{"id":3629,"date":"2018-01-27T15:19:14","date_gmt":"2018-01-27T13:19:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0140"},"modified":"2018-02-12T21:05:51","modified_gmt":"2018-02-12T19:05:51","slug":"lbr-0140","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2018-en\/lbr-0140","title":{"rendered":"Medieval Scandinavian Armies 2: 1300-1500"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Medieval Scandinavian Armies 2: 1300-1500<\/h2>\n

David LINDHOLM & David NICOLLE<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:<\/strong> 9781841765068
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a048
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02003
\nLocation:<\/strong> Oxford
\nPublisher: <\/strong>Osprey Publishing<\/p><\/div>

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LIBRI<\/em>\u00a0III (2017) 51-53<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2018010
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 12.01.2018 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 19.01.2018
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 25.01.2018
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations,\u00a02018<\/p>\n

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D. LINDHOLM & D. NICOLLE, Medieval Scandinavian Armies 2: 1300-1500<\/em>. Oxford 2003. Osprey Publishing, 48 sayfa. ISBN: 9781841765068<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130skandinavlar\u0131n MS VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131 ile birlikte kararl\u0131 \u015fekilde g\u00fcneye inme\u00adleri neticesinde ba\u015fta Kuzey Avrupa, Britanya ve Akdeniz\u2019de b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7ti\u00admai etkiler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konusu olarak artan e\u011filim g\u00f6stermektedir. Ancak Ge\u00e7 Orta\u00ad\u00e7a\u011f Viking \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u0130skandinav \u00fclkeleri ve Britanya merkezli olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Viking \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na nazaran bu ilgi kayb\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenleri ol\u00admak\u00adla birlikte temel sebep Viking sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesi ve sald\u0131r\u0131lara maruz kalan mevcut b\u00f6lgelerin i\u00e7 istikrarlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamalar\u0131d\u0131r. Neticesinde bahsi ge\u00e7en co\u011frafyalar\u0131n \u0130skandinavlar ile etkile\u015fimlerinin bir \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131la k\u0131yasla kendi otoriteri alt\u0131nda \u015fekillenmesi \u0130skandinav topraklar\u0131nda fark\u0131 dinamiklerin do\u011fmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonras\u0131nda kendine has i\u00e7sel ve d\u0131\u015fsal parametrelerin etkisinde geli\u015fen \u0130skandinav \u00fclkeleri bu etkile\u00ad\u015fimlerin sonucunda bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck v\u00fccuda getirebilmi\u015ftir. Bu yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ise harp tarihi olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Tan\u0131t\u0131ma konu olan Medieval Scan\u00addi\u00adnavian Armies 2 <\/em>(Orta\u00e7a\u011f \u0130skandinav Ordular\u0131) adl\u0131 eser bu harp tarihi\u00adnin 1300-1500 y\u0131ll\u0131k zaman dilimini konu alan giri\u015f <\/em>niteli\u011finde bir yap\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Genel hatlar\u0131yla eser alt\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcmler, The Political Background <\/em>(Siyasi Arka Plan [3-12]); 14th<\/sup> Century Military Equipment <\/em>(14. y\u00fczy\u0131l Askeri Te\u00e7hizatlar\u0131 [12-19]); 15th<\/sup> Century Military Equipment <\/em>(15. y\u00fczy\u0131l Askeri Te\u00e7hizatlar\u0131 [19-21]); Military Organisation <\/em>(Askeri Organizasyon [21-22]); Strategy & Tactics <\/em>(Strateji ve Taktikler [22-24]); Fortifications <\/em>(T\u00e2hki\u00admatlar [24-36]) ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131na sahiptir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, Further Reading <\/em>(\u0130leri Okumalar [36-38]); The Plates<\/em> (G\u00f6rseller [38-48]) ve Index <\/em>(\u0130ndeks [48]) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ile tamamlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eserin iskeletini olu\u015fturan alt\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmden ilki The Political Background<\/em>\u2019da (Siyasi Arka Plan [3-12]), 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130skandinav co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik, sos\u00adyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve politik tablosu \u00e7izildikten sonra \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131klardan The 14th<\/sup> Century <\/em>(14. y\u00fczy\u0131l [3-5]) ve The 15th<\/sup> Century<\/em>\u2019de (15. y\u00fczy\u0131l [6]) 14. ve 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u0130skandinavya\u2019da devam eden i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u00adlar ve isyanlara, k\u0131rsal geni\u015flemenin do\u011furdu\u011fu zaruri etkile\u015fimlere, bat\u0131 kolonilerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne, Danimarka – \u0130sve\u00e7 sava\u015flar\u0131na ve Balt\u0131k rekabetlerine de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Chronology<\/em>\u2019de (Kronoloji [6-11]) 1292\/3-1523 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan politik ve askeri olaylar s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

