{"id":4068,"date":"2018-11-16T16:36:11","date_gmt":"2018-11-16T14:36:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0163"},"modified":"2019-01-17T21:10:37","modified_gmt":"2019-01-17T19:10:37","slug":"lbr-0163","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2018-en\/lbr-0163","title":{"rendered":"Orta\u00e7a\u011f T\u00fcccarlar\u0131 ve Bankerleri"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Orta\u00e7a\u011f T\u00fcccarlar\u0131 ve Bankerleri<\/h2>\n

Gizem MUSUL<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:<\/strong> 9786052133248
\nPage:<\/strong> 152
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02018
\nLocation:<\/strong> Ankara
\nPublisher: <\/strong>Do\u011fu Bat\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p><\/div>

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LIBRI<\/em>\u00a0III (2017) 315-318<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2018033
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 15.05.2018 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 13.10.2018
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 16.11.2018
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2018<\/p>\n

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J. Le GOFF, Orta\u00e7a\u011f T\u00fcccarlar\u0131 ve Bankerleri<\/em>. Ankara 2018. Do\u011fu Bat\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 152 sayfa. \u00c7ev. O. Adan\u0131r. ISBN: 9786052133248<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bir geli\u015fim ve de\u011fi\u015fim toplulu\u011fu olan Orta\u00e7a\u011f toplulu\u011fu i\u00e7in di\u011fer alanlarda oldu\u011fu gibi ekonomi alan\u0131nda da geli\u015fim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00f6z konusudur. Feodal toplumun ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlerinde iktisadi hayat olduk\u00e7a az para kullan\u0131m\u0131yla s\u00fcrmekteydi. Orta\u00e7a\u011f ekonomisi adeta bir t\u00fcketim ekonomisiydi. Ancak s\u00fc\u00adrecin ilerlemesi ve uzak mesafelere yap\u0131lan ticaretin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte t\u00fcc\u00adcarl\u0131k, bir meslek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019nda ticaret olgusu y\u00fckselen bir trend haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki, XI. ve XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131llar ara\u00ads\u0131nda Orta\u00e7a\u011f toplumu t\u00fcccar ve bankac\u0131lar \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ek bir ticari devrime tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015ftir. Bu durum da, kentlerin yeniden do\u011fu\u015fu ve demog\u00adrafik anlamda ciddi bir canlanmay\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Orta\u00e7a\u011f T\u00fcccar\u00adlar\u0131 ve Bankerleri<\/em> adl\u0131 bu eserde ticaretin \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6rleri olan t\u00fcccar ve ban\u00adkac\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n mesleki ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131 ile \u00f6zellikle Hristiyan t\u00fcccar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kent ile ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu y\u00f6netim-toplum ve uygarl\u0131k g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak, ticari faaliyetlerdeki pozisyonu \u00fczerinde durulmaktad\u0131r. Esere, \u00e7evirmen O. Ada\u00adn\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u00d6ns\u00f6z<\/em> (11-12)\u2019\u00fc ile ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131 k\u0131\u00adsaca okuyucuya sunulmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca eserin toplumsal tarihin ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a etkilemi\u015f \u00f6zneler \u00fczerinden toplumlar\u0131n ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi zihinsel\/k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini konu ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eserin Giri\u015f<\/em> (13-17) k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kapsam bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7izilmektedir. Co\u011frafya olarak Hristiyan Avrupa ele al\u0131nmakla birlikte Bizansl\u0131 ya da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman t\u00fcccarlara yer verilmeme nedeni olarak ise onlar hakk\u0131nda yeterli bilgiye sahip olunmamas\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmekte ve bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrler has\u0131m k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00adler olarak nitelenmektedir. Di\u011fer yandan yazar, ticaretin co\u011frafi alanlar, uy\u00adgarl\u0131klar ve halklar aras\u0131nda kurulan hayati bir ba\u011f oldu\u011funu da ifade etmek\u00adtedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0D\u00f6rt temel b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan kitab\u0131n birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Mesleki Ya\u015fam<\/em> (19-50) ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda Ticari Devrim<\/em> (19-21), Gezgin T\u00fcccar<\/em> (21-28), Yerle\u015fik T\u00fcccar<\/em> (29-36) ve XIV. ve XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Geli\u015ftirilen Y\u00f6ntemler <\/em>(37-50) alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Burada, XI. ve XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda Orta\u00e7a\u011f Hristiyanl\u0131k d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen ticari devrime yol a\u00e7an \u00f6nemli olaylar devri\u00admin neden-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7erisinde a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca s\u00f6z konusu ticari devrimle ilgili b\u00fct\u00fcn bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin Hristiyanl\u0131k d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgele\u00adrinde ayn\u0131 yo\u011funlu\u011fa sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Zira