{"id":4030,"date":"2018-11-16T17:52:12","date_gmt":"2018-11-16T15:52:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0172"},"modified":"2019-01-17T20:33:21","modified_gmt":"2019-01-17T18:33:21","slug":"lbr-0172","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2018-en\/lbr-0172","title":{"rendered":"M.\u00d6. 1177 Medeniyetin \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Y\u0131l"},"content":{"rendered":"
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M.\u00d6. 1177 Medeniyetin \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Y\u0131l<\/em><\/h2>\n

Yusuf KILI\u00c7<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:<\/strong> 9786059521680
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0270
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02018
\nLocation:<\/strong> \u0130stanbul
\nPublisher:\u00a0<\/strong>Bilge K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p><\/div>

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LIBRI<\/em>\u00a0IV (2018) 367-376<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2018042
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 14.10.2018 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 02.11.2018
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 16.11.2018
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2018<\/p>\n

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\"references\"\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0View PDF<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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E. H. CLINE, M.\u00d6. 1177 Medeniyetin \u00c7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Y\u0131l<\/em>. \u0130stanbul 2018. Bilge K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 270 sayfa. \u00c7ev. A. Kuglin. ISBN: 9786059521680<\/strong><\/p>\n

Eric H. Cline bu eserde; Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunu getiren olaylar \u00fczerine uzun zamand\u0131r s\u00fcren tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 derleyerek kendi yorumunu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Ay\u015feg\u00fcl Kuglin taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ngilizce\u2019den \u00e7evrilen (eserin orijinal ismi: 1177 B.C. The Year Civilization Collapsed<\/em>) ve 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda bas\u0131lan kitap, \u015f\u00fcphesiz tarih ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 ve merakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fucunda yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazar\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede bir\u00e7ok \u00f6d\u00fcl alan[1]<\/sup><\/a>, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar temelinde haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 kronolojik d\u00fczen i\u00e7erisinde okuyucuya sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitap, I. Perde. Silahlar ve \u0130nsan: M\u00d6 On Be\u015finci Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/em> (19-54), II. Perde. Hat\u0131rlanacak Bir Ege Meselesi: M\u00d6 On D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/em> (55-88), III. Perde. Tanr\u0131lar ve Vatan \u0130\u00e7in Sava\u015f\u0131rken: M\u00d6 On \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/em> (89-122), IV. Perde. Bir D\u00f6nemin Sonu: M\u00d6 On \u0130kinci Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/em> (123-170) ve Kusursuz Bir Facialar F\u0131r\u00adt\u0131nas\u0131<\/em> (171-210) olmak \u00fczere toplam be\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Kitaba b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcmler haricinde eklenen \u00d6ndeyi\u015f<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda konu hakk\u0131nda genel bilgi verilir\u00adken, Sondeyi\u015f<\/em> k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise sunulan veriler yazar taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendiril\u00admektedir. Ayr\u0131ca yazar, anlat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 canl\u0131 tutmak ve verilerin kolay anla\u015f\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in b\u00f6l\u00fcmler i\u00e7erisinde alt ba\u015fl\u0131k kullan\u0131m\u0131na olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem vermektedir. Kitapta toplam 42 adet alt ba\u015fl\u0131k bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n giri\u015finde yer alan G\u00f6rsel Listesi<\/em>, \u00d6ns\u00f6z<\/em> ve Te\u015fekk\u00fcrler\u2019den<\/em> sonra \u00d6n\u00addeyi\u015f<\/em> olarak Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc: M.\u00d6. 1177<\/em> (1-18) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, kitap i\u00e7erisinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Deniz Kavimleri hakk\u0131ndaki yorumlar ve sorular ir\u00addelenmek\u00adtedir. Yazar, konuyla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilecek kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve elde edilen veriler \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan yorumlara yer vererek okuyucunun konu hak\u00adk\u0131nda fikir sahibi ol\u00admas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bunu yaparken sadece kendi yo\u00adrumlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyma\u00admakta, okuyucular\u0131n kendi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla yorumlaya\u00adbilmesi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm fi\u00adkirleri belirtmektedir. Genel olarak, II. Ramses\u2019in yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en Hititler, Mi\u00adkenler, Kenanl\u0131lar ve K\u0131br\u0131sl\u0131lar\u0131n Deniz