011fi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulun\u00admu\u015ftu ve yasan\u0131n ge\u00e7iril\u00admesi i\u00e7in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kalabal\u0131k e\u015fli\u011finde geri gel\u00admi\u015fti[cxxii]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Manilius yasas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucunda[cxxiii]<\/sup><\/a> plebs<\/em>in hezimete u\u011fram\u0131\u015f ve terbiye edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu dile getirir:<\/p>\n

    Malum tribunus plebis<\/em>[cxxiv]<\/sup><\/a> taraf\u0131ndan ya\u00adp\u0131lan f\u00fctursuz giri\u015fim y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sizin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinizin<\/em>[cxxv]<\/sup><\/a>, o g\u00fcc\u00fcn telaffuzun\u00addan dahi tamamen yaka silkecek bir noktaya gelebilece\u011fini dillendiriyorlar; bu g\u00fcc\u00fc yap\u0131land\u0131ranlar\u00addan<\/em>[cxxvi]<\/sup><\/a> birisi say\u0131ca \u00e7oklu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapam\u0131yor, di\u011feri ise \u00e7ok uzakta bulunuyor<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Crassus ve Cn. Pompeius\u2019un i\u015faret edildi\u011finin sizin i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyo\u00adrum, bunlardan Crassus o esnada Cornelius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan davada yar\u00adg\u0131\u00e7 sandalye\u00adsinde oturuyordu, Pompeius ise Asia\u2019da Mithradates sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fc\u00adr\u00fct\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

    Bundan dolay\u0131 onlarda, krallar\u0131n s\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden sonraki on alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u0131lda[cxxvii]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a> se\u00e7\u00adkinlerin ezici h\u00e2kimiyeti y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7ekilecekleri, kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na kutsal yasa\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturacak\u00adlar\u0131, <\/em>[68]<\/strong> iki tribunus se\u00e7ecekleri, Anio\u2019nun arkas\u0131nda silah\u00adlanarak yerle\u015fmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mons Sacer tepesini haf\u0131zalara kaz\u0131n\u00admas\u0131 amac\u0131yla kutsal belleyecekleri ka\u00addar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir irade vard\u0131. Nitekim kehanet alametlerine ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131n\u00addan, ertesi y\u0131l comitia curiata ta\u00adraf\u0131ndan tribuni plebis tayin edildi.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Bu noktada Cicero\u2019nun do\u011fru bir ifade kullanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan ziyade, suret yaz\u0131c\u0131\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n hatas\u0131 oldu\u011funu daha fazla dikkate almaya meyilliyim. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bahsini yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu, krallar\u0131n kovulmas\u0131ndan on alt\u0131 y\u0131l sonras\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen o zamanda, plebs<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kendileri i\u00e7in kutsal yasalar\u0131 yeniden in\u015fa et\u00admedi \u2013 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tribunus plebis<\/em> g\u00f6rev\u00adlilerine hen\u00fcz hi\u00e7 sahip olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 \u2013 ter\u00adsine sonra onlar\u0131[cxxviii]<\/sup><\/a> ilk kez olu\u015fturdu. Bu ger\u00ad\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilince, elbette krallar\u0131n ko\u00advulmas\u0131ndan sonraki y\u0131llar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dikkatli bir \u015fe\u00adkilde hesaplad\u0131 ve o olay, A. Verginius Tricostus ile L. Veturius Cicurinus consul<\/em> ol\u00addu\u011fu s\u0131rada ger\u00e7ek\u00adle\u015fti[cxxix]<\/sup><\/a>. Bundan ba\u015fka baz\u0131lar\u0131, Cicero\u2019nun s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi o s\u0131rada iki de\u011fil ter\u00adsine her bir s\u0131n\u0131ftan bir ki\u015fi olmak \u00fczere be\u015f tane tribunus plebis<\/em> atanm\u0131\u015f ol\u00addu\u011funu aktar\u0131yorlar. Yine de Cicero\u2019nun da belirtti\u011fi \u00fczere, ayn\u0131 iki say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 verenler vard\u0131r: bunlar aras\u0131nda Tuditanus, Pomponius Atticus ve ayn\u0131 za\u00admanda hem\u00ad\u015ferimiz Livius [bulunmaktad\u0131r]. Ayn\u0131 Livius ve Tuditanus, o iki ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan bir yasayla g\u00f6\u00adrevda\u015flar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi daha se\u00e7ilmi\u015f oldu\u00ad\u011funu eklerler. \u0130lk \u00f6nce se\u00e7ilen iki ki\u015finin isimlerinin Lucius o\u011flu L. Sicinius Ve\u00adlutus, Gaius o\u011flu L. Albinius Paterculus oldu\u011funu aktar\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

    Tribunus<\/em>luk biriminin ikinci kez hayata ge\u00e7irilmesine[cxxx]<\/sup><\/a> ve decemvir<\/em>lerin im\u00adperium<\/em>u\u00adnun k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131na de\u011finen bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn geri kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 kendisi ta\u00adraf\u0131ndan hem \u00f6zl\u00fc hem de a\u00e7\u0131k bir bi\u00e7imde aktar\u0131l\u0131yor. Sadece, \u00f6zg\u00fcr birey oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 de\u00adcemvir<\/em> i\u00e7erisinden [s\u00f6zde] sahipli\u011fi dikkate alan ile k\u0131z\u0131na y\u00f6nelik b\u00f6yle bir karar\u0131 alan baban\u0131n kim oldu\u011funu ismen vermiyor[cxxxi]<\/sup><\/a>. O malum ki\u015finin me\u015fhur decemvir<\/em> Appius Claudius, gen\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131n babas\u0131n\u0131n ise L. Verginius oldu\u011funa hi\u00e7 ku\u015fku yoktur. Ancak sa\u00addece \u015fu unsur [yani], burada ilk olarak plebs<\/em>in ikinci kez geri \u00e7ekilmesi, bunun ard\u0131n\u00addan bir mutabakata var\u0131lmas\u0131 izah edilmelidir, \u015f\u00f6yle konu\u015fuyor:<\/p>\n

    O vakit, \u00e7ok se\u00e7kin \u00fc\u00e7 insan olan el\u00e7iler taraf\u0131n\u00addan yeminli bir g\u00fcvence veril\u00addikten sonra, <\/em>[69]<\/strong> silahlar\u0131yla Roma\u2019ya y\u00f6\u00adneldi\u00adler<\/em>. Aventinum\u2019da mevzi tuttu\u00adlar; oradan silahlar\u0131yla Capitolium\u2019a y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcler; hi\u00e7bir magistratus olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, pontifex himayesinde on tane tribunus ple\u00adbis tayin ettiler<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    \u0130smini vermedi\u011fi \u00fc\u00e7 el\u00e7i \u015funlard\u0131r: Sp. Tarpeius, C. Iulius, P. Sulpicius, hepsi consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015ftu; pontifex maximus<\/em> ise M. Papirius idi.<\/p>\n

    Daha yak\u0131n zamanlarda \u00e7\u0131kan \u015funlar\u0131 da bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131yorum: Porcius\u2019un ya\u00adsas\u0131yla<\/em>[cxxxii]<\/sup><\/a> en do\u011fal hak olan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ilkesi, Cassius yasas\u0131yla oy verme hakk\u0131 ile g\u00fcc\u00fc yeniden itibar kazand\u0131<\/em>[cxxxiii]<\/sup><\/a>; di\u011fer bir Cassius yasas\u0131 ise halk\u0131n yarg\u0131daki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Oy vermenin g\u00fcc\u00fcne itibar kazand\u0131ran\u0131n lex Cassia<\/em> oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r[cxxxiv]<\/sup><\/a>; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendisi zaten bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce, Cassius\u2019un halk\u0131n oyunu pusula ile gizli kullanma\u00ads\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir yasay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokmu\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi. Halk\u0131n yarg\u0131daki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131ran bir di\u011fer Cassius yasas\u0131n\u0131n hangisi oldu\u011fu sorgulana\u00adbilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u015fudur: <\/em>C. Ma\u00adrius ile C. Flavius consul<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada tribunus plebis<\/em> L(ucius) o\u011flu L. Cassius Longi\u00adnus[cxxxv]<\/sup><\/a>, soylular\u0131n yetkisini azaltmak ad\u0131na bir\u00e7ok yasay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu, bunlar ara\u00ads\u0131nda halk\u0131n su\u00e7lu oldu\u011funa h\u00fck\u00admetti\u011fi, imperium<\/em>unu iptal etti\u011fi bir kimsenin art\u0131k senatus<\/em>ta yer almamas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bir yasa da vard\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n bu yasay\u0131 \u00f6zellikle, iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015f olan ve Cimbri kabilesine kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcreci k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, halk\u0131n imperium<\/em>unu iptal etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu Q. Servilius\u2019a[cxxxvi]<\/sup><\/a> besle\u00addi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

    Soylular hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fuyor:<\/p>\n

    sonra da bunun kendileri taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcler, C. Cotta\u2019ya en az\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman oldular, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o consul iken, tribu\u00adnus plebis makam\u0131n\u0131n belli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fil de, tersine hakk\u0131n\u0131 art\u00adt\u0131rd\u0131. <\/em><\/p>\n

    Hat\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z \u00fczere bu Cotta, tribunus plebis <\/em>olarak g\u00f6rev yapan bir kimsenin, [70]<\/strong> daha sonra ba\u015fka idari g\u00f6rev\u00adlere ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir ya\u00adsay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe soktu[cxxxvii]<\/sup><\/a>: bu Sulla\u2019n\u0131n yasas\u0131yla elle\u00adrinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Lex Aurelia\u2019y\u0131<\/em>[cxxxviii]<\/sup><\/a>, lex Roscia\u2019y\u0131 sadece kabul etmekle kalmay\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda hemen istemekle, o plebs elbette size kar\u015f\u0131 nas\u0131l bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte olacaksa, kendi\u00adsinin bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00adcesine ba\u011fl\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Lex Aurelia<\/em> uyar\u0131nca mah\u00adkemelerdeki juri sena\u00adtor<\/em>lar, equites <\/em>s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve tribuni<\/em> ae\u00adrarii aras\u0131nda payla\u00ad\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. L. Roscius Otho\u2019nun yasas\u0131 ise, iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce[cxxxix]<\/sup><\/a> Roma equi\u00ad<\/em>tes<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na, ti\u00adyatroda ilk on d\u00f6rt s\u0131rada izleme l\u00fctfunun tahsis edilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131[cxl]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Lex Plotia<\/em>[cxli]<\/sup><\/a> yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca senatorlar Roma equites s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131yla birlikte mahke\u00admelerde j\u00fcri \u00fcyesi olarak yer almaya ba\u015flar ba\u015flamaz, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ve de soylu\u00adlar\u0131n \u00e7ok nefret etti\u011fi bir adam olan Cn. Pompeius\u2019un kendi davas\u0131n\u0131 lex Varia uyar\u0131nca yap\u0131lan mai\u00adestas su\u00e7una istinaden savundu\u011funu hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum<\/em>[cxlii]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

    Equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 mahkemelerde ezici bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, Cn. Pom\u00adpeius Strabo ile L. Porcius Cato consul<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada[cxliii]<\/sup><\/a>, Italik Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ikinci y\u0131\u00adl\u0131nda, tribunus plebis<\/em> M. Plautius Silvanus soylular\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla bir yasay\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u00ad\u011fe soktu. Cicero\u2019nun i\u015faret etti\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu yasa \u015fu g\u00fcce sahipti: \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu yasa uyar\u0131nca her bir tribus<\/em> kendi i\u00e7erisinden on be\u015f ki\u015fiyi o y\u0131l i\u00e7e\u00adrisinde mahkeme\u00adlerde j\u00fcri olarak g\u00f6rev yapmak \u00fczere se\u00e7iyordu. Bun\u00adlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda[cxliv]<\/sup><\/a> senator<\/em>lar\u0131n da ve hatta bazen plebs<\/em>in kendi i\u00e7inden de baz\u0131lar\u0131\u00adn\u0131n yer almas\u0131 bu vesileyle oldu.<\/p>\n

    CORNELIUS SAVUNMASI II<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Acaba siz ger\u00e7ekten bunun i\u00e7inde, bu tan\u0131klar\u0131n kimler oldu\u011funa dair ikilem mi ya\u015f\u0131\u00adyorsunuz? Ben size a\u00e7\u0131klayay\u0131m. Geriye, tribunus\u2019luk yetkisine d\u00fc\u015f\u00adman, eski con\u00adsul\u2019lerden iki ki\u015fi kal\u0131yor. Bunlar\u0131 takiben onlar\u0131n birka\u00e7 yardak\u00ad\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ve de otlak\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 gelmektedir<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Lucullus ile M’. Lepidus\u2019u[cxlv]<\/sup><\/a> i\u015faret ediyor. Zaten s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi, consul<\/em> g\u00f6\u00adre\u00advinde bulunmu\u015f be\u015f ki\u015fi Cornelius aleyhine tan\u0131kl\u0131k ettiler: Q. Catulus, Q. Hor\u00adtensius, pontifex maximus<\/em> Q. Metellus Pius, bunlar\u0131 bu ikinci konu\u015fma\u00ads\u0131nda ak\u00adtar\u0131yor ve [71]<\/strong> kendilerinden hen\u00fcz bahsetmedi\u011fi ikisinin \u015fimdi Lu\u00adcullus ve Lepi\u00addus oldu\u011funu i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

    Ama ne? \u00c7ok se\u00e7kin bir babadan, dededen, soydan gelen, \u00e7ok se\u00e7kin bir a\u00addam olan senin day\u0131n\u0131n[cxlvi]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a> tam bir sakinlik i\u00e7inde, soylu deste\u011fiyle[cxlvii]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a>, hi\u00e7bir veto yel\u00adtenmesi ol\u00admadan Roma halk\u0131na teslim etti\u011fine ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfuz<\/em> sahibi ki\u015filer\u00adden olu\u015fan mes\u00adlekda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n elinden g\u00f6revda\u015f rahip se\u00e7me yet\u00adkisini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na<\/em>[cxlviii]<\/sup><\/a> inan\u0131yorum<\/em>.<\/p>\n

    Bunu kimin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ismen belirtmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu noktada kimin an\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair a\u00e7\u0131klama beklenen kimse, Cicero\u2019nun o \u015fah\u0131s hakk\u0131nda yirmi dize kadar \u00f6nce s\u00f6yle\u00admi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015fu \u015feylerden kesinlikle \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir:<\/p>\n

    Ama e\u011fer, \u00e7ok ak\u0131ll\u0131 ve de \u00e7ok insanc\u0131l bir adam olan Q. Catulus\u2019tan[cxlix]<\/strong><\/sup><\/a> dost\u00e7a \u00f6\u011frenmek istesem<\/em>: nihayetinde ikisinden han\u00adgisinin tribunus\u2019lu\u011funa g\u00f6nl\u00fcn daha az elverir, C. Cornelius\u2019unkine mi yoksa \u2013 P. Sulpicius\u2019unkini, L. Saturni\u00adnus\u2019unkini, Gai(us) Gracchus\u2019unkini, Tiberius\u2019unkini dile ge\u00adtirmeyece\u011fim, on\u00ad<\/em>lar\u0131n<\/em>[1]<\/sup><\/a> isyanc\u0131<\/em>[2]<\/sup><\/a> olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri hi\u00e7 kimseyi zikretmeyece\u011fim <\/em>\u2013 tersine ey Q. Catulu<\/em>s \u00e7ok se\u00e7\u00adkin ve vatan\u0131na a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn kendi day\u0131n\u0131nkine mi? Bana bunun i\u00e7in ne cevap verece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsun?<\/em><\/p>\n

    Devam ediyor:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ama ne? Consul olarak hizmet vermi\u015f olan M. Silanus\u2019a, bir tribunus plebis olarak ayn\u0131 Domitius nas\u0131l sald\u0131rd\u0131?<\/em><\/p>\n

    Silanus, Domitius\u2019un tribunus plebis<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapmas\u0131ndan be\u015f y\u0131l \u00f6nce consul<\/em> olmu\u015ftu ve dahas\u0131 kendisi Cimbri\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fekilde idare etmi\u015fti. Bu nedenden dolay\u0131 Do\u00admitius halk nezdinde onu su\u00e7\u00adlad\u0131. Cimbri kavmiyle sava\u015f\u0131 halk\u0131n onay\u0131 olmak\u00ads\u0131z\u0131n icra etmi\u015f olmakla itham edi\u00adli\u00adyordu ve bu durumun da, halk\u0131n o sava\u015ftan dolay\u0131 i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc felaketlerin ba\u015flan\u00adg\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011fu; bunun yan\u0131nda onun hak\u00adk\u0131nda bir de yaz\u0131l\u0131 beyanat verdi. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n Silanus neredeyse tamamen su\u00e7suz bulundu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onun i\u00e7in sadece iki tribus<\/em>, Ser\u00adgia ve Quirina mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verdi.<\/p>\n

    [72]<\/strong> Bu, benim g\u00f6nl\u00fcmden tr(ibunus) pl(ebis) olarak Cn. Domitius\u2019un, Catu\u00adlus\u2019un g\u00f6n\u00adl\u00fcnden ise M. Terpolius\u2019un ge\u00e7ece\u011fi t\u00fcrden bir fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

    Sulla taraf\u0131ndan tribunus <\/em>yetkisinin zay\u0131flat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ve Cn. Pompeius tara\u00adf\u0131ndan yetkinin tekrar eski haline getirilmesinden \u00f6nce, tr<\/em>(ibunus<\/em>) pl<\/em>(ebis<\/em>) olarak g\u00f6\u00adrev yapanlar aras\u0131ndan \u00e7ok adi bir ismin[3]<\/sup><\/a> se\u00e7ilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte o, on iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce[4]<\/sup><\/a> D. Brutus ile Mam. Lepidus consul<\/em> ol\u00addu\u011fu s\u0131rada tr<\/em>(ibunus<\/em>) pl<\/em>(ebis<\/em>) ola\u00adrak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; Cn. Domitius ise, otuz sekiz y\u0131l[5]<\/sup><\/a> \u00f6nce C. Marius ile C. Fimbria\u2019n\u0131n consul<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada tribunus<\/em> ol\u00admu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

    Cornelius, ezici \u00e7o\u011funluktaki oyla su\u00e7suz bulundu[6]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Notlar<\/h3>\n

    [1]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Optimates<\/em> kesimi kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [2]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0130syanc\u0131 olarak Tiberius Gracchus kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [3]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Terpolius kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [4]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 77 y\u0131l\u0131.<\/p>\n

    [5]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C. Marius ile C. Fimbria\u2019n\u0131n consul<\/em> olma zaman\u0131 104 y\u0131l\u0131na tekab\u00fcl etti\u011fi i\u00e7in bir say\u0131m hatas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda davan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 65 y\u0131l\u0131ndan geriye gidildi\u011fi zaman, bunun 39 y\u0131l \u00f6nce oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [6]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Val. Max. 8. 5. 4.<\/p>\n

    [i]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 San\u0131k Cornelius vatana ihanet su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen lex Cornelia de maiestate<\/em> u\u00adyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte maiestas<\/em> kelimesi burada, kelimenin do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan y\u00fccelik <\/em>olarak \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. Davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gere\u00adk\u00e7esini bir g\u00f6revlinin yetkisinin engellenmesi olu\u015fturmakla birlikte, s\u00f6z konusu ki\u015fi ve makam Roma halk\u0131n\u0131 temsil etti\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu eylem Roma halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluyordu. Bu nedenle burada ge\u00e7en y\u00fccelik, Roma halk\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcceli\u011fidir. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak eserin pro Cornelio<\/em> de maiestate<\/em> ismini ta\u015f\u0131yan ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sadece Y\u00fcceli\u011fe Hakaret<\/em> olarak de\u011fil de Roma Halk\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fcceli\u011fine\/B\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne Hakaret<\/em> olarak anlamak daha yerindedir. Bu kelime, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lan \u201cHalk\u0131n\/Milletin \u0130radesi<\/em>\u201d ifadesi do\u011frultusunda, y\u00fcce irade<\/em> olarak da yorumlanabilir.<\/p>\n

    [ii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L. Aurelius Cotta ile L. Manlius Torquatus 65 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olarak hizmette bulun\u00admu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [iii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Burada bahsedilen konu\u015fmalar, edisyonlarda s\u0131ra olarak bu konu\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde yer alan ve Asconius taraf\u0131ndan yorumlanan in Pisonem<\/em>, pro Scauro<\/em> ve pro Mi\u00adlone<\/em> de\u011fildir. Bunlar\u0131n Asconius\u2019un yorumlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak bilinmeyen ba\u015fka konu\u015fmalar oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (bk. Marshall 1985, 4). Bu konu\u015fmadan \u00f6nceki y\u0131ldan bilinen di\u011fer s\u00f6ylevler, pro lege Manilia<\/em> (de imperio Cn. Pompeii<\/em>), pro Cluentio<\/em>, pro C. Fundanio<\/em>, pro C. Manilio<\/em> ve ayr\u0131ca kay\u0131p bir konu\u015fma olan pro Q. Mucio<\/em> isimli konu\u015fmalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [iv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Gaius Calpurnius Piso ile Manius Acilius Glabrio 67 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul <\/em>olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Her ikisi de optimates <\/em>kesimindendir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Cornelius ile fikir birli\u011fi i\u00e7erisinde de\u011fillerdir.<\/p>\n