Avrupa ticareti \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck merkezde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gezgin T\u00fcccar <\/em>(21-18) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendi i\u00e7inde Yollar<\/em>, Nehirler ve Kanallar<\/em>, Deniz Yollar\u0131<\/em> ve Fuarlar <\/em>alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na ay\u00adr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Burada ele al\u0131nan konular ise gezgin t\u00fcccar\u0131n Orta\u00e7a\u011f ticaretin\u00addeki zenginle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k kanallar\u0131n\u0131n bilgisini i\u00e7er\u00admektedir. Orta\u00e7a\u011f t\u00fcccar\u0131 nehir ve kanallardan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yararlanmak\u00adtayd\u0131. Suda y\u00fczen kereste, duba \u015feklinde ta\u015f\u0131nan di\u011fer mallar konusunda ne\u00adhirlerden izin verdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yararlanmaktayd\u0131. Uluslararas\u0131 ticari faaliyet\u00adlerde ise deniz yollar\u0131 Orta\u00e7a\u011f t\u00fcccar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu kanallardan ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayan t\u00fcccar, y\u0131l\u0131n belirli aylar\u0131nda kuru\u00adlan fuar alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131ndan yararlanarak ticari faaliyetlerini geli\u015ftir\u00admek arzusundayd\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan Yerle\u015fik T\u00fcccar<\/em> (29-36) da ise s\u00f6z\u00adle\u015fmeler ve ortakl\u0131klar, t\u00fcccarlar ve siyasi iktidar konular\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Burada, en \u00f6nemli ortakl\u0131k bi\u00e7imi olan commenda<\/em> s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi olarak an\u0131lan ve Cenova\u2019da societas marinas<\/em>, Venedik\u2019te ise collegantia<\/em> olarak bilinen or\u00adtakl\u0131klara de\u011finilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcccarlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin detaylar\u0131na yer verilmektedir. Kitab\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan XIV. ve XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Geli\u015ftirilen Y\u00f6ntemler <\/em>(37-50)\u2019de, ticari faaliyet unsurlar\u0131ndan olan sigorta, senet ve muhasebe konular\u0131 ele al\u0131nmakta; ayr\u0131ca t\u00fcccar kategorileri a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonunda ise \u201cOrta\u00e7a\u011f T\u00fcccar\u0131 Bir Kapitalist midir?<\/em>\u201d sorusuna yan\u0131t verilmektedir. Yazar, Marksist doktrinin sundu\u011fu kesin bir kapitalizmin tan\u0131m\u0131ndan hareketle Or\u00adta\u00e7a\u011fda kapitalizmi reddetmekte ve Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131 prekapitalist<\/em> olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 i\u015flerin d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc para mik\u00adtar\u0131n\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafi ve ekonomik s\u0131n\u0131rlarla ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu ticari ve finansal y\u00f6ntemlerden hareketle ise Orta\u00e7a\u011f t\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131 kapitalist<\/em> olarak de\u011ferlendir\u00admektedir. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm olan Toplumsal Politik \u0130\u015flev T\u00fcccarlar ve Kentler<\/em> (51-79) ise B\u00fcy\u00fck T\u00fcccarlar\u0131n Toplumsal \u0130\u015flevi<\/em> (52-64) ve Ticaret Burjuvazisinin Politik Egemenli\u011fine Dair \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00d6rnekler<\/em> (65-79) olarak iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131k \u015feklinde anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Burada t\u00fcccarlar ve soylular, t\u00fcccarlar ve kentlerde ya\u015fayan halk s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ve t\u00fcccarlar ile k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ili\u015fkileri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Ay\u00adr\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fck burjuva aileleri, prensler ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n da de\u011ferlendirmesi yap\u0131l\u00admaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Dini ve Ahlaki Tav\u0131r<\/em> (80-110) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm ise, Kuramsal Anlamda T\u00fcccarlara Kar\u015f\u0131 Olan Kilise <\/em>(80-85), Uygulamada T\u00fcccarlar ve Kilise<\/em> (86-92), T\u00fcccar Zihniyeti<\/em> (93-96), T\u00fcccar\u0131n Dini<\/em> (97-103) ve Kilisenin T\u00fcccar\u00adlara Kar\u015f\u0131 Olan Tavr\u0131nda G\u00f6r\u00fclen Geli\u015fmeler <\/em>(104-110) olarak be\u015f ayr\u0131 alt ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131k alt\u0131nda detayland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Burada, Orta\u00e7a\u011f t\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fini yaparken kilisenin sergiledi\u011fi tav\u0131r nedeniyle rahats\u0131z oldu\u011fu ve ait oldu\u011fu toplumsal \u00e7evrede k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsendi\u011fi iddias\u0131 s\u0131kl\u0131kla dile getirilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n mahk\u00fbm edilmesi, bunun nedenleri ve tefecilik konular\u0131 ile Hristiyan olan ve olmayan t\u00fcccarlar ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Kuramsal a\u00e7\u0131dan t\u00fcccar kar\u015f\u0131\u00ads\u0131nda olan kilisenin tutumu g\u00fcndelik ya\u015famdaki yakla\u015f\u0131m ile taban tabana z\u0131t\u00adt\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki kilise, \u00e7ok erken tarihlerden itibaren (ilk olarak 1074 y\u0131l\u0131nda Papa VII. Gregoire, Fransa kral\u0131 I. Philippe\u2019nin \u00fclkesine gelen \u0130talyan t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n gasp etti\u011fi mallar\u0131n\u0131 iade etmesini