Kavim\u00adleri\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 durumundan ve M\u0131s\u0131r \u00e7evresinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaylardan bah\u00adsetmektedir. Deniz Kavimleri\u2019ni iki kez ye\u00adnen M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n sava\u015flar sonras\u0131ndaki durumunu anlatan yazar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r ve Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu krallar\u0131n\u0131n kronolojik olarak s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda b\u00f6lgedeki yerle\u015fim\u00adlerin olas\u0131 isimlerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tablolar\u0131 eklemesi, d\u00f6nemin daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Yazar, tarih\u00e7i F. Braudel\u2019in \u00f6nerilerini[2]<\/sup><\/a> dikkate al\u0131p kitab\u0131n\u0131 perde\u00adlerden olu\u015fan bir oyun gibi sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Perde. Silahlar ve \u0130nsan: M\u00d6 On Be\u015finci Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/em> (19-54) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda in\u00adcelenen birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, toplam 13 alt ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn giri\u015finde, M\u00d6 XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Nil Deltas\u0131 ve \u00e7evresinde in\u015fa edilen saraylardan bahsedilmektedir. Hiksoslar\u0131 An\u0131msamak<\/em> (20-23) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Kenan y\u00f6re\u00adsinden (\u0130srail, L\u00fcbnan, Suriye ve \u00dcrd\u00fcn) gelmi\u015f Samilerden s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Hiksoslar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgali ve bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmesi i\u00e7in sahip olduklar\u0131 as\u00adkeri teknik ve donan\u0131m\u0131 anlatan yazar, Hiksoslar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kovul\u00admas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda Yeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131na da de\u00ad\u011finmektedir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f: Mezopotamya ve Minoslular <\/em>(23-25) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u00adt\u0131nda, arkeolojik veriler kaynak g\u00f6sterilerek Minos ile Mezopotamya k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00adleri aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fim ortaya konulmaktad\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcphesiz M\u00d6 ikinci bin y\u0131l Ya\u00adk\u0131ndo\u011fusu\u2019nda ticari ili\u015fkilerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hediye al\u0131\u015f veri\u015finin de olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Minoslu\u2019lar\u0131n Ke\u015ffi ve Genel Bir Bak\u0131\u015f<\/em> (26-29) olarak ayr\u0131lan alt ba\u015fl\u0131k, Mikenler taraf\u0131ndan istila edilinceye kadar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir uygarl\u0131k olarak geli\u015fen Minos Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecini anlatmak i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f (29-33) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Akde\u00adniz\u2019de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen ticaret ve buraya kadar bahsedilen ticari mallar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n zorlu\u011fu anlat\u0131larak, d\u00f6nemin siyasi ve ticari ili\u015fkileri hakk\u0131ndaki bilinmezliklerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in arkeolojik buluntular\u0131n \u00f6neminden bahsedil\u00admektedir. Hat\u015fepsut ve III. Thutmose <\/em>(33-36) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Hat\u015fepsut\u2019un e\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde veliaht olan o\u011flunun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015fta olu\u015fu sebebiyle tahta ge\u00e7i\u015fi ve sonras\u0131nda devretmek istemeyi\u015fi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Y\u00f6netimde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda firavunlara \u00f6zg\u00fc rit\u00fcelleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek erkek bir firavun gibi ya\u00ad\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve kula\u011fa daha erkeksi gelmesi i\u00e7in ad\u0131n\u0131n sonundaki \u201ct\u201d harfini kald\u0131rmas\u0131ndan bahsedilmektedir. Megiddo Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda M\u0131s\u0131r ve Kenan, M.\u00d6. 1479<\/em> (36-38) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, III. Thutmose\u2019nin tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda geli\u00ad\u015fen s\u00fcre\u00e7 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Y\u0131llard\u0131r onun yerine h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Hat\u015fepsut\u2019un heykellerini kald\u0131rt\u0131p isimlerini sildirerek bir nevi Roma D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan Damnatio Memoriae<\/em> uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Ayr\u0131ca bu ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda, III. Thutmose\u2019nin yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu sava\u015flar ve bunlardan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken dersler \u00f6rneklerle anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r ve Mitanni<\/em> (39-40) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, III. Thutmose\u2019nin atalar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131m b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferleri tamamlamaya giri\u015fmesi, elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131lar ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n Mitanni ve Asurlularla olan ili\u015fkileri incelenmektedir. Anadolu\u2019daki Assuva \u0130syan\u0131<\/em> (40-42) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Anadolu arkeolojisi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir olay olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n pek fazla ki\u015finin haberdar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Assuva \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi ve \u00f6nemi anlat\u0131l\u00admaktad\u0131r. Ara S\u00f6z: Hitilerin Ke\u015ffi ve Genel Bir Bak\u0131\u015f<\/em> (42-45) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Hititlerin tarih sahnesinde ge\u00e7irdikleri s\u00fcrece yer verilmektedir. Yazar tara\u00adf\u0131ndan \u0130ncil\u2019de yaz\u0131lanlar ile bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmakta ve kutsal ki\u00adtapta yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131n sorgulanmas\u0131yla genel bir yorum ortaya konmaktad\u0131r. As\u00adsuva \u0130syan\u0131 ve Ahhiyava Sorunu<\/em> (45-48) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yukar\u0131da de\u011finilen Assuva \u0130syan\u0131 daha detayl\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Yazar, Assuva \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015f\u00adtiren kentlerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, k\u0131tam\u0131z\u0131n \u201cAsya\u201d olarak adlan\u00add\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla etkisinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn geri kala\u00adn\u0131nda, ele ge\u00e7en tabletlerde bu isyandan bahsedilen k\u0131s\u0131mlar aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Mikenlerin Ke\u015ffi ve Genel Bir Bak\u0131\u015f<\/em> (48-51) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Miken Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fiminden bahsedilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca H. Schliemann\u2019\u0131n yap\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaz\u0131lar ele\u015ftirel g\u00f6zle ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Yazar, Miken Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine hala s\u00fcren tart\u0131\u015fmalara a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Erken Bir Truva Sa\u00adva\u015f\u0131 m\u0131?<\/em> (51-53) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Truva Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan yakla\u015f\u0131k 200 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Assuva \u0130syan\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta ve ele ge\u00e7en buluntular\u0131n birbiriyle ili\u015fkisi irdelenmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca yazar, Homeros\u2019un \u0130lyadas\u0131\u2019nda ge\u00ad\u00e7en Truva Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla ilgili detaylar\u0131 da burada de\u011ferlendirmektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Sonu\u00e7 ve Tespitler<\/em> (53-54) ile yazar, M\u00d6 XV. y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen siyasi ve askeri m\u00fccadeleleri bir sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fanan k\u00fcre\u00adselle\u015fmenin sadece ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Perde. Hat\u0131rlanacak Bir Ege Meselesi: M.\u00d6. On D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u00fczy\u0131l <\/em>(55-88) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, sekiz alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. III. Amenhotep\u2019in Ege Listesi<\/em> (56-64) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, kral III. Amenhotep\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda yer alan be\u015f heykel kaidesi ve bu kaideler \u00fczerindeki yer isimlerinden anlat\u0131lmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, buradaki isimlerden olu\u015fan Ege Listesi<\/em>\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in yap\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren bilim adamlar\u0131ndan bahse\u00addilmektedir. Yazar, bu listenin M\u0131s\u0131r ile Ege aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilecek bir seyahat g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Bulunan arkeolojik veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ege\u2019de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen ticareti kontrol edenlerin zaman i\u00e7erisin\u00addeki de\u011fi\u015fimi de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Bunun sonucunda yazar, III. Amenho\u00adtep\u2019in Ege Listesi<\/em>\u2019nin bir nevi ticari ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu kentler ol\u00addu\u011fu fikrini sunmaktad\u0131r. Amarna Ar\u015fivleri<\/em> (64-66) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Ege Listesi<\/em> gibi M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli \u00f6rnekten bahsedilmek\u00adtedir. Ar\u015fivin d\u00f6nem diplomasisine ili\u015fkin veriler sunmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemine de\u011fin\u00admektedir. Selamlama Hediyeleri ve Aile \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/em> (66-71) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, bu ar\u00ad\u015fivde yer alan mektuplardan elde edilen bilgiler de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Dip\u00adlomasi i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen evlilikler ve hediyele\u015fmeler verilen \u00f6nemli bilgiler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca mektuplarda kullan\u0131lan dilin irdelenmesiyle o d\u00f6nemde kullan\u0131lan selamla\u015fma \u015fekli ve olu\u015fturulan ticari