    [v]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Roma\u2019ya ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131 iletmek ve bu sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aramak \u00fczere gelen eyalet ya da ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 krall\u0131klar\u0131n temsilcileri, huzuruna \u00e7\u0131kacaklar\u0131 senatus<\/em> \u00fcyeleri ile verimli veya yararl\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmek amac\u0131yla onlar\u0131 pahal\u0131 he\u00addiyeler yoluyla cezbetme e\u011filimine sahiptiler. Lakin yerel birimlerin mali durum\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc oldu\u011fu durumda, olu\u015fturulan eyaletlerde ve m\u00fcttefik krallar\u0131n \u00fclke\u00adlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibi olan Romal\u0131 vergi m\u00fcltezimleri ile t\u00fcccarlar, y\u00fcksek faiz kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu temsilcilere bor\u00e7 vermi\u015flerdir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, bor\u00e7 verilen para\u00adlar\u0131n geri \u00f6denemedi\u011fi durumlarda, \u00f6zg\u00fcr olsalar da, temsilciler aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 ki\u00ad\u015filer rehin tutulmu\u015flar, akabindeyse k\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rnek i\u00e7in bk. Diod. 36. 3. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Marshall 1985, 217.<\/p>\n

    [vi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Cornelius\u2019un \u00f6nerisi reddedilmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, benzer bir i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahip farkl\u0131 bir yasa, g\u00f6revda\u015f\u0131 A. Gabinius\u2019un \u00f6nerisiyle ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde veya Gabinius 58 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131nda consul<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulmu\u015ftur. Kr\u015f. Broughton 1952, 145; Gruen 1995, 252.<\/p>\n

    [vii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Bu durum g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re 69 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130li\u015fkileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek ama\u00adc\u0131yla Roma\u2019ya gelen Krete el\u00e7ilerinin senatus<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan geri \u00e7evrilmesi \u00fczerine bk. Diod. 40. 1. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Griffin 1973, 197; Marshall 1985, 218 vd.<\/p>\n

    [viii]<\/a> \u00a0 Gaius Coelius Caldus ile Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 94 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [ix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu metnin \u00e7evirisinde temel edisyon olarak kullan\u0131lan A. C. Clark\u2019\u0131n edisyonunda ge\u00e7en \u201c\u2026 exhauriri provincias usuris;<\/em> providendum ut haberent legati unde pra\u00adesenti die darent<\/em>\u201d ifadesinden sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir anlam \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, bura\u00addaki c\u00fcmlenin bu k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u00e7in Th. Stangl (1912, 47 str. 16-17) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u201c\u2026 exhauriri provincias usuris propter id unum, ut haberent legati unde praesentia munera darent<\/em> \u2026\u201d tamamlama \u00f6nerisi dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [x]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Solutio legibus <\/em>olarak bilinen ve ilgili bir sorun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir kimseye veya kimse\u00adlere dokunulmazl\u0131k yoluyla g\u00fcvence sa\u011flayan bu y\u00f6ntem uyar\u0131nca senatus<\/em>, \u00f6zel\u00adlikle senatus consultum<\/em> yoluyla \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc baz\u0131 konularda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar\u0131n yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 tehlikelerinden ka\u00e7\u0131nmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [xi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Buradaki gelenekten, yasan\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcnden muafiyet sa\u011flayan ilgili senatus con\u00adsultum<\/em>a mevzunun halka dan\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na veya sorulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir ibarenin ek\u00adlenmesi kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [xii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Pompeius kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olmas\u0131yla bilinmektedir ve Gabinius\u2019un korsanlar ile haydutlara kar\u015f\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerle Pompeius\u2019un g\u00f6revlendirilmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nerisine de \u0131srarla kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [xiii]<\/a> \u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca bk. Quint. Inst<\/em>. 4. 4. 8; 5. 13. 25; 7. 3. 35. Benzer say\u0131labilecek \u00f6rnekler \u00fczerine bk. Marshall 1985, 219 vd.<\/p>\n

    [xiv]<\/a> \u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca bk. Cic. Vat<\/em>. 5; Cass. Dio 36. 39. Lintott (1968, 71) Piso\u2019nun tutumu ard\u0131n\u00addan ya\u015fanan karga\u015fadan Cornelius\u2019un sorumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [xv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki bir yasan\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fcnden muaf tutulabilme hakk\u0131n\u0131n elde edilebilmesi i\u00e7in, senatus<\/em>ta iki y\u00fcz ki\u015finin oturuma i\u015ftirak etmesi talep edilirken, s\u00f6z konusu olay\u0131n son s\u00f6z olarak halk\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne gelmesinin istenmesiyle halk\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc onaylanm\u0131\u015f oluyordu. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Gruen 1995. 250 vd.<\/p>\n

    [xvi]<\/a> \u00a0 Daha \u00f6nce contio<\/em>da bu yasan\u0131n ilk halinin veto<\/em> edilmesi ard\u0131ndan halk\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddetli protestolar da \u00f6nerinin bu haliyle yasala\u015fmas\u0131nda rol oynam\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n

    [xvii]<\/a> \u00a0 Kr\u015f. Cass. Dio 36. 40. 1-2. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Gruen 1995, 251; Brennan 2000, 449 vd. Brennan (2000, 464) bu d\u00fczenlemenin eyaletlerde g\u00f6rev yapacak praetor<\/em>lar\u0131 da kapsam\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [xviii]<\/a> Manius Aemilius Lepidus ile Lucius Volcacius Tullus 66 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [xix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Publius ba\u015fsavc\u0131 yani nominis delator<\/em> iken, karde\u015fi subscriptor<\/em> yani ona yard\u0131m eden savc\u0131 konumundayd\u0131. Mahkeme 66 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir ve Cornelius\u2019un bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce tribunus plebis<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131radaki faaliyetletini hedef alm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Metinden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere iki karde\u015fin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu giri\u015fim hayati tehlikeye maruz kalmalar\u0131 nedeniyle ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cicero (Cluent<\/em>. 100; Cic. Brut<\/em>. 270; 271) Staienus isimli birini su\u00e7layan Publius ve Lucius Cominius isminde iki karde\u015ften bahsetmekle birlikte, burada bunlar\u0131n isimleri Publius Cominius ile Gaius Cominius olarak verilmektedir. Bu ki\u015filer equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensupturlar ve Umbria b\u00f6lgesindeki Spoletium yerle\u015fimindendirler. Bk. Gruen 1995, 263.<\/p>\n

    [xx]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Burada bu isim P. Cassius olarak an\u0131lmakla birlikte s\u00f6z konusu \u015fah\u0131s 64 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cicero ile birlikte, consul<\/em> olmak i\u00e7in aday olmu\u015f ancak ba\u015far\u0131 elde edememi\u015f L. Cassius Longinus olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kendisi bir y\u0131l sonra se\u00e7ime kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve Catilina\u2019y\u0131 desteklemi\u015ftir. Catilina ile \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011fu ve onun komplo\u00adsunda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Cic. Cat.<\/em> 3. 9; 3. 14; 3. 16; 3. 25; 4. 13.<\/p>\n

    [xxi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Mahkeme ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n davay\u0131 \u00fcstlendi\u011fi andan itibaren, san\u0131\u011fa mahkemeye haz\u0131r\u00adlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in on g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcre verilmekteydi.<\/p>\n

    [xxii]<\/a> \u00a0 \u00d6zellikle alt tabaka olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131flara mensup ki\u015filerden olu\u015fan, sorun \u00e7\u0131karma konusunda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan ve kendilerine verilen belli bir g\u00f6rev do\u011f\u00adrultusunda hareket eden bu t\u00fcr \u00e7etelerin \u00f6nemli olaylardaki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Cic. Cat.<\/em> 4. 17; Sall. Cat.<\/em> 50; App. civ.<\/em> 2. 4. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re bunlar silahl\u0131 da olabilmektedir. Konu \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Lintott 1968, 76 vd.; Marshall 1985, 223; Crawford 1994, 106.<\/p>\n

    [xxiii]<\/a> Bu consul<\/em>lerin san\u0131k Cornelius\u2019a destek vermeleri, kendilerinin onunla iyi ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde olmalar\u0131ndan ziyade, Cornelius\u2019un Pompeius ile olan yak\u0131n ili\u015fkisinden ve davan\u0131n Cornelius \u00fczerinden Pompeius\u2019u da hedef almas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Consul<\/em>lerin daval\u0131ya s\u00f6z konusu deste\u011fi \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Marshall 1985, 227; Crawford 1994, 105; Seager 2002, 63 vd.<\/p>\n

    [xxiv]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca bk. Crawford 1994, 79 fr. 9; 10; 11.<\/p>\n

    [xxv]<\/a> \u00a0 Maiestas<\/em> kapsam\u0131nda su\u00e7lama bu s\u0131ralarda nadir olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    [xxvi]<\/a> Al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemler sayesinde te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Griffin (1973, 209 dn. 131), 66 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cornelius\u2019un yarg\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn, \u00e7etenin davay\u0131 a\u00e7an Cominius karde\u015fleri \u00f6l\u00fcmle tehdit etmesinde de Manilius\u2019un parma\u011f\u0131 oldu\u00ad\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Kr\u015f. Ramsey 1985, 368 vd.<\/p>\n

    [xxvii]<\/a> 66 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki consul<\/em>ler Cornelius yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada onun taraf\u0131nda yer al\u0131rken, 65 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki consul<\/em>ler daval\u0131 Manilius ve Cornelius tekrar yarg\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada bunlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir tutum izlemi\u015flerdir. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re Catilina ve Piso nedeniyle \u00e7\u0131kabile\u00adcek kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara istinaden mahkemeyi kollayan consul<\/em>lerin senatus<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bk. Cass. Dio 36. 44. 4. Consul<\/em>lerin mahkemeye nezaret etmeleri \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Marshall 1977a, 318 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [xxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00fczerine bk. Crawford 1994, 33 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [xxix]<\/a> \u00a0 Daha \u00f6nce iki karde\u015f bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te yer almas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bu kez Publius Cominius bu eylemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ancak Cicero\u2019nun yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkili savunma (Quint. Inst<\/em>. 8. 3. 2-3) sayesinde amac\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. P. Cominius\u2019un 46 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fa\u00adm\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Bk. Cic. Brut.<\/em> 271.<\/p>\n