emrederek) t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 korumaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, de facto<\/em> olarak t\u00fcccarlara kar\u015f\u0131 direnmeyen bir kilisenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u00addan s\u00f6z edilmekte; hatta Orta\u00e7a\u011fda kilise ve zengin t\u00fcccarlar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u00adlay\u0131c\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. Ekonomik ve parasal mekanizmalar\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kilise, ticaret ve bankac\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili doktrinleri her ne kadar t\u00fcccar\u0131n lehine olacak \u015fekilde belirlemi\u015f olsa da uygulamada \u00e7aresiz kalan kilise, t\u00fcccar\u0131n kendisini savunabilece\u011fi bir atmosfer de sa\u011fla\u00admaktayd\u0131. Bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta t\u00fcccar\u0131n kendisini savunma bi\u00e7imi de \u00f6rneklerle a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcccar\u0131n zihniyeti konusunda ise onun ticari etik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve toplumsal etkisi detaylar\u0131yla anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yazara g\u00f6re Orta\u00ad\u00e7a\u011f t\u00fcccar\u0131 neredeyse patolojik olarak nitelendirilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir meslek s\u0131rr\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olmu\u015ftur. Ancak t\u00fcm bunlara bakarak Orta\u00e7a\u011f t\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcnyevi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015finde ko\u015ftu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yan\u0131lg\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Tam aksine bu t\u00fcccar, tamamen dine dayal\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 ve uygulamalara boyun e\u011fen bir Orta\u00e7a\u011f toplumu insan\u0131d\u0131r. Bir sonraki alt ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131kta t\u00fcccar\u0131n bu dini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sapk\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131 da de\u011fer\u00adlendirilmektedir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise feodal d\u00f6nem t\u00fcccar\u0131\u00adn\u0131n ekonomik konumu ve politik ili\u015fkileri, kilise ve kapitalizmin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 y\u0131l\u00adlar\u0131nda t\u00fcccar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tutumu, R\u00f6nesans y\u0131llar\u0131nda t\u00fcccar\u0131n ekonomik pozis\u00adyonu gibi konular ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan T\u00fcccar\u0131n Oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Rol<\/em> (111-138) ise kendi i\u00e7inde T\u00fcccarlar ve Laikle\u015fen K\u00fclt\u00fcr<\/em> (111-118), Ticari Mesenlik<\/em> (119-122), Burjuva K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/em> (123-133) ve T\u00fcccarlar ve Kent Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em> (135- 138) olarak d\u00f6rt alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Burada t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n laik okul bilinci, co\u011frafya, tarih, g\u00fcndelik ya\u015fama ait diller ve s\u0131n\u0131f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc gibi konular ile ras\u00adyonel bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya konmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca burjuva k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7erisindeki t\u00fcccar\u0131n mimari ve sanatsal e\u011filimleri ile h\u00fcmanizma anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ele al\u0131nmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Yine bu noktada t\u00fcccar\u0131n kentler \u00fczerindeki etkileri a\u00e7\u0131klanmakta ve \u00f6zellikle Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda devletlerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n daha geni\u015f i\u015f alanlar\u0131na sahip hale gelmelerine dikkat \u00e7ekilmek\u00adtedir. Yani asl\u0131nda Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131n bize kadar ula\u015fan kentsel de\u00adkor i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6rmek gereklili\u011fine vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak kitapta, Orta\u00e7a\u011f ticaretinin ba\u015fat unsuru olan t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n ya\u00ad\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri, dini e\u011filimleri, kent olgusu ve burada t\u00fcccar faaliyetleri ile on\u00adlara bi\u00e7ilen ya da onlar taraf\u0131ndan benimsenen politik roller detaylar\u0131yla ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Ge\u00e7 Orta\u00e7a\u011fda ya\u015fayan Hristiyan t\u00fcccar\u0131n k\u00f6ken sorunu ya da Orta\u00e7a\u011f i\u015f adamlar\u0131n\u0131n toprak sahipli\u011fi ile ilgili sorunlar ile ilgilenmeyen bu eserde Orta\u00e7a\u011f t\u00fcccar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitim, sanat, din ve uygarl\u0131k konular\u0131ndaki ko\u00adnumlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Orta\u00e7a\u011f T\u00fcc\u00adcarlar\u0131 ve Bankerleri<\/em> adl\u0131 bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Orta\u00e7a\u011f ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve bu d\u00f6nem merakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekebilecek nitelikli bir eser olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmakta\u00add\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi
\nAkdeniz Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc,<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Gizem MUSUL (Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r)<\/strong>
\ngizemmusul@akdeniz.edu.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n

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