ortakl\u0131klarda kullan\u0131lan hi\u00adtaplar hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmektedir. Alt\u0131n, Sahte Alt\u0131n ve Y\u00fcksek D\u00fczeyde Tica\u00adret<\/em> (71-74) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin M\u0131s\u0131r ile ticaret orta\u011f\u0131 olmak iste\u00admesinin sebeplerinden biri olan alt\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. \u015e\u00fcphesiz en \u00f6nemli veri kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r kral\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen mektuplar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Mektuplarda hediye olarak g\u00f6nderilen alt\u0131nlar\u0131n kimi zaman eksik \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, kimi zaman ise k\u00fcle d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve bunun kral\u0131n bilgisi d\u00e2hilinde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u00ad\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ala\u015fiya ve Asur\u2019un Y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/em> (75-76) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Amarna Ar\u00ad\u015fivi\u2019nde bulunan, Ala\u015fiya ve Asur krallar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mektuplar \u00fcze\u00adrinden bu krall\u0131klar\u0131n d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisindeki durumu de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Ne\u00adfertiti ve Kral Tutankhamun<\/em> (77-81) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Nefertiti b\u00fcst\u00fc ve Tutank\u00adhamun\u2019un mezar\u0131n\u0131n bulunu\u015fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yazar bu s\u00fcreci bir film \u015feridi gibi ak\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde anlatmakta, ayn\u0131 zamanda anlat\u0131m\u0131 canl\u0131 tutan detaylar vererek sahneyi okuyucunun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde canland\u0131rmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir. \u015eup\u00adpiluliuma ve Zannanza Vakas\u0131 <\/em>(81-87) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, uzun s\u00fcredir g\u00fc\u00e7 kay\u00adbeden Anadolu\u2019daki Hititlerin y\u00fckseli\u015fi ve \u015euppiluliuma\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 anla\u00adtan belgelerden bahsedilmektedir. Yine bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, M\u0131s\u0131r krali\u00e7esinin \u015eup\u00adpiluliuma\u2019dan evlenmek i\u00e7in o\u011fullar\u0131ndan birini istemesi, kral\u0131n Zannanza\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6ndermesi ve o\u011flunun yolda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f anlat\u0131lmak\u00adtad\u0131r. Hititler ve Mikenler<\/em> (87-88) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, \u015euppiluliuma y\u00f6netimdey\u00adken krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n d\u00f6nemin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerinden biri oldu\u011fu ve konumlar\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l ko\u00adruduklar\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Mikenlerin Hititler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan diplo\u00admatik ve ticari anla\u015fmalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilmektedir.<\/p>\n

III. Perde. Tanr\u0131lar ve Vatan \u0130\u00e7in Sava\u015f\u0131rken: M.\u00d6. On \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/em> (89-122) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm, dokuz alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Uluburun Ge\u00admisi<\/em> (90-95) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde, M\u00d6 1300 y\u0131llar\u0131nda tarihlenen Uluburun Ba\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ke\u015ffi, geminin g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u00f6neminden bahsedilmektedir. Geminin batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanda kimlerin nas\u0131l bir yol izleyerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u00ad\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlatan yazar, ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar\u0131n nitelikleri ve Akdeniz\u2019deki uluslararas\u0131 ticaret hakk\u0131nda sunulan verileri de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Ugaritli Sinaranu<\/em> (95-96) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Uluburun gemisinden sonra Ugarit\u2019ten Sinaranu adl\u0131 bir t\u00fcccar\u0131n Girit Adas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi benzer bir ticaret gemisi ve ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131ndan bahsedilmekte ve Uluburun gemisi ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 irdelenmektedir. Kade\u015f Sa\u00adva\u015f\u0131 ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/em> (97-100) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, antik\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir tarafta Hitit imparatoru II. Muvat\u00adtali, di\u011fer tarafta M\u0131s\u0131r firavunu II. Ramses\u2019in yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler sayesinde bilinen t\u00fcm ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Hititlerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zekice hamlelerden bahseden yazar, sava\u015f ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda derledi\u011fi veriler \u00fczerine yorum yapmaktad\u0131r. Truva Sava\u015f\u0131<\/em> (101-104) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, yukar\u0131da ele al\u0131nan s\u00fcrecin devam\u0131 olarak siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmeler anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6nceki b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcmde ele al\u0131nan Assuva \u0130syan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezi olan Troas B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde, Mikenle\u00adrin destekledi\u011fi asiler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan isyanlar\u0131n devam\u0131nda, Home\u00adros\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Truva Sava\u015f\u0131 hik\u00e2yesi de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Yine bu ba\u015fl\u0131k al\u00adt\u0131nda yazar, \u015fu ana kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan yararlanarak Truva Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla ilgili arkeolojik buluntular hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermektedir. M\u00d6 On \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 Temaslar\u0131 ve Yunan Anakaras\u0131<\/em> (104-108) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Miken\u2019de in\u015fa edilen sur ve t\u00fcnel gibi savunma yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan bahsedilmektedir. Buna ek olarak Mikenlerin d\u0131\u015far\u0131daki d\u00fcnya ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren seramik ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 metinlere de\u011finilmektedir. Hicret ve \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131\u00adn\u0131n Kenan\u2019\u0131 Fethi<\/em> (108-115) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, kutsal kitapta anlat\u0131lan s\u00fcre\u00e7 irde\u00adlenmekte ve arkeolojik bulgularla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmeyi\u015fi aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Arkeolojik ve\u00adriler \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n M\u00d6 XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kenan\u2019da bulunduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermekte, fakat kutsal kitapta bahsedilen olaylar\u0131n baz\u0131 yerlerde kronolojiye ters d\u00fc\u015f\u00adt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple yazar, hicret hik\u00e2yesi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan y\u00fcz\u00ady\u0131llar sonra uydurulmu\u015f yorumunu desteklemektedir. Hititler, Asurlular, Amarru ve Ahhiyava<\/em> (115-119) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, bu krall\u0131klar\u0131n politik ve siyasi konumlar\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler sayesinde ara\u00adlar\u0131ndaki askeri ve ticari m\u00fccadeleler \u00fczerine yorum yap\u0131labilmekte ve Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda bu devletleraras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesi anla\u015f\u0131labilmektedir. Hitit\u00adlerin K\u0131br\u0131s \u0130stilas\u0131<\/em> (119-121) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, yukar\u0131da bahsedilen siyasi \u00e7eki\u015f\u00admeler s\u00fcrerken IV. Tuthaliya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bak\u0131r kaynaklar\u0131 bulunan K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmek istemesi ve bunun sebepleri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ria Burnu ve Gelidonya Burnu Bat\u0131klar\u0131<\/em> (121-122) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, bu gemilerin g\u00fczergahlar\u0131 ve d\u00f6nem \u015fartlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019tan geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen \u0130ria Burnu Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 1200 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenmektedir. Bu gemi, Hititlerin bask\u0131nlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen K\u0131br\u0131s ile Miken aras\u0131ndaki ticaretin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme ait Anadolu\u2019nun g\u00fc\u00adney k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bulunan Gelidonya Bat\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda g\u00fcncel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla yeni fikirler ortaya konuldu\u011fu bildirilmektedir. M\u00d6 XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda bozu\u00adlan d\u00fczene ra\u011fmen uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin devam etti\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131 olan bu \u00f6r\u00adneklerin \u00f6nemine de\u011finilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Perde Bir D\u00f6nemin sonu: M\u00d6 On \u0130kinci Y\u00fczy\u0131l<\/em> (123-169) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 d\u00f6r\u00add\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm, on alt ba\u015fl\u0131k i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lan iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc t\u00fcm geli\u015fmeler sonucunda Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortam ve M\u00d6 XII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki durum anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ugarit ve Minet El-Beida\u2019n\u0131n Ke\u015ffi<\/em> (123-125) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ke\u015ffi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ugarit\u2019te bulunan \u00e7ok say\u0131daki metnin b\u00f6lgede; ticaret, edebiyat, tarih, mitoloji, din ve evlilik gibi sosyal hayatla ilgili bir\u00e7ok bilinmeze \u0131\u015f\u0131k tuttu\u011fu aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ugarit ve T\u00fcccarlar\u0131n Parasal ve Ticari Ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131<\/em> (125-130) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, \u00e7e\u015fitli ar\u00ad\u015fivlerde bulunan