{"id":4034,"date":"2018-11-16T17:45:55","date_gmt":"2018-11-16T15:45:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0171"},"modified":"2019-01-17T20:32:41","modified_gmt":"2019-01-17T18:32:41","slug":"lbr-0171","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2018-en\/lbr-0171","title":{"rendered":"The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times<\/em><\/h2>\n

Deniz AKDEN\u0130Z<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:<\/strong> 9780691014777
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0246
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a01991
\nLocation:<\/strong> New Jersey
\nPublisher:\u00a0<\/strong>Princeton University Press<\/p><\/div>

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LIBRI<\/em>\u00a0IV (2018) 361-365<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2018041
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 06.10.2018 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 11.11.2018
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 16.11.2018
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2018<\/p>\n

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\"info\"\u00a0\u00a0<\/a>Citation<\/a>
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L . CASSON, The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times. <\/em>New Jersey 1991. Prin\u00adceton University Press, 246 sayfa (4 harita, 7 fig\u00fcr, 54 resim ile birlikte). ISBN: 9780691014777<\/strong><\/p>\n

Akdeniz D\u00fcnyas\u0131 incelenirken \u015f\u00fcphesiz ki co\u011frafyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sacaya\u011f\u0131 olan denizcilik faaliyetlerine de h\u00e2kim olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Akdeniz\u2019in denizcilik tarihi ilk ilkel gemilerden sofistike gemilere, uluslararas\u0131 ticarete, ticaret rotalar\u0131na, deniz sava\u015flar\u0131na, ke\u015fiflere, korsanl\u0131k faaliyetlerine kadar \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir bilgi skalas\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Antik\u00e7a\u011fda denizcilik ve gemiler hakk\u0131nda tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir otorite olan Lionnel CASSON bu anlamda bize doyurucu eserler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Elimizdeki \u201cThe Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Me\u00additerranean in Ancient Times<\/em> \u201d kitab\u0131 da Akdeniz\u2019in denizcilik tarihi konu\u00adsunda en \u00f6nemli eserlerdendir.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n kapsam\u0131 Contents<\/em> (\u0130\u00e7indekiler) k\u0131sm\u0131nda verilmi\u015ftir. Contents b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Illustrations (Maps \u2013 Figures \u2013 Plates) <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kitap\u00adtaki haritalar, \u015fekiller ve foto\u011fraflar liste halinde, kaynaklar belirtilerek veril\u00admi\u015ftir. Preface to the Second Edition<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yazar kitab\u0131n ikinci bas\u0131m\u0131na yeni kan\u0131tlar\u0131n ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda tamamen yeni b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin eklendi\u00ad\u011fini ve baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerin de k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. \u0130kinci bas\u0131ma eklenen foto\u011fraflar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli su alt\u0131 arkeologlar\u0131 George Bass\u2019a, Michael Katzev\u2019e ve John Coates\u2019e te\u015fekk\u00fcr etmi\u015ftir. Preface<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise kitab\u0131 yazmas\u0131n\u0131n as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131 antik d\u00f6nem denizcili\u011fi ile ilgili kaynaklar\u0131n yok denecek kadar az olmas\u0131 olarak belirtmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca kitab\u0131n yaz\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda destek verenlere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 te\u015fekk\u00fcrle bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kitap, Down to the Sea in Ships, International Trade Begins, Excavating Under Water, War on the Sea, Raiders and Traders, The Dawn of Maritime Exploration, Westward Ho!, The Wooden Walls, The Merchants of Athens, Beyon the Pillars of Hercules, The Age of Titans, Landlubbers to Sea Lords, East Meets West, New Light on Ancient Ships and Shipping, The Pirates of Cilicia, Rome Rules the Waves, All Routes Lead to Rome, An End and a Begin\u00adning<\/em> isimli on sekiz b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eserin I. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olan Down to the Sea in Ships <\/em>k\u0131sm\u0131nda insanlar\u0131n kullan\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk primitif y\u00fczen cisimlere ve yap\u0131lma \u015fekillerine, ilk denizcilerin r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmelerine, ilk deniz yolculuklar\u0131na, prehistorik d\u00f6nemde M\u0131\u00ads\u0131r ve Mezopotamya\u2019daki gemi yap\u0131m\u0131 zanaat\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. International Trade Begins<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde uluslararas\u0131 ilk ticari kay\u0131tlar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da oldu\u011fu be\u00adlirtilmi\u015ftir. Mezopotamya, Do\u011fu Akdeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, Girit ve Hellas\u2019daki ticari fa\u00adaliyetlere ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Excavating Under Water<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde deniz arkeolojisinin nas\u0131l ba\u015flay\u0131p geli\u015fti\u011fi anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda George Bass\u2019a, Gelidonya ve Uluburun Bat\u0131klar\u0131\u2019na ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011finilmi\u015f ve \u015fekil\u00adler e\u015fli\u011finde ah\u015fap gemilerin nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. War on the Sea<\/em> b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00fcnde ilk olarak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da firavunlar Sahure ve Thutmose III d\u00f6nemlerinde ordunun deniz yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015f; Fenike, Minos, Myken Uygar\u00adl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve deniz kavimlerinin donanmalar\u0131na ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak yer verilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Homeros\u2019un \u0130lyada ve Odysseia adl\u0131 eserleri baz al\u0131narak d\u00f6nemin de\u00adnizcilik \u00f6zelliklerine ve gemi yap\u0131m tekniklerine ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Raiders and Traders <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Odysseus ve Wenamon\u2019un yolculuklar\u0131 e\u015fli\u00ad\u011finde tacirler ve korsanlarla ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zorluklar anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Wenamon\u2019un yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 1100 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Byblos\u2019a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolculu\u011fa ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011finil\u00admi\u015f ve bu yolculu\u011fun o d\u00f6nemdeki tacirlerin neler ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131na dair \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. The Dawn of Maritime Exploration<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ta\u00admamen Iason ve Argonautlar\u2019a ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ke\u015fif rotas\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Ia\u00adson\u2019un ke\u015fif seyahatinin yeni yerleri ke\u015ffetme konusunda bildi\u011fimiz ilk seya\u00adhat oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Eserin Westward HO! <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde denizcilerin bildikleri ve h\u00e2kim olduklar\u0131 denizleri arkalar\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131p pruvalar\u0131n\u0131 me\u00e7hul sulara a\u00e7malar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme vurgu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda Eski Yunan ve Fenike ke\u015fif ve koloni hareketlerine de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Yazar bu d\u00f6nemdeki ke\u015fif hareketleri ile XV.-XVI. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki ke\u015fifler aras\u0131ndaki benzerliklere de vurgu yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6\u00adnemde ya\u015fanan co\u011frafya ve kartografya alanlar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fmelere de de\u011finil\u00admi\u015ftir. Yine bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde d\u00f6nemin gemileri, gemi yap\u0131m teknikleri, ticari re\u00adkabet ve donanma g\u00fc\u00e7leri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. The Wooden Walls <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde M\u00d6 V. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde ba\u015flayan Pers-Hellen Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve Peloponnessos Sava\u015f\u0131 ekseninde gemilerin \u00f6zelliklerine, ge\u00e7irdikleri de\u011fi\u015fim\u00adlere, m\u00fcrettebat say\u0131lar\u0131na ve donanmalar\u0131n sava\u015f taktiklerine de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. The Merchants of Athens<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde k\u00f6lelikten b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015f adam\u0131na evrilen Pasion\u2019un ve yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 Demosthenes\u2019in hik\u00e2yeleri ekseninde d\u00f6nemin Atinas\u0131 tacirler ve deniz ticareti perspektifinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hik\u00e2yeler anlat\u0131l\u0131rken taraflar aras\u0131 kontratlar, gemi envanteri, rotalar da be\u00adlirtilmi\u015ftir. Beyon the Pillars of Hercules <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019nde Iason\u2019un Karadeniz\u2019e ve Fenikelilerin \u0130spanya\u2019ya gidi\u015flerinden sonra ke\u015fif hareketlerinin bir s\u00fcre dur\u00addu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. Firavun Necho\u2019nun Fenikeli Denizcilere yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sefer ile Satapes\u2019in ve Hanno\u2019nun Herakles S\u00fctunlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6tesine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 geziler t\u00fcm ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Pytheas\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ke\u015fiflerin ise (7000-7500 Mil) Vasco de Gama ve Christophe Colomb d\u00f6nemlerine kadar yap\u0131lan en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en \u00f6nemli ke\u015fifler oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. Fakat onun ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n iz\u00adlenmedi\u011fi, Kartacal\u0131lar\u0131n Gibraltar\u2019\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Atlas Okyanusu\u2019ndaki yeni ke\u00ad\u015fiflere yol a\u00e7mayacak \u015fekilde kapatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. The Age of Titans <\/em>b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00fc B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender ve Hellenistik D\u00f6nem denizcili\u011fi ile ilgilidir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde gemi say\u0131lar\u0131, gemi m\u00fcrettebat\u0131 ve g\u00f6revleri, d\u00f6nemin gemi yap\u0131m teknikleri verilmi\u015ftir. Parlak bir stratejist olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00e7ok yetenekli bir gemi ta\u00adsar\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olan Demetrius\u2019un gemi yap\u0131m\u0131na katk\u0131lar\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender sonras\u0131 Hellenistik D\u00f6nem krall\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n donanma g\u00fc\u00e7leri a\u00e7\u0131klan\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Denizcilikten uzak Romal\u0131lar\u0131n denizlerin h\u00e2kimi konumuna gelme s\u00fc\u00adreci Landlubbers to Sea Lords<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk ba\u015flarda denizleri Etr\u00fcsklere, Hellenlere ve korsanlara b\u0131rakan Romal\u0131lar\u0131n M\u00d6 311 y\u0131l\u0131ndan iti\u00adbaren deniz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemini fark ederek bu anlamda geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rodos ile ili\u015fkiler ve Kartaca Sava\u015flar\u0131 ekseninde Roma donan\u00admas\u0131n\u0131n ve denizcili\u011finin geli\u015fimi mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

