{"id":3336,"date":"2017-12-24T21:49:58","date_gmt":"2017-12-24T19:49:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0122"},"modified":"2018-01-17T09:13:11","modified_gmt":"2018-01-17T07:13:11","slug":"lbr-0122","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2017-en\/lbr-0122","title":{"rendered":"Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin Kurulu\u015fu"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin Kurulu\u015fu<\/h2>\n

Andrew C. S. PEACOCK<\/h3>\n
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ISBN: 9786053326694<\/strong>
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0260
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02016
\nLocation:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130stanbul
\nPublisher: <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p><\/div>

<\/div>\n
<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em>\u00a0III (2017) 495-498<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2017040
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 28.11.2017 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 15.12.2017
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 24.12.2017
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2017<\/p>\n
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\"references\"\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0View PDF<\/a><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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A. C. S. PEACOCK, Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin Kurulu\u015fu.<\/em> \u0130stanbul 2016. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 260 sayfa. \u00c7ev. Z. Rona. ISBN: 9786053326694<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00ad<\/strong><\/p>\n

Burada tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lan kitap Sel\u00e7uklu Tarihi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla tan\u0131nan tarih\u00e7i A. C. S. Peacock taraf\u0131ndan \u201cEarly Seljuq History: A New Inter\u00adpretation<\/em>\u201d ismiyle yaz\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evirisidir. Eser Haritalar ve \u015eekiller<\/em> (VI), K\u0131saltmalar <\/em>(VII) ve Te\u015fekk\u00fcr<\/em> (XI) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ile ba\u015flamakta Giri\u015f<\/em> (1-19)\u2019in ard\u0131ndan yedi ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmle devam edip Sonu\u00e7<\/em> (191-195), Notlar<\/em> (197-237), Kaynak\u00e7a<\/em> (239-252) ve Dizin<\/em> (253-260) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131yla nihayete ermekte\u00addir. Yazar, kitab\u0131n her b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde konuya girmeden \u00f6nce bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmdeki ama\u00adc\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu ve bu konuyla ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ne anlatmak istedi\u011fini be\u00adlirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f; Orta\u00e7a\u011f ve Modern Tarih Yaz\u0131m\u0131nda Erken Sel\u00e7uklular<\/em> (1-19)\u2019da bu kitab\u0131n, a\u015firetten imparatorlu\u011fa ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci \u00fczerinde durmakta oldu\u011fu ve \u00f6zellikle Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 Alp Arslan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar ki d\u00f6nemi kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 be\u00adlir\u00adtil\u00admektedir. Yazar, bu kitapla, Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin kurulu\u015f d\u00f6nemiyle ilgili geleneksel imaj\u0131 yeniden irdelemek ve de\u011ferlendirmek istemi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca bu incelemeyi yaparken, sultanlar\u0131 ve vezirlerini \u00f6n plana almak yerine, ilk sultanlar\u0131nda bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaya devam ettikleri g\u00f6\u00e7ebe a\u015firetlerin toplumsal dinamiklerine odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sel\u00e7uklu istilalar\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 demografik ve siyasal so\u00adnu\u00e7lar yaratan bir g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc. Erken Sel\u00e7uklu d\u00f6nemine ait kaynaklar\u0131n arzu edilen\u00adden \u00e7ok daha az ama belki de \u00e7o\u011fu kez varsay\u0131landan daha fazla oldu\u011funu kabul etti\u011fimize g\u00f6re, bu kitap temelde ne Sel\u00e7uklular, ne de ard\u0131llar\u0131yla ilgili kesin bir \u015feyler kan\u0131tlaman\u0131n pe\u015findedir. Yazar\u0131n amac\u0131, konuya bug\u00fcne de\u00ad\u011fin okuduklar\u0131m\u0131zdan daha kapsaml\u0131 ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir yorum getirebilmekte\u00addir.<\/p>\n

I. B\u00f6l\u00fcm; Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Ortaya \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve \u0130lk D\u00f6nemleri <\/em>(21-54) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yazar Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin kan\u0131tlar\u0131 ve ilk Sel\u00e7uklu g\u00f6\u00e7lerini ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bozk\u0131r ortam\u0131n\u0131 incelerken, onlar\u0131n, Bat\u0131 Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n siyasal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftiren daha kapsaml\u0131 bir dizi g\u00f6\u00e7 ba\u011f\u00adlam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmeleri gerekti\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00adlerinin Rusya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Hazar Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