14th<\/sup> Century Military Equipment <\/em>(14. y\u00fczy\u0131l Askeri Te\u00e7hizatlar\u0131 [12-19]) kitab\u0131n ikinci ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yazarlara g\u00f6re 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l, \u0130skandinav ordular\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa askeri teknolojisi ile aralar\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urumun kapanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devir olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde (ticaret ve \u00f6zellikle \u00fccretli askerler vas\u0131ta\u00ads\u0131yla) kurulan etkile\u015fimler neticesinde Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla ge\u00e7en sava\u015f gere\u00e7lerinin yerini daha korunakl\u0131 z\u0131rhlar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm kendi i\u00e7erisinde iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ay\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Missile and Hand Wea\u00adpons<\/em>\u2019da (Ok ve El Silahlar\u0131 [12-16]) \u0130skandinav ordular\u0131n\u0131n te\u00e7hizat formlar\u0131 ele al\u0131n\u0131rken di\u011fer yandan bu silahlar\u0131n geli\u015fiminin nedenleri \u00fczerinde durul\u00admu\u015ftur. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Firearms<\/em>\u2019da (Ate\u015fli Silahlar [16-19]) ise yaln\u0131zca 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l ilkel ate\u015fli silahlar\u0131na yer verilmemi\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda Avrupai z\u0131rhlar\u0131n ve b\u0131\u00e7aklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131, ayr\u0131ca sava\u015f ve asalet gere\u00e7leri olarak han\u00e7erler de ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu devirde barutlu silahlar\u0131n (her ne kadar standart sava\u015f gere\u00e7leri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmese de) cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7eri\u00adsinde de\u011finilen bir ba\u015fka husustur.<\/p>\n

Eserin, 15th<\/sup> Century Military Equipment <\/em>(15. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Askeri Te\u00e7hizatlar\u0131 [19-21]) isim\u00adli \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde genel hatlar\u0131 ile daha \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde veri\u00adlen bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l askeri gere\u00e7leri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f\u00adtir. Buna g\u00f6re 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bireysel savunma i\u00e7in z\u0131rhlar\u0131n ve han\u00e7erin kulla\u00adn\u0131m\u0131 bir kat daha \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karken mi\u011ffer formlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00adm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Military Organisation <\/em>(Askeri Organizasyonlar [21-22]) adl\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnce b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcmde \u0130skandinav co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n ve bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n etkile\u015fimleri neticesinde askeri organizasyonlar\u0131n \u015fekillendi\u011fi ve de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fine vurgu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 14. y\u00fcz\u00ady\u0131l\u0131n askeri yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131 daha erken devirlerden farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermemekle birlikte Viking Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n krallardan ziyade soylular etraf\u0131nda geli\u015fim g\u00f6ster\u00admesi d\u00fczenli birlikler ve paral\u0131 askerleri de b\u00fcy\u00fck ailelerin h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na sokmu\u015ftur. Buna ilaveten Viking \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ruhunun temelini olu\u015fturan milis kuv\u00advet\u00adlerin kesin olarak bitti\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcmden, bir yandan d\u00fczenli sayabilece\u011fimiz daha uzman birlikler v\u00fccuda ge\u00adlirken di\u011fer yandan Viking ruhunun korundu\u011fu sonucuna varabiliriz.<\/p>\n

Eserin Strategy & Tactics <\/em>(Strateji ve Taktikler [22-24]) adl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kendi i\u00e7erisindeki Propaganda <\/em>(Propaganda [24-25]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile birlikte eserin be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7erisinde 15. y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7 sava\u015fla\u00adr\u0131n\u0131n \u0130skandinav i\u00e7 dinamiklerinin (co\u011frafya, iklim, \u00fccretli askerlerin rol\u00fc, \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerindeki ekonomik farkl\u0131l\u0131klar vs.) ve d\u0131\u015f tesirlerinin etkisi ile \u015fekillendi\u011fine vurgu yap\u0131l\u0131rken yeni bir strateji olarak propagandan\u0131n kullan\u0131\u00adm\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Fortifications <\/em>(Tahkimatlar [24-36]) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Siege Warfare <\/em>(Muhasara Sava\u015flar\u0131 [34-36]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile eserin son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc v\u00fccuda getirmektedir. Son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde bir yandan 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130skandinav topraklar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen ticaret ve demografik hareketlili\u011fe paralel olarak kale ve sur yap\u0131 malzemelerinin de\u011fi\u015fimi ele al\u0131n\u0131rken di\u011fer yandan Danimarka, Norve\u00e7 ve \u0130sve\u00e7 gibi yerle\u015fim yerlerinde bulunan kaleler sofistike Avrupa kaleleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Eser be\u015f ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ek olarak Further Reading <\/em>(\u0130leri Okumalar [36-38]), The Plates <\/em>(G\u00f6rseller [38-48]) ve Index <\/em>(\u0130ndeks [48]) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ile tamamlan\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eserin co\u011frafi olarak s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 her ne kadar zaman diliminin uza\u00adt\u0131lmas\u0131nda etkili olsa da \u00e7e\u015fitli resim ve ill\u00fcstrasyonlar ile desteklenmesi d\u00f6\u00adnemsel havan\u0131n\u0131n teneff\u00fcs\u00fcnde yard\u0131mc\u0131 unsur olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi
\nAkdeniz Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc
\n<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Bahattin BAYRAM (MA)\u00a0<\/strong>
\nbahattinbayram2@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

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