East Meets West<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6zellikle papir\u00fcs dok\u00fcmanlar\u0131 baz al\u0131narak Hellenistik D\u00f6nem ticaretinin karakteristik \u00f6zellikleri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6\u00adnemde komplike hale gelen ve olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fmi\u015f bir boyuta ula\u015fan deniz tica\u00adreti -limanlar, gemiler ve \u00f6zellikleri, rotalar, ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar- ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. New Light on Ancient Ships and Shipping<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde dal\u0131\u015f tekno\u00adlojisindeki geli\u015fmelerin denizcilik tarihi konusunda yepyeni bilgiler edinme\u00admizi sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Amphoralarla ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgiler verilmi\u015f ve amphora stillerinin tarih-yer konular\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 verdikleri belir\u00adtilmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131klar\u0131n denizcilik tarihine ili\u015fkin hayati bilgilere sahip olmam\u0131za neden olduklar\u0131 iddia edilmi\u015f, ancak arkeologlar\u0131n bu alanda ya\u011fmac\u0131lardan h\u0131zl\u0131 davranmak i\u00e7in de \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdikleri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. The Pirates of Cilicia <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6nce Homeros\u2019un Odysseia adl\u0131 eserinden al\u0131nt\u0131yla korsanl\u0131k al\u00adg\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015f ve korsanl\u0131k alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fse de korsan\u00adl\u0131k faaliyetlerinin hep devam etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Akdeniz\u2019de en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ve kor\u00adkun\u00e7 korsanl\u0131k faaliyetlerinin ise Kilikia korsanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtil\u00admi\u015ftir. M\u00d6 70 y\u0131l\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce en \u015fiddetli boyutuna ula\u015fan korsan\u00adl\u0131k faaliyetleri ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n korsanlarla olan m\u00fccadelesi anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rome Rules the Waves <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde M\u00d6 I. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Roma\u2019n\u0131n Akdeniz\u2019deki tam h\u00e2ki\u00admiyeti ve Actium Sava\u015f\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Roma \u0130mparator\u00adlu\u011fu\u2019nun gemi yap\u0131m teknikleri resimler e\u015fli\u011finde verilmi\u015f; donanma g\u00fcc\u00fc, gemi \u00e7e\u015fitleri ve say\u0131lar\u0131, deniz ticareti ve mallar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. All Routes Lead to Rome <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Petronius\u2019un \u201cSatyricon\u201d adl\u0131 eserinden al\u0131nt\u0131yla MS I. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Roma\u2019da deniz ticaretinin zenginlik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Afrika\u2019dan, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan, Gibraltar\u2019dan, \u0130s\u00adpanya\u2019dan, Fransa\u2019dan, Asia Minor\u2019dan, \u00c7in\u2019den, Ege Adalar\u0131\u2019ndan, Arap Ya\u00adr\u0131madas\u0131\u2019ndan, Hindistan\u2019dan, Yunanistan\u2019dan, Sicilya\u2019dan, Suriye\u2019den gelen tah\u0131l, bal\u0131k, zeytinya\u011f\u0131, \u015farap, \u00e7anak-tava, y\u00fcn, de\u011ferli ta\u015flar-inciler, kokular, baharat, bal, mermer gibi bir\u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fkente deniz ticareti yoluyla akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n sosyal-politik-ekonomik y\u00f6neticilerini tatmin etti\u011fi belir\u00adtilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6nem kazanan limanlara ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. MS 330 y\u0131l\u0131nda imparator Constantinus\u2019un \u0130stanbul\u2019u ba\u015fkent yapmas\u0131yla bu \u015fehrin ticaret gemilerinin en \u00f6nemli rotalar\u0131ndan biri olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 be\u00adlirtilmi\u015ftir. An End and a Beginning <\/em>b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6nce MS 395 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ve MS 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparator\u00adlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Akdeniz\u2019deki etkileri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Araplar\u0131n Suriye, M\u0131s\u0131r ve t\u00fcm Kuzey Afrika\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmelerinin deniz ticaretine etkileri a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Araplar taraf\u0131ndan fethinin Nil\u2019in \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin Akdeniz \u00fczerinden Avrupa yerine Mekke ve Medine\u2019ye gitmesine neden oldu\u011fu be\u00adlirtilmi\u015ftir. Pusula, geli\u015fmi\u015f d\u00fcmenler, alev makineleri gibi bir\u00e7ok yenili\u011fin de\u00adnizcilik teknolojisinde kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile antik\u00e7a\u011f denizcili\u011finin sona erdi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kitap denizcilikle ilgili \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131n kronolojik olarak verildi\u011fi Table of Dates,<\/em> ba\u015fvurulan kaynaklar\u0131n yer adl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Notes<\/em> ve ki\u015fi ile yer adlar\u0131n\u0131n yer al\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 Index<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri ile sona ermektedir.<\/p>\n

Eser Antik\u00e7a\u011fdenizcili\u011fi ile ilgili akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapanlar kadar bu alana ilgi duyan merakl\u0131 okuyucu i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli bir ba\u015fvuru kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. L. Casson en erken d\u00f6nemden ba\u015flayarak Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun sona erdi\u011fi tarihe kadar antik\u00e7a\u011fda denizlerde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f geli\u015fmelere dair \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bil\u00adgiler vermektedir. Ticaret gemilerinin basit botlardan nas\u0131l binlerce ton y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131yan devasa gemilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcklerini, sava\u015f gemilerinin nas\u0131l y\u00fczlerce de\u00adnizci ve a\u011f\u0131r silahlar ta\u015f\u0131yan komplike gemilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcklerini ve deniz tica\u00adretinin k\u0131sa mesafelerden nas\u0131l \u0130spanya’dan Hindistan’a ula\u015fan i\u015flek bir a\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc resimler ve haritalar e\u015fli\u011finde a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi
\nAkdeniz Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Deniz AKDEN\u0130Z<\/strong>
\naraf.akdeniz@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

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