II. B\u00f6l\u00fcm; A\u015firetler ve Sel\u00e7uklu Hanedan\u0131 <\/em>(55-83)\u2019nda ise yazar Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki geli\u015fimini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in Sel\u00e7uklu tarihinin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan a\u015firetleri tan\u0131mak gerekti\u011fini belirtir. \u00d6zellikle de Sel\u00e7uklu hanedan\u0131 ile onlar\u0131n pe\u015finden giden g\u00f6\u00e7ebe toplumlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri kavrayabilmek bunun i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Bunu en iyi XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklu veziri olan Nizam\u00fclm\u00fclk ifade etmi\u015ftir: \u2018T\u00fcrkmenler bu hanedan \u00fczerinde hak iddia ediyorlar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ona hizmet ettiler ve s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ektiler ve onlarla kan ba\u011flar\u0131 var<\/em>.\u2019 Yazar, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, a\u015firetler\/boylar ve a\u015fi\u00adret reisleri\/boy beyleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri, \u00f6zellikle XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda irdelemi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer Avrasya a\u015firetleri ile bozk\u0131r devletleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan antropolojik ve tarihsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve birinci el kay\u00adnaklar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirilmesi temelinde, Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019ni kurulu\u015f a\u015famas\u0131nda as\u0131l zorlayan\u0131n, a\u015firetler ve a\u015firet reisleri aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fc\u00adcadeleden \u00e7ok, Sel\u00e7uklu hanedan\u0131 i\u00e7inde, zaten homojen bir yap\u0131ya sahip ol\u00admayan a\u015firetlere kimin liderlik edece\u011fi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan kavgalar oldu\u011funu or\u00adtaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

III. B\u00f6l\u00fcm; Sava\u015f, Fetih ve G\u00f6\u00e7ler<\/em> (85-116)\u2019de geleneksel olarak kom\u015fular\u0131\u00adn\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde Orta Asyal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck becerisinin sava\u015f oldu\u011fu vurgu\u00adlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hem Do\u011fu Roma\u2019n\u0131n hem de Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun uzunca bir s\u00fcre\u00addir T\u00fcrk\u00ee g\u00f6\u00e7ebe gruplar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na a\u015fina oldu\u011fu da belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131 Asya\u2019daki yerle\u015fik devletler i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk istilalar\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir \u015fey olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Do\u011fu Roma ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r bu g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 zikredilmi\u015ftir. Yazara g\u00f6re o tarihe kadarki sald\u0131r\u0131lar \u00e7ok ender olarak devletin merkezini tehdit edecek nitelikteydi. Verdikleri zarar\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 da \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir \u015fey de\u011fildir, ya\u011fmalamadan ve baz\u0131 imtiyazlar elde ettikten sonra genellikle boz\u00adk\u0131rlara geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n nedenini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n askeri yetenekleri ve uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 taktikler ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sel\u00e7uklu sava\u015f y\u00f6ntemlerini incelemek, salt askeri a\u00e7\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir olgu de\u011fildir. Sava\u015f bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imiydi ve Sel\u00e7uklu fetihleri, T\u00fcrkmenlerin ba\u00adt\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7leriyle \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkiliydi, hatta neredeyse ondan ayr\u0131 tutul\u00admas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Yazara g\u00f6re XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Sel\u00e7uklu g\u00fc\u00e7leri a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak bozk\u0131r ordu gelene\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ordudaki en k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015fiklik, \u00f6nce T\u00fcrkmenlere ek olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen, ama sonra onlar\u0131n yerini alan gulam (k\u00f6le askerler) sisteminin benimsenmesi, silahl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe gruplar\u0131ndan daha geleneksel ve profesyonel ordulara ge\u00e7ilmesi sonucu meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Do\u00adlay\u0131s\u0131yla bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde gulam sistemi \u00f6ncesi Orta Asya, \u0130ran ve Irak\u2019ta yap\u0131lan ilk T\u00fcrkmen fetihleri d\u00f6nemi ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

IV. B\u00f6l\u00fcm; Sel\u00e7uklular ve \u0130slam <\/em>(117-149)\u2019da bu d\u00f6nemin din tarihinin ayn\u0131 derecede a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131labilecek \u00e7eli\u015fkilerle dolu oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Bu b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcmde, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan bu t\u00fcr \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin g\u00f6rmezden gelinemeyecek kadar \u00e7ok ve s\u00fcrekli olduklar\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Buna ek olarak, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n ya da ve\u00adzirlerinin din politikas\u0131n\u0131n da \u00e7o\u011fu kez keyfi ve \u00e7eli\u015fkili oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00adm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. K\u00f6kleri ne ilahiyat ne de f\u0131k\u0131h (hukuk) g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne dayanan bu politika, her zaman S\u00fcnnili\u011fi \u00f6zendirmekten uzakt\u0131 ve zaman zaman \u015eiili\u011fi de destek\u00adler nitelikteydi. Daha da \u00f6tesi, vezir ve sultan ne t\u00fcr politika benimserse be\u00adnimsesin, T\u00fcrkmen a\u015firetlerinin inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmayabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