metinler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ugarit\u2019in uluslararas\u0131 ticaretteki yeri anla\u00adt\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, Ugarit\u2019te bulunan bu belgelerin ticari mallar ve t\u00fcccarlar hakk\u0131nda sundu\u011fu bilgilerin \u00f6neminden bahsedilmektedir. Kuzey Suriye\u2019deki Y\u0131k\u0131mlar<\/em> (131-138) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Ugarit\u2019te bulunan belgeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ticaretin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kentin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar[3]<\/sup><\/a> tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sald\u0131r\u0131lar i\u00e7in Deniz Kavimleri\u2019nin \u00f6zellikle an\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen yazar, onlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi sald\u0131r\u0131lara dolayl\u0131 kan\u0131t olarak Ugarit Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 liman kenti Gibala\u2019daki buluntulardan bahsetmektedir[4]<\/sup><\/a>. Ayr\u0131ca Deniz Kavimleri\u2019nin ilk sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131nda Amurru B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki Tell Kazel\u2019e gelip yerle\u015ftiklerini ve M\u00d6 1177 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ikinci dalgada zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olabileceklerini \u00f6nermektedir. G\u00fc\u00adney Suriye\/Kenan\u2019daki Y\u0131k\u0131mlar<\/em> (138-149) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, G\u00fcney Suriye ve Ke\u00adnan\u2019da yerle bir edilen kentlerden bahsedilmektedir. Yazar, \u0130ncil\u2019de Arma\u00adgeddon\u2019un yeri olarak bahsedilen Megiddo ve Laki\u015f kentlerinde ele ge\u00e7en arkeolojik buluntulardan yararlanarak y\u0131k\u0131lma sebeplerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r ordusu, \u0130srailo\u011fullar\u0131 ve i\u015fgalci Deniz Kavimleri se\u00e7enekleri tek tek de\u00ad\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca en b\u00fcy\u00fck be\u015f Filistin Kenti\u2019nin \u00f6neminden bahse\u00adden yazar, bu kentlerin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili ortaya at\u0131lan farkl\u0131 teorileri de incele\u00admektedir. Yazar, Mezopotamya\u2019daki Y\u0131k\u0131mlar<\/em> (149-150) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, \u00e7ok say\u0131da yerle\u015fim alan\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131m izleri g\u00f6r\u00fclse de bunlar\u0131 Deniz Kavimleri\u2019yle ili\u015fkilendirmek i\u00e7in herhangi bir bulgunun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir. Anadolu\u2019daki Y\u0131k\u0131mlar<\/em> (151-155) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Anadolu\u2019da ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde y\u0131k\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok kent i\u00e7in Deniz Kavimleri\u2019nin sorumlu tutuldu\u011funu, fakat kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda elde edilen verilerin aksini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir[5]<\/sup><\/a>. Yunan Anakaras\u0131ndaki Y\u0131k\u0131mlar<\/em> (155-161) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ise Truva\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen y\u0131k\u0131mlarda Mikenlerin etkisinin olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde sald\u0131r\u0131 alt\u0131nda olma\u00adlar\u0131yla desteklenmektedir[6]<\/sup><\/a>. K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019taki Y\u0131k\u0131mlar<\/em> (161-165) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, K\u0131b\u00adr\u0131s\u2019\u0131n ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi y\u0131k\u0131m evresine de\u011finilmektedir. Yazar, yukar\u0131da bahsedilen Deniz Kavimleri\u2019nin i\u015fgalleri i\u00e7in erken bir tarihte y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve II. \u015euppiluliuma\u2019n\u0131n kay\u0131tlar\u0131na g\u00f6re M\u00d6 1207 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a sald\u0131r\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015f\u00adtirildi\u011fini aktarmaktad\u0131r. Fakat K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131ndan kimin sorumlu oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebilecek kesin kan\u0131tlar\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da eklemektedir. Yazar, kim tara\u00adf\u0131ndan ve nas\u0131l y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olursa olsun, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n siyasi ve ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcyle ya\u00ad\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 M\u00d6 1050 y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek bu konuyu kendi yorumuyla sonland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Sava\u015flar ve Harem Komplosu<\/em> (165-168) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda tekrar M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fclerek Deniz Kavimleri i\u015fgallerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve III. Ramses\u2019in rol\u00fc anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zet<\/em> (168-169) k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ve buraya kadar anlat\u0131lanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir de\u011ferlendirmesi yap\u0131l\u00admakta ve ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli y\u0131k\u0131mlardan Deniz Kavim\u00adleri\u2019nin sorumlu tutulup tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kusursuz Bir Facialar F\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131 m\u0131?