    [xxx]<\/a> \u00a0 66 y\u0131l\u0131nda yarat\u0131lan karga\u015fa ortam\u0131 ve tehditler sonucunda Cornelius\u2019un davas\u0131\u00adn\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesinde oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, Manilius da benzer bir y\u00f6ntemi izleyerek davay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek istemi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131 ve davadan da mahk\u00fbmiyet \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 nedeniyle Cornelius, kendisinin ikinci defa yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu tarz bir karga\u015fa ortam\u0131 yaratmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vermemi\u015ftir. Bu tutumundaki \u00f6nemli etmenlerden biri de, y\u00f6netim kademesinde kendisini destekleyecek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar\u0131n olmamas\u0131 ve mevcut ortam\u0131n bu y\u0131l aley\u00adhine d\u00f6nmesidir. Mahkemelerde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ve karga\u015fa\u00adn\u0131n oldu\u011fu durumlarda, davay\u0131 savunan Cicero\u2019nun kendisini rahat hissetmemesi de, bunun nedenlerinden biri olabilir. Bk. Plut. Cic<\/em>. 35. 2-4.<\/p>\n

    [xxxi]<\/a> \u00a0 Verres\u2019in savunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenen ki\u015fidir. 69 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [xxxii]<\/a> Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius, Pompeius ile birlikte Sertorius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 80 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [xxxiii]<\/a> 73 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunan M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, Mithradates\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sava\u015fa komuta eden Lucullus\u2019un karde\u015fidir.<\/p>\n

    [xxxiv]<\/a> Cornelius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 tan\u0131kl\u0131k yapanlar \u00fczerine ve ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Lepidus\u2019un 77 y\u0131l\u0131nda con\u00adsul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015f olan Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus oldu\u011funa dair ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bk. Sumner 1964, 41 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [xxxv]<\/a> Cicero (Vat<\/em>. 5) daha sonralar\u0131 da, eski bir arkada\u015f diye bahsetti\u011fi Cornelius\u2019u sa\u00advunmas\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131karken, onun bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kastederek yasa metnini sadece g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irmek amac\u0131yla okudu\u011funu dile getirerek onun eylemini \u00f6nemsiz bir olay gibi g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kr\u015f. Quint. 5. 13. 25. Cornelius davadan aklan\u00admakla birlikte, Cicero\u2019nun bu a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 Cornelius\u2019un eyleminin su\u00e7 oldu\u011funa i\u015fa\u00adret etmektedir. De\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bk. Marshall 1985, 228.<\/p>\n

    [xxxvi]<\/a> Globulus dava s\u00fcrecinde, eski g\u00f6revda\u015f\u0131 Cornelius taraf\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gruen (1995, 265), Globulus\u2019un bu tutumunun davan\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [xxxvii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mahkemedeki j\u00fcri \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131f yani senatus,<\/em> equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve tribuni aerarii<\/em> temsilcile\u00adrinden olu\u015ftu\u011fu i\u00e7in bunlardan bahsedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [xxxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Plin. epist. <\/em>1. 20. 8.<\/p>\n

    [xxxix]<\/a> Quintus Gallius 67 y\u0131l\u0131nda aedilis, <\/em>65 y\u0131l\u0131nda praetor <\/em>olmu\u015ftur. Gallius praetor<\/em> aday\u0131 iken gladiator<\/em> g\u00f6sterisi d\u00fczenledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, se\u00e7imlerde haks\u0131z rekabetin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek amac\u0131yla yasaklanan su\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u015fledi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle 66 y\u0131l\u0131 ile praetor <\/em>se\u00e7il\u00addi\u011fi 65 y\u0131l\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te dava edilmi\u015f ve kendisi Cicero taraf\u0131ndan savu\u00adnulmu\u015ftur. Kendisi ve yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcreci \u00fczerine bk. Balsdon 1963, 248 vd.; Ram\u00adsey 1980, 496 vdd.; Marshall 1985, 300 vd.; Crawford 1994, 143 vdd.; Lewis 2006, 295.<\/p>\n

    [xl]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Buradaki ifade, edisyonu veya metni haz\u0131rlayan kimselerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklemelere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen k\u00f6\u015feli parantez i\u00e7erisinde verilmekle birlikte s\u00f6z konusu bu ifade Asconius\u2019a aittir.<\/p>\n

    [xli]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 66 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada Pompeius\u2019un do\u011fuda ola\u011fa\u00adn\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerle g\u00f6revlendirilmesini sa\u011flayan C. Manilius kastedilmektedir. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l praetor<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapan Cicero da bu yasay\u0131 savunan bir s\u00f6ylev vermi\u015ftir. Manilius \u00f6zellikle Pompeius ad\u0131na, optimates<\/em> aleyhine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 giri\u015fimlerle opti\u00admates<\/em> kesimin \u00f6nde gelenlerinin d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, 66 y\u0131l\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi dolar dolmaz zimmet su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla dava edilmi\u015ftir. Dava Manilius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, dolayl\u0131 olarak Pompeius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir eylem\u00addir. Bk. Val. Max. 12. 7; Plut. Cic<\/em>. 9. Bu dava, g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresinin dolmas\u0131na birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn kalan Cicero\u2019nun sorumlu oldu\u011fu birimde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dava edilen bir kim\u00adseye normalde savunma s\u00fcresi i\u00e7in on g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir hak tan\u0131nmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, pra\u00ade-tor<\/em> Cicero gerek davan\u0131n kendi g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresi dolmadan g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekse de sa\u00adn\u0131\u011f\u0131n temize \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Manilius\u2019a sadece bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcre tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amac\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Manilius taraftarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tehdit edil\u00admekle ve hesap vermeye \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmakla birlikte, hem bu tutumu hem de san\u0131\u011f\u0131n savunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmesi ard\u0131ndan, bu kez optimates<\/em> kesiminin \u015fiddetli tepkisine maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ve onu d\u00f6nek diye su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Cicero\u2019nun giri\u015fimlerine kar\u015f\u0131n, dava sonraki y\u0131la sarkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cicero sonraki y\u0131l maiestas<\/em> su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla da dava edi\u00adlen Manilius\u2019un savunmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmemi\u015f ve Manilius kendisine isnat edilen su\u00e7\u00adtan mahk\u00fbm olmu\u015ftur. Plut. Cic<\/em>. 9. 4-6; Cass. Dio 36. 44. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Ward 1970, 546 vdd.; Phillips 1970, 595 vdd.; Rawson 1978, 75 vdd.; Crawford 1994, 33 vd.<\/p>\n

    [xlii]<\/a> \u00a0 Manilius\u2019un yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecini ele alan bu anlat\u0131mda Cominius davac\u0131 de\u011fildir. Buradaki davac\u0131 Cn. Minucius oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Cominius\u2019un yarg\u0131 s\u00fcrecinin nas\u0131l oldu\u00ad\u011funu anlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 dile getirilmektedir. Bk. Marshall 1985, 230.<\/p>\n

    [xliii]<\/a> \u00a0 Asconius\u2019un a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Cicero burada kinaye yap\u00admakta ve bu insanlar\u0131n i\u00e7i doldurulmu\u015f korkuluk k\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 kof insanlar oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [xliv]<\/a> \u00a0 Davac\u0131 Metellus\u2019un babas\u0131 ile Curio aras\u0131ndaki husumet bilindi\u011fi i\u00e7in, burada da\u00advan\u0131n iftira boyutunda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir yemin ettirme s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n

    [xlv]<\/a> \u00a0 Gaius Scribonius Curio 76 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olmu\u015f, 75 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 72 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Make\u00addonia Eyaleti valisi olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve 61 y\u0131l\u0131nda censor<\/em> olmu\u015ftur. Gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen 97 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda muhtemelen \u015fahsi sebeplerden dolay\u0131, 98 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olan baba Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos\u2019u dava etmi\u015ftir. Bu metin\u00adden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde olan baba Metellus intikam al\u0131nmas\u0131 ad\u0131na, kendisiyle ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan o\u011ful Metellus\u2019a Curio\u2019yu dava etmesini vasiyet etmi\u015ftir. Curio\u2019nun Makedonia valili\u011finin bitmesiyle Roma\u2019ya d\u00f6nmesi ard\u0131ndan, muhtemelen valilik g\u00f6revinde bulundu\u011fu esnada yapt\u0131klar\u0131na istinaden 72 ile 70 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davayla o\u011ful Metellus bu vasiyeti yerine getir\u00admi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n bir azatl\u0131ya k\u00f6t\u00fc muamelede bulunan Metellus, dava etti\u011fi Curio\u2019nun eline kar\u015f\u0131 bir dava a\u00e7abilme f\u0131rsat\u0131 vermi\u015f ve davas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7mek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7in bk. Marshall 1977b, 87; Gruen 1995, 42; Marshall 1985, 230; Crawford 1994, 102 vd.<\/p>\n

    [xlvi]<\/a> \u00a0 Burada 57 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olan Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos kastedilmektedir. Bu Metellus\u2019un 99 y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [xlvii]<\/a> Cominius kastedilmektedir. C\u00fcmleden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Cicero burada, ken\u00addisine vasiyet edilmesine ve davas\u0131n\u0131n hakl\u0131 gerek\u00e7elere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair iki kez yemin etmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, nas\u0131l Metellus Curio\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lamadan vazge\u00e7\u00adtiyse ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Cornelius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 Cominius\u2019un da yapabilece\u011fini dile getiriyor.<\/p>\n

    [xlviii]<\/a> Burada davac\u0131 taraf\u0131nda yer alanlardan biri de 80 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sulla ile birlikte consul<\/em> olan Q. Metellus Pius\u2019tur. Haliyle Pius, Sulla taraftar\u0131d\u0131r ve Cornelius\u2019un aksine Pompeius kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir politikac\u0131d\u0131r. Cicero g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir n\u00fcfuz sahibi olan Metellus ailesini incitmemek ve davada ak\u0131lc\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler olabilece\u011fini hat\u0131rlatmak ad\u0131na, olay\u0131 y\u00fcz k\u0131zart\u0131c\u0131 bir durum haline getirmeden aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (kr\u015f. Crawford 1994, 103).<\/p>\n

    [xlix]<\/a> \u00a0 Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius 80 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olmu\u015f ve Pompeius\u2019tan \u00f6nce Serto\u00adrius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen m\u00fccadeleye komuta etmi\u015ftir. Bu mahkemede Cornelius kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hareket eden Metellus da budur.<\/p>\n

    [l]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus 69 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olmu\u015ftur. Korsanlara kar\u015f\u0131 elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131ya istinaden Creticus olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fah\u0131slar \u00fczerine bk. Marshall 1977b, 83 vdd.; 1985, 231 vd.<\/p>\n

    [li]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer. 102 y\u0131l\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda do\u011fdu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. 60 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [lii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 57 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olan Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos.<\/p>\n