V.\u00a0B\u00f6l\u00fcm; T\u00fcrk \u0130stilalar\u0131 ve Etkileri <\/em>(151-189) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n Ana\u00addolu\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131nlar yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ele al\u0131narak, Malazgirt \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nem \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu Roma\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda askeri altyap\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00adrece daha zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu, ama daha da \u00f6nemlisi, b\u00f6lgedeki altyap\u0131n\u0131n tama\u00admen farkl\u0131 tehditlere kar\u015f\u0131 planland\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle de geni\u015f b\u00f6lgelerin savun\u00admas\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131f kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortaya konulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her hal\u00fckarda savunma sistemlerinin pek i\u015fe yaramamas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n onlardan uzak durabilmesi de\u011fil, b\u00f6lgeyi kal\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ellerinde tutmaya pek de merakl\u0131 olmamalar\u0131yd\u0131. As\u0131l ama\u00e7lar\u0131, kaleleri ve kentleri i\u015fgal etmekten \u00e7ok, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmelerinde hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan ve Anadolu ile kom\u00ad\u015fusu Kafkasya\u2019da bol miktarda bulunan otlaklar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmekti. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Sel\u00e7uklu istilalar\u0131n\u0131n etkilerini, \u0130ran, Irak ve Suriye\u2019nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Anadolu\u2019dan edindi\u011fi verileri kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak de\u011ferlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar arke\u00ado\u00adlojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, var\u0131lacak sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00fc kesin olmasa da, \u015fansl\u0131 olunan nokta, ayn\u0131 ya da yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemlerden ka\u00adlan ve \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131 uzman\u0131n\u0131n ilgilenmedi\u011fi Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc kay\u00adnaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok zengin bir belge k\u00fclliyat\u0131 sunuyor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yazara g\u00f6re bun\u00adlar, Sel\u00e7uklu istilalar\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamam\u0131za yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu verilere dayan\u0131larak, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da oldu\u011fu kadar Anadolu\u2019da da uzun d\u00f6nemli n\u00fcfus azalmas\u0131 ve ekonomik gerileme e\u011filiminin T\u00fcrkmen egemenli\u011finin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7; <\/em>(191-195)\u2019ta ise kitab\u0131n savundu\u011fu temel fikrin basitli\u011fi vurgu\u00adlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu temel fikir Erken Sel\u00e7uklu tarihinin bozk\u0131r ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131n\u0131p de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi \u015feklindedir. Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n fetihlerinin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 be\u00adlir\u00adleyen en \u00f6nemli unsurlar, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun ken\u00addine has ekolojik ko\u015fullar\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu bu bozk\u0131r ko\u015fullar\u0131 ilkel olarak alg\u0131lanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Sel\u00e7uklular disipline sahip olmasalar hi\u00e7bir askeri ba\u00ad\u015far\u0131 kazanamazlard\u0131 ve bu zaferler, ku\u015fatma takti\u011fi kadar, tipik birer g\u00f6\u00e7ebe silah\u0131 olan ok ve yayla kazan\u0131l\u0131yordu. E\u011fer Sel\u00e7uklular bazen surlarla \u00e7evrili yer\u00adlerden uzak durmay\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015flerse, bunun nedeni kendi stratejik \u00f6ncelikle\u00adriydi, yani bir \u00f6nder her \u015feyden \u00f6nce boyunun otlak ve ganimet gereksinimini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak zorundayd\u0131, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 buna dayan\u0131yordu. Anadolu ile Kaf\u00adkasya daha zengin olanaklar sunuyordu ve bu b\u00f6lgeler, her \u015feyden \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk\u00adlerin Ortado\u011fu\u2019da g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilecekleri iklim ve topog\u00adrafya ko\u015fullar\u0131na sahipti, onun i\u00e7in de T\u00fcrkmen sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgelerde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Burada tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Erken Sel\u00e7uklu Tarihi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nem\u00adli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flayan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ise T\u00fcrk Ta\u00adrih\u00ad\u00e7ili\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kazan\u0131m olmu\u015ftur. Bu gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n gerek T\u00fcrk\u00ad\u00e7e\u2019de telif yoluyla \u00fcretilmesi gerekse de yabanc\u0131 yay\u0131nlardan \u00e7eviri yoluyla lite\u00adrat\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcze kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 tek temennimizdir.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi
\nTarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Ferhat AYKUT (Tarih\u00e7i)\u00a0<\/strong>
\nfaykut07@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

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