<\/em> (171-210) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, sekiz alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yazar, \u015fu ana kadar yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u00adlar, yaz\u0131lan makaleler, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen konferanslar ve bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla ortaya konan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131p bir de\u011ferlendirme yapmak istemektedir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme ile bu uluslararas\u0131 istikrarl\u0131 sistemin bir anda neden \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu amaca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in verilerin nesnel bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fine dikkat \u00e7eken yazar, y\u0131k\u0131ma sebep ol\u00admu\u015f olan ihtimalleri s\u0131rayla ele almaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak Depremler<\/em> (172-175) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, y\u0131k\u0131lan kentlerde depremlerin izlerinin tespiti ve bulunan ka\u00adn\u0131tlardan bahseden yazar, depremin ne kadar zarara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olsa da tek ba\u015f\u0131na kentlerin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmektedir. \u0130klim De\u011fi\u00ad\u015fikli\u011fi, Kurakl\u0131k ve K\u0131tl\u0131k<\/em> (175-182) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ise Deniz Kavimleri\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7 sebebi olarak iklim de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin getirdi\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu konuyla ilgili krall\u0131klar\u0131n birbirlerinden yard\u0131m isteklerini i\u00e7eren mektuplar ve polen analizlerinden elde edilen bilimsel veriler kan\u0131t olarak g\u00f6sterilmekte\u00addir. \u0130\u00e7 \u0130syanlar<\/em> (182-183) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Hazor \u00f6rne\u011fi ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Kentte \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen insanlara ya da silah kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na rastlanmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 kentin y\u0131k\u0131l\u00admas\u0131nda (terk edilmesinde) en mant\u0131kl\u0131 sebep olarak i\u00e7 isyan g\u00f6sterilmekte\u00addir. Fakat yazar, Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli bir sebep olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da eklemektedir. (Muhtemel) Bask\u0131nc\u0131lar ve Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaretin \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/em> (183-188) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, kentlerin can damar\u0131 olarak niteleyebilece\u011fimiz ti\u00adcari faaliyetlerin engellenmesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan bahsedilmektedir. Ticari fa\u00adaliyetlerin durdurulmas\u0131 bir kentteki ya\u015fam\u0131 sonland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u015f\u00fcphesiz en etkili silah olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yazar Ugarit \u00f6rne\u011fini ele almakta ve kentin y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra yeniden in\u015fa edilmeyi\u015finin muhtemel sebebi olarak ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesini \u00f6nermektedir. Yerinden Y\u00f6netim ve Bireysel T\u00fcccar\u0131 Y\u00fckseli\u015fi<\/em> (188-190) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Deniz Kavimleri\u2019nin sebep oldu\u011fu sosyo-politik ve ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimlerden bahsedilmektedir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimin, saraylar\u0131n ege\u00admenli\u011findeki ekonominin t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7mesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u00ad\u011fini savunulmaktad\u0131r[7]<\/sup><\/a>. Sorumlular Deniz Kavimleri miydi ve Nereye Gittiler?<\/em> (190-198) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, sonunda Deniz Kavimleri temel konu olarak ele al\u0131n\u00admaktad\u0131r. Deniz ve karadan ilerledikleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen istilac\u0131larla ilgili metinler ve arkeolojik buluntular\u0131 inceleyerek ortaya kan\u0131t koymak isteyen yazar, Hitit topraklar\u0131nda herhangi bir kan\u0131t\u0131n bulunamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yazar farkl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini payla\u015fmakta ve Deniz Ka\u00advimleri\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcyle ilgili mevcut verileri okuyucuyla payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme sonucunda, bu i\u015fgalcilerin kendi ba\u015flar\u0131na Ege ve Akde\u00adniz\u2019deki uygarl\u0131\u011fa son vermi\u015f olamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermektedir. Sistemin \u00c7\u00f6\u00adk\u00fc\u015f\u00fc Fikrini Destekleyen Tezler<\/em> (198-203) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, yine farkl\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine yer veren yazar, \u00f6zellikle C. Renfrew\u2019in sistem \u00e7\u00f6k\u00admesi fikri \u00fczerinde durmaktad\u0131r. Bu fikirde \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f; merkezi y\u00f6netim te\u015fkilat\u0131\u00adn\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesine, geleneksel elit s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131na, merkezi ekonomi\u00adnin zarar g\u00f6rmesine, yerle\u015fim de\u011fi\u015fimine ve n\u00fcfusta azalma ya\u015fanmas\u0131na se\u00adbep olmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe tek ba\u015f\u0131na sebep olabilecek bir sebebin bu\u00adlunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu fikri mant\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130htimallere Bir Bak\u0131\u015f ve Karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k Teorisi<\/em> (203-210) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, bu konu \u00fczerine R. Drews taraf\u0131ndan ihti\u00admallerin tek tek ele al\u0131narak incelendi\u011fi yay\u0131n\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yazar\u0131n ele\u015ftirileri yer almaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda Ege ve Akdeniz\u2019de konu olan krall\u0131klar\u0131n geli\u015fiminden sona ermesine kadar ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00fczerine genel g\u00f6zlemler yap\u0131larak \u00fc\u00e7 maddede toplanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yazar, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde oku\u00adyucuyu konu \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye sevk etmektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonuna geldi\u00ad\u011finde ise ortaya koydu\u011fu ihtimalleri irdeleyerek kendi yorumunu yapmakta ve be\u015f maddede toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebeplerin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe katk\u0131 sa\u011flayan etkenler oldu\u00ad\u011funu \u00f6nermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca yazar, bu sebeplerden birinin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe neden olan tek sebep olarak \u00f6nerilmesini, kabul edilemeyecek kadar basit bir a\u00e7\u0131klama olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonunda bu \u00f6nerilere ek olarak kar\u00adma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k teorisinin bu soruyu cevaplamada i\u015fe yaray\u0131p yaramayaca\u011f\u0131 konu\u00adsundaki fikirlerini s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n

Sondeyi\u015f Sonu\u00e7lar<\/em> (211-216) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, yazar haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n so\u00adnucunda, i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde meydana gelen y\u0131k\u0131mlar gibi, Deniz Kavim\u00adleri\u2019nin k\u00f6ken ve amac\u0131n\u0131n kesin olarak belirlenmesinin imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bah\u00adsetmektedir. Buna ek olarak eldeki veriler sayesinde kesin olarak bilinenlere dayanarak bir\u00e7ok bilinmeyen \u00fczerine fikir y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir. Burada delillerden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tekrar ederek Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelen isyan ve ya\u011fmalamalarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda, MS 476 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma\u2019n\u0131n ve Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun sonu oldu\u011fu gibi, M\u00d6 1177 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n da Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonu oldu\u011funu iddia et\u00admektedir.<\/p>\n

Son olarak E\u011fer<\/em> (217) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yazar, ya\u015fanan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u015fanma\u00adm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yine sona erip ermeyece\u011fini sor\u00adgulamaktad\u0131r. Bu sorulara en g\u00fczel cevab\u0131 yine kendi c\u00fcmleleriyle vermek do\u011fru olsa gerek: \u201cBazen do\u011fal ya\u015fl\u0131 ormanlar\u0131n ekosistemin yenilenmesini ve tekrar filizlenebilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir orman yang\u0131n\u0131 gere\u00adkir<\/em>\u201d. Yazar kitab\u0131n sonundaki Oyundaki Karakterler<\/em> (218-222) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, ko\u00adnuyla ilgili ki\u015filerin listesini vermektedir. Okuyucu i\u00e7in kitab\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki ka\u00adrakter s\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fczel bir detay olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Konu hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcncel kaynaklar\u0131 toplayan yazar\u0131n eserinde beklenildi\u011fi gibi geni\u015f bir Kaynak\u00e7a <\/em>(223-259) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r. Metin i\u00e7erisinde istenilen de\u00adtaylara kolayca ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan Dizin<\/em> (260-270) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile kitap son\u00adlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yazar\u0131n eserinde bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 kaynak g\u00f6stermesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00fcn\u00adcel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 takibi ve konu hakk\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri dikkate almas\u0131 ol\u00adduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Konuya ilgi duyan ya da kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lmayanlar i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flayacak t\u00fcm kaynaklar\u0131 sunmas\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ese\u00adrin kalitesini g\u00f6stermektedir. Eser \u015f\u00fcphesiz konuya ilgi duyanlar i\u00e7in temel kaynak niteli\u011findedir.<\/a><\/p>\n

Ankara \u00dcniversitesi
\nKlasik Arkeoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc
\n<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Yusuf KILI\u00c7 (PhD)<\/strong>
\nyusuffkilicc@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

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