    [liii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. 143 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olmu\u015ftur. 148 y\u0131l\u0131nda, prae\u00adto<\/em>r<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada Makedonia Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda hak iddia eden Andriskos\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [liv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Q. Caecilius Metellus Baliaricus. 123 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [lv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 98 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olmu\u015ftur. 60 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olan Q. Caecilius Metellus Celer ile kendisiyle ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ve 57 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olan Q. Caecilius Metellus Ne\u00adpos\u2019un babas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [lvi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 S\u00f6z konusu \u015fah\u0131s azat edilmi\u015f olmakla birlikte, stat\u00fcs\u00fc tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan do\u00adlay\u0131, yasa gere\u011fi mahkemede kendisini savunamayacak durumdad\u0131r. Bu nedenle kendisine Curio sahip \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve onun hakk\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [lvii]<\/a> \u00a0 Bu mutabakat daha \u00e7ok, Nepos\u2019un azat edilmi\u015f birini d\u00f6vmesi sonucunda Cu\u00adrio\u2019nun kar\u015f\u0131 bir hamle elde etmi\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [lviii]<\/a> Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [lix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Cominius\u2019un Cornelius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar\u0131ndan birini de bu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. 10 Aral\u0131k 67 tarihinde tribunus plebis <\/em>olan Manilius ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda, azatl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00f6rt tribus<\/em>a kaydolma d\u00fczenlemesini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek bunlar\u0131n otuz be\u015f tribus<\/em>un hepsine, yani kendisini azat eden kimsenin oldu\u011fu tribus<\/em>a kay\u0131t olabilmesini ve sonras\u0131nda bunlar\u0131n oy kullanabilmesini sa\u011flayan bir yasa \u00f6nerisinde bulunmu\u015f ve Compitalia<\/em> s\u0131ras\u0131nda bunun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yasan\u0131n onaylan\u00admas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle bu d\u00fczenlemeye kar\u015f\u0131 ko\u00adyan optimates<\/em> kesimi ile k\u00f6lelerden ve azatl\u0131lardan olu\u00ad\u015fan Manilius taraftarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan \u015fiddet s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00admesi nedeniyle yasa onay\u00adlanmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra yani 66 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n he\u00admen ba\u015flar\u0131nda yeni con\u00adsul<\/em>lerin \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde senatus <\/em>taraf\u0131ndan iptal edilmi\u015ftir. Konu \u00fczerine bk. Cass. Dio 36. 42. 2-3. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Ward 1970, 546; Lott 2004, 49 vd.; Wiseman 2006, 338.<\/p>\n

    [lx]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bauman (1985, 22), \u00fcnl\u00fc hukuk\u00e7u Servius Sulpicius Rufus\u2019un bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, baz\u0131 ka\u00adnun tasar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda Manilius\u2019a ve Cornelius\u2019a yard\u0131m etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u00ad\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [lxi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Azatl\u0131lar\u0131n oy kullanabilmesine y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan di\u011fer giri\u015fimler \u00fczerine bk. Crawford 1994, 106 vd.<\/p>\n

    [lxii]<\/sup><\/a> \u00a0 Yeni vatanda\u015f yap\u0131lan kimselerin ve azatl\u0131lar\u0131n belli tribus<\/em>lar yerine otuz be\u015f tri\u00adbus<\/em>tan herhangi birine, yani vatanda\u015fl\u0131k veren veya azat eden kimsenin tribus<\/em>una kay\u0131t olabilmesini ama\u00e7layan d\u00fczenleme kastedilmektedir. Sulpicius\u2019un giri\u015fim\u00adleri, d\u00fczenlemeleri ve tutumunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi \u00fczerine bk. Broughton 1952, 41; Mitchell 1975, 198 vdd; Marshall 1985, 233; Steel 2013, 91 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [lxiii]<\/sup><\/a> \u00a0 Kr\u015f. Cic. Phil<\/em>. 8. 7. Ancak Cicero (de Or.<\/em> 3. 11) genel olarak Sulpicius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 olum\u00adsuz d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ta\u015f\u0131mamakta ve onu ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki en iyi hatiplerden biri olarak g\u00f6stermektedir (Cic. Har. Resp.<\/em> 41; Brut.<\/em> 201).<\/p>\n

    [lxiv]<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0Publius Sulpicius, 88 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0tribunus plebis<\/em>\u00a0olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada g\u00f6revinin ilk evrelerinde iyi i\u015fler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile getiril\u00admekle birlikte, daha sonras\u0131nda devlet i\u00e7in k\u00f6t\u00fc faaliyetlerde bulundu\u011fu iddia edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6revi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, aleyhine giri\u00ad\u015fimlerde bulundu\u011fu Sulla\u2019y\u0131\u00a0consul<\/em>\u00a0olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Roma\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sulla ise daha sonra toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 orduyla Roma\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015f ve Sulpicius\u2019u g\u00f6revi ba\u00ad\u015f\u0131ndayken \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

    [lxv]<\/a> \u00a0 Manilius 10 Aral\u0131k 67 tarihinde tribunus plebis<\/em> olarak hizmet vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [lxvi]<\/a> \u00a0 Y\u0131l\u0131n sonunda veya yeni y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda kav\u015faklar ve yol a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131 gibi yerlerde Lares Compitales<\/em> onuruna kutlanan bir festivaldir. 67 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki kutlama 29 Aral\u0131k\u2019a denk gelmi\u015ftir. Compitalia<\/em> \u00fczerine bk. Flower 2017, 162 vdd. Zamanlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen bu gibi di\u011fer festivaller \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Co\u015fkun-Abuagla 2016, 19. Bu festivale ka\u00adt\u0131lanlar\u0131n deste\u011fini elde etmek ve yasan\u0131n ge\u00e7mesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u00admamak amac\u0131yla Manilius taraf\u0131ndan yasan\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu g\u00fcn\u00fcn bilin\u00e7li olarak tercih edildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu festival s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir yasa g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fcyor ve onaylanm\u0131yordu. Bu nedenle yasan\u0131n iptal edilmesin\u00addeki etkenlerden birisinin bu oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Bk. Crawford 1994, 108.<\/p>\n

    [lxvii]<\/a> Azatl\u0131lar\u0131n tribus<\/em>lar\u0131n tamam\u0131na kaydolmas\u0131na olanak veren ve onlara oy kul\u00adlanma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yan yasa.<\/p>\n

    [lxviii]<\/a> Bu ifadeden, s\u00f6z konusu praetor<\/em>un Pompeius yanl\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [lxix]<\/a> \u00a0 Pompeius\u2019un do\u011fuda \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rev i\u00e7in bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131 olan Manilius\u2019u aklamak i\u00e7in ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir y\u00f6ntem izleyen Cicero ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta onu savunma ni\u00adyeti ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re bunun i\u00e7in de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bir mutabakata var\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n (Q. Cic. Com. Pet.<\/em> 51), Manilius\u2019un Catilina, Piso ve Crassus gibi ken\u00addisinin d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yla i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7erisine girmesi nedeniyle bu tutumundan vazge\u00e7\u00admi\u015ftir. Konu \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Ward 1970, 556. Metinde ge\u00e7en b\u00fcy\u00fck adamlar \u00fczerine detayl\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in bk. Crawford 1994, 110.<\/p>\n

    [lxxi]<\/a> \u00a0 Gaius Aurelius Cotta. 75 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulundu\u011fu esnada, tribunus plebis<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapan daha \u00f6nceki g\u00f6revlilere se\u00e7im yoluyla gelinen \u00fcst ma\u00adkamlara ula\u015fabilmenin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [lxxii]<\/a> \u00d6zel hukuka y\u00f6nelik bu kanun hakk\u0131nda herhangi bir bilgi mevcut de\u011fildir. Me\u00adtinde he\u00admen alttaki a\u00e7\u0131klamada da i\u015faret edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, s\u00f6z konusu yasa C. Cotta\u2019n\u0131n kar\u00adde\u015fi M. Cotta taraf\u0131ndan 74 y\u0131l\u0131nda iptal edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [lxxiii]<\/a> Lucius Aurelius Cotta mahkemelerdeki j\u00fcri \u00fcyeli\u011fi konusunda senatus<\/em>un \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne 70 y\u0131l\u0131nda praetor<\/em> iken son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [lxxiv]<\/a> Gaius Aurelius Cotta 75, Marcus Aurelius Cotta 74 ve Lucius Aurelius Cotta 65 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu makama eri\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [lxxv]<\/a> 95 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki consul<\/em>ler Lucius Licinius Crassus ve Quintus Mucius Scaevola taraf\u0131n\u00addan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanun Roma vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 illegal bir \u015fekilde alm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n yarg\u0131\u00adlanmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermekteydi. Burada belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, bu d\u00fczenleme m\u00fcttefikler sa\u00adva\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli nedendi. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Tweedie 2012, 123 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [lxxvi]<\/a> Ayr\u0131ca bk. Cic. Balb.<\/em> 54.<\/p>\n

    [lxxvii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sava\u015f d\u00f6rt y\u0131l sonra, yani 91 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [lxxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca bk. Crawford 1996, 13 vdd.; Sandberg 2001, 93.<\/p>\n

    [lxxix]<\/a> 109 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Sava\u015fa komuta eden M. Iunius Si\u00adlanus, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Cimbri kavmi taraf\u0131ndan bozguna u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan dolay\u0131 Domitius Ahenobarbus kendisini dava etmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, davadan bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Silanus ile Ahenobarbus aras\u0131nda, Ahenobarbus\u2019un babas\u0131 ile iyi ili\u015fkiler kurmu\u015f olan Gallia\u2019daki yanda\u015flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc davranmas\u0131 nedeniyle sorun ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu dava s\u0131ras\u0131nda Cornelius\u2019un kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan ve 80 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunan Q. Metellus Pius\u2019un babas\u0131 olan Q. Caecilius Me\u00adtellus Numidicus da ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Numidia kral\u0131 Iugurtha\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sava\u015fa komuta etmi\u015ftir. Marius\u2019u da legatus<\/em>u olarak bu sava\u015fa g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kendisi g\u00f6rev s\u00fc\u00adresinin sonras\u0131nda da s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015fa istinaden Numidicus olarak adland\u0131r\u0131la\u00adrak onurland\u0131r\u0131lmakla birlikte, b\u00f6lgedeki as\u0131l ba\u015far\u0131lar Marius taraf\u0131ndan kazan\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [lxxx]<\/a> \u00a0 91 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em> M. Livius Drusus taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunlar. Kendisi\u00adnin en b\u00fcy\u00fck destek\u00e7isi L. Licinius Crassus\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ard\u0131ndan, tak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tutum\u00addan dolay\u0131 senatus<\/em>un kendisine birden bire deste\u011fini kesmesi veya arka \u00e7\u0131kma\u00admas\u0131 \u00fczerine, consul<\/em> L. Marcius Philippus 91 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda bu kanun\u00adlar\u0131 iptal etmi\u015ftir. Bu yasalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bk. Dart 2014, 88 vdd. Drusus yasalar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadelesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekle birlikte, yasalar\u0131n\u0131n iptal edil\u00admesinden \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bk. Marshall 1985, 243 vd.<\/p>\n

    [lxxxi]<\/a> \u0130stenmeyen yasalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bk. Lintott 1968, 132 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [lxxxii]<\/a> Ambitus<\/em> genellikle r\u00fc\u015fvet olarak alg\u0131lanmakla birlikte bu t\u00fcr yasalar, bir aday\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda r\u00fc\u015fvet vermesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer usul\u00ads\u00fczl\u00fckleri de kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle bu kelime r\u00fc\u015fvet yerine usuls\u00fczl\u00fck \u015fek\u00adlinde \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [lxxxiii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kr\u015f. Cass. Dio 36. 38. 1-2.<\/p>\n

    [lxxxiv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus\u2019un 194 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada, g\u00f6sterilerde ay\u00adr\u0131cal\u0131k da sa\u011flayan iyi konuma sahip oturma yerlerini senator<\/em>lara tahsis eden s\u00f6z konusu bu d\u00fczenlemesinden kendisinin de rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duymas\u0131 kastedilmektedir. Ancak bunun ilk kez ludi Megalenses<\/em> yerine ludi Romani<\/em> s\u0131ras\u0131nda uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 da aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcre\u00e7 ve \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin de\u011ferlendirmesi \u00fczerine bk. von Ungern-Sternberg 2006, 185 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [lxxxv]<\/a> Valerius Antias kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [lxxxvi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scipio\u2019nun o y\u0131l\u0131n censor<\/em>lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ikinci kez princeps senatus<\/em> olarak an\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle kendisinin buna sessiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Bk. Marshall 1985, 247.<\/p>\n

    [lxxxvii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Burada Fenestella\u2019n\u0131n kastedildi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Konu \u00fczerine bk. Marshall 1985, 247. Ancak c\u00fcmleden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Asconius bahsi ge\u00e7en yazardan farkl\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce i\u00e7erisindedir.<\/p>\n

    [lxxxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yasan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme fasl\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k sona erdi\u011finin i\u015faret edilmesi ard\u0131ndan oy hakk\u0131 olmayan insanlar ile oyunu kullanacak ki\u015filere y\u00f6nelik ayr\u0131l\u0131p gitme talebinde bu\u00adlunuldu\u011fu zaman, veto<\/em> olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Taylor 1991, 145 dn. 37).<\/p>\n

    [lxxxix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u00f6z konusu bo\u015fluk i\u00e7in, bir alt paragrafta anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde bir tamamlama \u00f6ne\u00adrisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u2026 quamdiu<\/em> cives nondum in suas quisque tribus suffragii fe\u00adrundi transferuntur \u2026<\/em> Buna g\u00f6re buras\u0131 \u201c\u2026vatanda\u015flar oy vermek \u00fczere kendi tri\u00adbuslar\u0131na hen\u00fcz sevk edilmeden \u00f6nce her bir kimse <\/em>\u2026\u201d olarak \u00e7evrilebilir. De\u011fer\u00adlendirme \u00fczerine bk. Kunkel \u2013 Wittmann 1995, 215 dn. 398.<\/p>\n

    [xc]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Situla<\/em> kelimesinden t\u00fcretilmi\u015f olan sitella<\/em>, \u00f6nerilerin yasala\u015fmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda kura \u00e7ekme amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lan testi, vazo veya kavanoz gibi bir t\u00fcr kap i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan terimdir. S\u00f6z konusu kab\u0131n i\u00e7erisine kura i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda su d\u00f6k\u00fclmekte ve oy kullanacak olan birimin yerini saptamak amac\u0131yla, bunun i\u00e7erisine tribus<\/em>lar\u0131n veya centuria<\/em>lar\u0131n isminin yaz\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu ah\u015fap toplar at\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bunun \u00e7al\u0131n\u00admas\u0131 durumunda oylaman\u0131n durabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir. Bk. Taylor 1991, 75.<\/p>\n

    [xci]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Tasar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi ve kabul edilmesi s\u00fcrecinde yap\u0131labilecek veto<\/em> olanaklar\u0131 \u00fczerine bk. Taylor 1991, 74 vd.<\/p>\n

    [xcii]<\/a> \u00a0 Aulus Gabinius ile Cornelius\u2019un eylemleri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmakta ve Cornelius\u2019un eyle\u00adminin, s\u0131ralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u015fey gelmeyen Aulus Gabinius\u2019un yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan daha kabul edilebilir oldu\u011funu iddia etmektedir. Ay\u00adr\u0131ca bk. Crawford 1994, 120; Arena 2012, 128.<\/p>\n

    [xciii]<\/a> Aulus Gabinius 67 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ilerlemenin kaydedilemedi\u011fi korsanlarla ve haydut\u00adlarla m\u00fccadeleye ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc yetkilerle Pompeius\u2019un atanmas\u0131n\u0131 talep eden bir tasar\u0131 sunmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u0131ralarda Pompeius taraftar\u0131 olmalar\u0131 ikisinin ortak noktas\u0131\u00add\u0131r. Gabinius 58 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [xciv]<\/a> Cornelius ile ayn\u0131 tarihte bu makamda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te senatus<\/em>un \u00e7\u0131\u00adkarlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda hareket eden Trebellius bir di\u011fer tribunus plebis<\/em> L. Roscius Otho ile birlikte Pompeius\u2019un g\u00f6revlendirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onun g\u00f6revlen\u00addirilmesi amac\u0131yla \u00e7ok c\u00fcretk\u00e2r bir tutum izleyen Gabinius\u2019a Trebellius ayn\u0131 \u015fe\u00adkilde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermek istemesine kar\u015f\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu sa\u011flayacak olan on sekizinci tri\u00adbus<\/em> ile tehdit edilmesi sonras\u0131nda kat\u0131 tutumundan vazge\u00e7mek zorunda kal\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [xcv]<\/a> \u00a0 S\u00f6z\u00fcnde durmamas\u0131 \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Cass. Dio 36. 24. 4.<\/p>\n

    [xcvi]<\/a> Tiberius Gracchus\u2019un M. Octavius\u2019u g\u00f6revinden azlettirmesi \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Cic. Mil<\/em>. 72; leg<\/em>. 3. 24.<\/p>\n

    [xcvii]<\/a> B\u00f6yle bir i\u015flemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in otuz be\u015f tribus<\/em>un on sekizinin onay\u0131 ge\u00adrekmekteydi.<\/p>\n

    [xcviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yasan\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi ve kabul edilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bu s\u00fcrecin anlat\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bk. Cass. Dio 36. 30.<\/p>\n

    [xcix]<\/a> \u00a0 Senatus<\/em>ta bir kimsenin yasadan muafiyet elde etmesi ad\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen otu\u00adrumlara kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n elde edilmesi \u00e7ok kolay oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, s\u00f6z konusu karar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesini ve sonras\u0131nda oylanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmak ad\u0131na b\u00f6yle bir y\u00f6ntem izlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [c]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cornelius\u2019un mahk\u00fbm edilmesi i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f veren \u00f6nde gelenler yani Q. Horten\u00adsius, Q. Catulus, Q. Metellus Pius, M. Terentius Varro Lucullus ve Mamercus Ae\u00admilius Lepidus isimli \u015fah\u0131slar kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [ci]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Cornelius\u2019un mahk\u00fbm edilmesi i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f veren ileri gelenler Cornelius\u2019un davas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve mahkemelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, bunlar\u0131n Faustus\u2019un davas\u0131nda mahkemeyi devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmay\u0131 veya dikkate al\u00admamay\u0131 istemeleri ele\u015ftirilmekte ve bu \u015fah\u0131slar tutars\u0131zl\u0131kla su\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. Bk. Marshall 1985, 252.<\/p>\n

    [cii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Cicero, Cornelius\u2019un yasalardan muafiyet veya imtiyaz elde etmeye y\u00f6nelik iki y\u00fcz yeter say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 arayan yeni d\u00fczenlemesinin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fayday\u0131, Faustus Sulla aleyhine dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n engellenemedi\u011fini \u00f6rnek g\u00f6stererek ortaya koymu\u015f\u00adtur. Ayr\u0131ca Cornelius\u2019un bu d\u00fczenlemesiyle, g\u00fc\u00e7 sahibi kimseler taraf\u0131ndan yasa\u00adlara y\u00f6nelik karar alman\u0131n veya yasalar\u0131 yok sayarak imtiyaz elde etmenin eskisi gibi kolay olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir. Konu \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Marshall 1985, 252 vd.; Crawford 1994, 121 vd.; Lewis 2006, 278 vd.<\/p>\n

    [ciii]<\/a> \u00a0 Cicero burada Cornelius\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe soktu\u011fu yasay\u0131, Faustus Sulla \u00fczerinden bir ikilem yaratarak savunmaktad\u0131r. O\u011ful Sulla\u2019n\u0131n dava edilmekten kurtar\u0131lamad\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek Cornelius\u2019un yeni d\u00fczenlemesinin faydal\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunurken, o\u011ful Sulla\u2019n\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 konusunda halk yanl\u0131lar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc be\u00adlirtmektedir. Cicero burada Sulla yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir tutum izlemekte ve ko\u015fullardan do\u00adlay\u0131 Sulla\u2019n\u0131n o esnada yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. As\u00adl\u0131nda ayn\u0131 konuda, halk yanl\u0131lar\u0131 ve optimates<\/em> lehine olabilecek bir tutum izlemesi ne\u00addeniyle, kendi davas\u0131 i\u00e7in de bir yarar elde etmi\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n

    [civ]<\/a> \u00a0 Faustus Sulla bir tribunus plebis<\/em> vas\u0131tas\u0131yla 66 y\u0131l\u0131nda dava edilmi\u015ftir (Cic. Cluent.<\/em> 94). Yeni d\u00fczenlemede bir \u015fah\u0131s ad\u0131na senatus<\/em>ta imtiyaz elde etmek i\u00e7in iki y\u00fcz yeter say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n aranmas\u0131 nedeniyle, Sulla kendisine dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kurtula\u00admam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cicero j\u00fcrinin o s\u0131ralarda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan halk yanl\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan etkilene\u00adbilece\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle, mahkeme \u00f6ncesindeki bir contio<\/em>da Sulla\u2019y\u0131 o esnada yarg\u0131\u00adlaman\u0131n zamanlama a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fru bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Mah\u00adkeme ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi zaman da, dava j\u00fcrisi onun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc dikkate alarak, \u00f6n yar\u00adg\u0131dan uzak durulmas\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davay\u0131 ertelemi\u015ftir. Konu \u00fczerine bk. Marshall 1985, 252 vd. ve 255. Cicero\u2019nun Faustus Sulla\u2019y\u0131 savunmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bk. Crawford 1984, 61 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [cv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Roma\u2019n\u0131n bu esnada s\u00fcrekli sava\u015f halinde olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, say\u0131lar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fe\u00adkilde artan askerlere \u00f6deme yapmak zorunda kalmas\u0131 ve i\u00e7 siyasette ya\u015fanan ik\u00adtidar \u00e7eki\u015fmelerinin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k bunun en \u00f6nemli etkenleridir. Para k\u0131t\u00adl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine bk. Marshall 1985, 254; Lewis 2006, 278 vd.<\/p>\n

    [cvi]<\/a> \u00a0 Zaman\u0131nda Sulla\u2019ya \u00e7ok yak\u0131n olan ve halen n\u00fcfuzunu koruyan kimselerden bah\u00adsedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [cvii]<\/a> \u00a0 90 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapan Q. Varius Severus Hybriada taraf\u0131n\u00addan y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokulmu\u015ftur ve d\u00fczenleme lex Varia de maiestate<\/em> ismiyle bilin\u00admektedir. M\u00fcttefikleri isyana te\u015fvik edip yard\u0131m yapanlar\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 he\u00addef al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yasa kapsam\u0131nda dava edilenler ve h\u00fck\u00fcm giyenler \u00fczerine bk. Broughton 1952, 26 vd.; Marshall 1985, 255 vd. 90 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren bu yasa \u00fczerine bk. Gruen 1965, 59 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [cviii]<\/a> 90 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em>, 81 veya 80 y\u0131l\u0131nda praetor<\/em>, 76 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise consul<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 90 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki g\u00f6revi s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015fledi\u011fi su\u00e7lardan dolay\u0131 yarg\u0131lan\u00admak istenmi\u015ftir. Ancak metinden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [cix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 66 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olan L. Volcacius Tullus\u2019un babas\u0131 olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Konu \u00fczerine bk. Marshall 1985, 260; Crawford 1994, 124.<\/p>\n

    [cx]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 S\u00f6z konusu bu olay Cn. Cornelius Dolabella 81 y\u0131l\u0131nda praetor<\/em> oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada ger\u00ad\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Cicero, Cornelius\u2019un praetor<\/em>lara y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenlemesini kastederek, e\u011fer Cornelius\u2019un d\u00fczenlemesi daha \u00f6nce \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, Dolabella\u2019n\u0131n keyfiyet do\u011frultusunda Volcacius hakk\u0131nda haks\u0131z bir h\u00fck\u00fcm vermemi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirte\u00adrek Cornelius\u2019un d\u00fczenlemesini \u00f6vmektedir. Bk. Crawford 1994, 124.<\/p>\n

    [cxi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Kim oldu\u011fu bilinmiyor.<\/p>\n

    [cxii]<\/a> \u00a0 Cicero, Cornelius\u2019un praetor<\/em>lar\u0131n g\u00f6revlerine ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce ilan ettikleri bil\u00addirilerine sad\u0131k kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7iren d\u00fczenlemesini savunurken, \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir insan oldu\u011funu dile getirmekle birlikte, yine de bir talep sonucunda keyfiyet do\u011f\u00adrul\u00adtusunda karar ve\u00adrebilen Sisenna\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermede bulunmakta ve muhtemelen Cornelius\u2019un azat\u00adl\u0131s\u0131 olan P. Scipio\u2019ya kalan m\u00fclkleri Sisenna\u2019n\u0131n vermemesini ele\u015f\u00adtirmektedir. Konu \u00fczerine bk. Lintott 1977, 184 vd.; Marshall 1985, 260; Crawford 1994, 124.<\/p>\n

    [cxiii]<\/a> Ayn\u0131 zamanda tarih\u00e7i kimli\u011fiyle bilinen L. Cornelius Sisenna, 78 y\u0131l\u0131nda hem prae-tor<\/em> urbanus<\/em> hem de praetor<\/em> peregrinus<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve 67 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pom\u00adpeius komutas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yaparken hastalanmas\u0131 nedeniyle Krete dolaylar\u0131nda hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Kendisi ve eserleri hakk\u0131nda bk. Rawson 1979, 327 vdd.; Brennan 2000, 484.<\/p>\n

    [cxiv]<\/a> Divisores<\/em>: Se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ilgili aday ad\u0131na hareket eden ve se\u00e7im deste\u011fi kazanmak i\u00e7in onun ad\u0131na harcamalarda veya \u00e7e\u015fitli faaliyetlerde bulu\u00adnan ki\u015filerdir.<\/p>\n

    [cxv]<\/a> \u00a0 Calpurnius Piso\u2019nun daha yumu\u015fak oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle benimsenmeyen yasas\u0131 kastedilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Cass. Dio. 36. 39. 1.<\/p>\n

    [cxvi]<\/a> Cicero burada g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, e\u011fer Cornelius\u2019un se\u00e7imlerdeki usuls\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6nle\u00admeye y\u00f6nelik kat\u0131 yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131ksayd\u0131, mevcut adaylar\u0131n kampanyalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda su\u00e7a meyletmeyeceklerini belirtmektedir (bk. Crawford 1994, 125). \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc P. Autro\u00adnius Paetus ile P. Cornelius Sulla 65 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in consul<\/em> se\u00e7ilseler de, daha sonra su\u00e7lu bulunmu\u015flar ve kazand\u0131klar\u0131 consul<\/em> olma hakk\u0131ndan men edilmi\u015flerdir. Her ne kadar adaylar Calpurnius\u2019un d\u00fczenlemesi uyar\u0131nca haklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetseler de, bu durum ilgili soruna y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemede bo\u015fluk oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmek\u00adtedir. Cicero da 64 y\u0131l\u0131nda, consul<\/em> se\u00e7imi \u00f6ncesinde senatus<\/em>ta yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada bu soruna y\u00f6nelik yeni bir yasan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 memnuniyetsizli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yans\u0131tmam\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte (Asc. Tog<\/em>. Cand<\/em>. 79 \/ 88), se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda adaylar ve onlar\u0131n yanda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131labileceklerin \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin yeterince a\u00e7\u0131k saptanmamas\u0131ndan yak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n 63 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise, mevcut yasan\u0131n se\u00e7imler i\u00e7in yeterince a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullar i\u00e7erdi\u011fini belirt\u00admi\u015ftir. Bk. Cic. Mur<\/em>. 46.<\/p>\n

    [cxvii]<\/a> Se\u00e7imle elde etti\u011fi consul<\/em> olma hakk\u0131n\u0131 dava sonucunda kaybeden Sulla\u2019y\u0131 62 y\u0131\u00adl\u0131nda savunmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

    [cxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 65 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7in consul<\/em> se\u00e7ilen P. Autronius Paetus ile P. Cornelius Sulla\u2019n\u0131n se\u00e7im kam\u00adpanyas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda usuls\u00fczl\u00fck yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle kazand\u0131klar\u0131 consul<\/em> olma hak\u00adk\u0131ndan men edilmeleri ard\u0131ndan bunlar\u0131 dava eden di\u011fer adaylar, yani L. Cotta ile L. Torquatus bunlar\u0131n yerine consul<\/em> se\u00e7ilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

    [cxix]<\/a> \u00a0 Bu ismi ta\u015f\u0131yan bir collegium<\/em>un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair de\u011ferlendirmeler \u00fczerine bk. San\u00adtangelo 2007, 96 vdd.<\/p>\n

    [cxx]<\/a> \u00a0 Bu yasalar 64 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonraki d\u00f6nemde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [cxxi]<\/a> Bu s\u00f6z, 133 y\u0131l\u0131nda pontifex maximus<\/em> Publius Scipio Nasica taraf\u0131ndan Tiberius Gracchus\u2019un eylemlerinden dolay\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir. Bk. Val. Max. 3. 2. 17. Kr\u015f. Vell. 2. 3. 1; Plut. Tib<\/em>. Gracch<\/em>. 19. 3. Detayl\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bk. Wiseman 2006, 336 vd. Sadece pontifex maximus<\/em> olmas\u0131na ve resmi bir vazifesi olmama\u00ads\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Nasica, Tiberius Gracchus\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine neden olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

    [cxxii]<\/a> Cornelius\u2019un \u00e7\u0131karmak istedi\u011fi se\u00e7im usuls\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik yasaya istinaden con\u00adsul<\/em> Calpurnius Piso da kendi yasa \u00f6nerisini haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak praetor<\/em> se\u00e7imleri\u00adnin iki kez ertelenmesine neden olan bu yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi esnas\u0131nda, mevcut tasar\u0131n\u0131n kendilerine de dokunmas\u0131 nedeniyle kalabal\u0131k bir divisores<\/em> grubu kaba kuvvet yoluyla kendisine engellemede bulunmu\u015f ve onu forum<\/em>dan kovmu\u015f\u00adtur. Piso daha sonra kalabal\u0131k bir koruma ordusu e\u015fli\u011finde geri gelmi\u015f ve \u00f6nerisi\u00adnin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Konu \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Cass. Dio 36. 38; 36. 39. 1. Piso, consul<\/em> olmay\u0131 mevcut se\u00e7im kampanyas\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir tutum izleyerek ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle se\u00e7im kampanyalar\u0131nda adaylara y\u00f6nelik kat\u0131 kurallar ge\u00adtirmesi, kendi yapt\u0131klar\u0131na tezatl\u0131k olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

    [cxxiii]<\/a> Manilius\u2019un azatl\u0131lar\u0131n oy kullanmas\u0131na dair \u00f6neride bulundu\u011fu yasaya g\u00f6n\u00adderme yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

    [cxxiv]<\/a> Manilius kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [cxxv]<\/a> Mahkemede karar verecek olan j\u00fcri kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [cxxvi]<\/a> Tribunus<\/em> plebis <\/em>biriminin yetkilerinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi kastedilmek\u00adtedir. Konu \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Broughton 1952, 126.<\/p>\n

    [cxxvii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 494 y\u0131l\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [cxxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tribunus plebis<\/em> makam\u0131 kastedilmektedir. S\u00fcre\u00e7 ve bu makam\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fczerine ay\u00adr\u0131ca bk. Cic. leg<\/em>. 3. 19; 3. 20; 3. 21; 3. 22; 3. 23; 3. 24; 3. 25; 3. 26.<\/p>\n

    [cxxix]<\/a> Tribunus<\/em> plebis<\/em> makam\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 kastedilmektedir. A. Verginius Tricos\u00adtus Caeliomontanus ile T. Veturius Geminus Cicurinus 494 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [cxxx]<\/a> 449 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxi]<\/a> Burada antik d\u00f6nemin en ac\u0131kl\u0131 olaylar\u0131n\u0131n bir tanesinden bahsedilmektedir. 449 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu olayda, decemvir<\/em> biriminin n\u00fcfuz sahibi bir \u00fcyesi olan pat\u00adricii s<\/em>\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensup Appius Claudius, Verginia isimli bir k\u0131zdan ho\u015flanmas\u0131na kar\u00ad\u015f\u0131n, ondan a\u015fk\u0131na bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine onun ad\u0131na hareket eden Marcus Claudius isimli bir \u015fah\u0131s, Verginia normalde \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir k\u0131z ve ba\u015fka biriyle ni\u015fanl\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n onun Appius ile evlenmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, fo\u00adrum<\/em>da g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman k\u0131z\u0131 kolundan tutmu\u015f ve kendisinin k\u00f6lesi oldu\u011funu iddia ederek onu al\u0131koymu\u015ftur. Bu olay nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karga\u015fan\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131 so\u00adnucunda, Appius kendisinin ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etti\u011fi duru\u015fmada k\u0131z\u0131n, kendisinin adam\u0131 olan Claudius\u2019ta kalmas\u0131na h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. Plebs<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan bir centurio<\/em> olan baba Verginius k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 geri almak i\u00e7in elinden bir \u015fey gelmeyece\u011fini anlay\u0131nca, k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 kendi eliyle \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan olu\u015fan tepki sonucunda de\u00adcemvir<\/em> birimi kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 100 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir. Eyaletlerde valilerin otoritesini k\u0131s\u0131tlayan yeni ko\u015fullar i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxiii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu yasalarla populus<\/em>a baz\u0131 haklar tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxiv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 137 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em> L. Cassius Longinus Ravilla taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve lex Cassia Tabellaria<\/em> olarak bilinen yasa. Bu kanunla, yarg\u0131lamalarda gizli oy kullan\u00adman\u0131n kapsam\u0131, vatana ihanet su\u00e7u d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131lacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxv]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u00f6z konusu yasa 104 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em> L. Cassius Longinus taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131ka\u00adr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxvi]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u00f6z konusu ki\u015fi 106 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunan Q. Servilius Caepio isimli \u015fah\u0131st\u0131r. 6 Ekim 105 tarihinde, 105 y\u0131l\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda consul<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulu\u00adnan Cn. Mallius Maximus ile birlikte Arausio yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Cimbri<\/em> kavmine kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015fta a\u011f\u0131r bir ma\u011flubiyet alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Caepio\u2019nun, Roma\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcttefiklerinin alt\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 zimmetine ge\u00e7irmekle su\u00e7lanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, 104 veya 103 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribu\u00adnus plebis<\/em> olan C. Norbanus\u2019un giri\u015fimiyle kendisi imperium<\/em> yetkisinden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 ard\u0131ndan hapishaneye g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n 103 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em> L. Reginus sayesinde Smyrna\u2019ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcne giderek \u00f6l\u00fcm ve hapis cezas\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015ftur. Konu \u00fczerine bk. Lintott 2006, 109.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxvii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 75 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em> Gaius Aurelius Cotta taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan d\u00fczenleme. Metinden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, daha \u00f6nce tribunus plebis<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunmu\u015f kimselere daha \u00fcst seviyedeki makamlara se\u00e7im yoluyla ula\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki engel kald\u0131r\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Cass. Dio 36. 38. 2.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mahkemelerde j\u00fcri \u00fcyeli\u011fi konusunda senatus<\/em> \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne son veren ve 70 y\u0131l\u0131nda praetor<\/em> Lucius Aurelius Cotta taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan lex Aurelia Iudiciaria<\/em> isimli d\u00fczenleme.<\/p>\n

    [cxxxix]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu konu\u015fmadan \u00f6nceki iki y\u0131l kastedilmektedir. Tribunus plebis<\/em> L. Roscius Otho taraf\u0131ndan 67 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bk. Iuv. Sat<\/em>. 3. 159; Liv. perioch<\/em>. 99. 2.<\/p>\n

    [cxl]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0 Bu d\u00fczenleme buradan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na eski kazan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n bir iadesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi (Vell. 2. 32. 3; Cic. Mur<\/em>. 40), Otho\u2019nun getirdi\u011fi bir yenilik olarak da de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Bk. Plut. Cic<\/em>. 13. 2-3. Konu \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Marshall 1985, 272.<\/p>\n

    [cxli]<\/a> \u00a0 Lex Plautia iudicaria<\/em> olarak da bilinmektedir. Bu yasa uyar\u0131nca mahkemelerde g\u00f6rev yapan j\u00fcri \u00fcyeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde senator<\/em>lar aras\u0131ndan ve equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda, say\u0131ca daha az olmakla birlikte bazen plebs<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan kimseler de onlarla beraber j\u00fcri \u00fcyesi olarak g\u00f6rev yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nor\u00admalde mahkemelerde senatus<\/em> kesiminin j\u00fcri \u00fcyesi olarak yer almas\u0131na Gaius Gracchus taraf\u0131ndan son verilmi\u015f ve sadece equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bu g\u00f6revi icra etmi\u015ftir. Sulla\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nayak oldu\u011fu bu d\u00fczenleme g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u00f6zellikle publicani<\/em> birimi\u00adnin mahkemelerdeki g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rma amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

    [cxlii]<\/a> Pompeius Strabo, Pompeius Magnus\u2019un babas\u0131d\u0131r. 89 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em>, 88 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise proconsul<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cicero da kariyerine Pompeius Strabo ko\u00admutas\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve aralar\u0131nda \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011f\u0131n oldu\u011fu Pompeius ile ili\u015fki\u00adsini bu s\u0131ralarda kurmu\u015ftur. Badian (1969, 465 vdd.) bu ki\u015finin Pompeius Strabo yerine 90 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapan Cn. Pomponius oldu\u011funu be\u00adlirtmektedir. Asl\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu mahkemenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi y\u0131lda Pompeius Strabo\u2019nun kendisine dokunulmazl\u0131k sa\u011flayan bir g\u00f6revde bulunmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda, Ci\u00adcero\u2019nun Pompeius\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hayranl\u0131k duymas\u0131 ve daha da \u00f6nemlisi Pom\u00adpeius\u2019tan bu s\u0131ralarda consul <\/em>olma yolunda b\u00fcy\u00fck beklentiler i\u00e7erisinde olmas\u0131 dahi, bu ki\u015finin Pompeius Strabo olamayaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en ki\u015fi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r ifadeler kullanan Cicero bu \u00f6rne\u011fi, Cornelius\u2019un davas\u0131 ile benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 nedeniyle vermektedir. Hem s\u00f6z konusu ki\u015fi hem de Cornelius maiestas<\/em> kapsam\u0131nda yarg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cicero burada, nefret edilen bir kimse olmas\u0131na ra\u011f\u00admen, kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k j\u00fcri \u00f6n\u00fcnde yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 sayesinde aklanan ilgili \u015fahs\u0131n durumundan yararlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00fczerine bk. Crawford 1994, 134 vd.<\/p>\n

    [cxliii]<\/a> 89 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul <\/em>olarak g\u00f6revde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [cxliv]<\/a> Mahkemelerdeki j\u00fcri \u00fcyeleri kastedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

    [cxlv]<\/a> Marcus Lucullus ile Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus kastedilmektedir. Bun\u00adlar, ilk mahkeme s\u0131ras\u0131nda tan\u0131k olarak ifadelerini vermemi\u015flerdir. Konu \u00fczerine ayr\u0131ca bk. Crawford 1994, 139.<\/p>\n

    [cxlvi]<\/a> 104 y\u0131l\u0131nda tribunus plebis<\/em> g\u00f6revinde bulunan Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus kaste\u00addilmektedir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle bo\u015falan pontifex <\/em>kurulu veya augur<\/em> \u00fcyeli\u011fine kendisinin al\u0131nmamas\u0131na i\u00e7erleyen Ahenobarbus buna Scaurus\u2019un neden oldu\u00ad\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, Lanuvium\u2019daki Penates k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc kastederek g\u00f6revi s\u0131ra\u00ads\u0131nda dini unsurlara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6revini lay\u0131k\u0131yla icra etmedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle onun yarg\u0131\u00adlanmas\u0131na vesile olmu\u015ftur. Ancak bu giri\u015fiminden sonu\u00e7 alamam\u0131\u015f ve Scaurus \u00e7o\u00ad\u011funlu\u011fun oyuyla aklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [cxlvii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Domitius Ahenobarbus\u2019un soyu plebs<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na dayanmakla birlikte, kendi soyunda consul<\/em> mertebesine ula\u015fan birisi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, soylu olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Plebs<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensup bir kimse consul<\/em> olmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kendi soyundan ge\u00adlecek olanlara \u00f6nemini hi\u00e7 kaybetmeyecek, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir miras b\u0131rak\u00adm\u0131\u015f oluyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc art\u0131k homo novus<\/em> olarak hor g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bu gibi kimselerin soyundan gelenlerin consul<\/em> olabilmesi \u00e7ok daha kolay olmaktayd\u0131. Burada, ken\u00addisi gibi olanlar\u0131n deste\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    [cxlviii]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Di\u011fer dini birimlerde de oldu\u011fu \u00fczere, Domitius Ahenobarbus\u2019un talip oldu\u011fu pontifex<\/em> ya da augur <\/em>biriminden, bir \u00f6l\u00fcm veya ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc farkl\u0131 bir durum ne\u00addeniyle bir \u00fcye bo\u015falmas\u0131 durumunda yeni \u00fcye, ilgili birime \u00fcye di\u011fer rahiplerin karar\u0131yla belirlenmekteydi. Kendisinin durumuna i\u00e7erleyen Domitius, s\u00f6z konusu birime kat\u0131lacak \u00fcyenin halk taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilip atanmas\u0131na olanak veren ve lex Domitia de Sacerdotiis<\/em> olarak bilinen d\u00fczenlemeyi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokmu\u015ftur. Bunun i\u00e7in de on yedi tribus<\/em> yeterliydi. Kendisi, bu yasan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir sonra, yani 103 y\u0131l\u0131nda pontifex<\/em> maximus<\/em> olarak se\u00e7ilmesiyle istedi\u011fini elde etmi\u015ftir. Konu \u00fczerine bk. Beard 1990, 22 vd.; Millar 1998, 91 vd.<\/p>\n

    [cxlix]<\/a> Q. Lutatius Catulus 78 y\u0131l\u0131nda consul<\/em>, 75 y\u0131l\u0131nda censor<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Y\u00fcceli\u011fe Hakaret Davas\u0131nda Cornelius Sa\u00advunmas\u0131. \u00c7ev. M. Oktan. Libri IV (2018) 251-313. DOI: 10.20480\/lbr.201832 QUINTUS ASCONIUS PEDIANUS Y\u00dcCEL\u0130\u011eE HAKARET[i] DAVASINDA CORNELIUS SAVUNMASI \u00a0 [50] Bu konu\u015fmay\u0131 L. Cotta ile L. Torquatus consul iken[ii], \u00f6ncekilerden[iii] son\u00adraki y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. \u00d6ZET Cornelius, ad\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f bir insan olarak ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Cn. Pompe\u00adius\u2019un quaestoru olmu\u015ftu, ard\u0131ndan …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3768,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[128,131],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4072","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2018-en","category-trans-2018-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4072","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4072"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4072\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4082,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4072\/revisions\/4082"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4072"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4072"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}