{"id":3322,"date":"2017-12-24T21:28:35","date_gmt":"2017-12-24T19:28:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0119"},"modified":"2018-01-17T08:53:55","modified_gmt":"2018-01-17T06:53:55","slug":"lbr-0119","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2017-en\/lbr-0119","title":{"rendered":"Do\u011fu \u00dclkeleri Tarihinin Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Do\u011fu \u00dclkeleri Tarihinin Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/i><\/h2>\n

Korykoslu HAYTON<\/h3>\n
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ISBN: 9786054944064<\/strong>
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0264
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02015
\nLocation:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130stanbul
\nPublisher: <\/strong>Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p><\/div>

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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em>\u00a0III (2017) 479-483<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2017037
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 08.12.2017 |\u00a0Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 20.12.2017
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 24.12.2017
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2017<\/p>\n
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\"info\"\u00a0\u00a0<\/a>Citation<\/a>
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KORYKOSLU HAYTON, Do\u011fu \u00dclkeleri Tarihinin Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131. \u0130stanbul 2015. Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 264 sayfa. \u00c7ev. A. T. \u00d6zcan. ISBN: 9786054944064<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00ad<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu \u00dclkeleri Tarihinin Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/em> ya da Latince ismi ile Flos Historiarum Terre Orientis<\/em> serlevhal\u0131 kitab\u0131n m\u00fcellifi Korykoslu Hayton\u2019un ya\u015fam\u0131na dair bilgileri\u00admiz mahdut ve bilgi kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z da -kitab\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 yerlerinde kendisinden bah\u00adsetmesi haricinde- yok gibidir. Buna ra\u011fmen Hayton\u2019un hayat\u0131nda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131\u00adkan baz\u0131 olaylar\u0131 biliyoruz. Do\u011fum tarihi mu\u011flak olsa da takriben 1240-1320 ara\u00ads\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir. Kilikya Ermeni Kral\u0131 I. Hetum\u2019un karde\u015fi O\u015fin\u2019in o\u011flu olan Hayton 1280\u2019de Korykos kentinin idarecili\u011fini \u00fcstlendikten son\u00adra y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 parlayarak 1290\u2019larda b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6nemli simalar\u0131ndan birisi olmu\u015f, K\u0131br\u0131s Ha\u00e7l\u0131 kral\u0131 Guy d\u2019Ibelin\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131 Isabel ile evlenmesi ile \u015f\u00f6hreti daha da art\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen bu y\u0131llarda girdi\u011fi siyasi m\u00fccadelelerde h\u00fcsrana u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olup 1305\u2019ten sonra kendisini tamamen dine, dini ya\u015fant\u0131ya adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Premonstratensian tarikat\u0131na intisap eden Hayton 1306\u2019da Papa taraf\u0131ndan St. Maria Episcopia kilisesine canon regular<\/em> olarak atand\u0131. 1307\u2019de Papa V. Cle\u00adment\u2019in huzuruna \u00e7\u0131kmaya muvaffak oldu. Bundan sonra Papa\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131n \u00e7evre\u00adsindeki isimlerden olan Korykoslu Hayton Flos Historiarum Terre Orientis<\/em> (Do\u00ad\u011fu \u00dclkeleri Tarihinin Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131) adl\u0131 eserini Papa\u2019n\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine kaleme ald\u0131. 1308\u2019de Kilikya\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc. 1316\u2019da Adana konsilinin etkin isimlerinden oldu. \u00d6l\u00fcm tarihi konusunda netlik olmasa da 1320\u2019de hayatta olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edil\u00admektedir.<\/p>\n

Flos Historiarum Terre Orientis<\/em>, 1307\u2019de Hayton\u2019un Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Poitiers kentinde iken Nicolaus Falconi\u2019ye aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilerin toplanmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015f\u00adtur. \u0130lk olarak eski Frans\u0131zca olarak kaleme al\u0131nan eser sonra Latince\u2019ye \u00e7evril\u00admi\u015f ve Latince \u00e7evirisi daha \u00e7ok kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. K\u0131sa zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck alakaya mazhar olarak elli tane kopyas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren de \u0130span\u00adyolca, \u0130ngilizce, Almanca, \u0130talyanca, Flemenk\u00e7e ve nihayet 1842\u2019de Erme\u00adnice terc\u00fcmesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Altay Tayfun \u00d6zcan\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evirisi C. Kohler edisyonuna ve Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Documents Armeniens<\/em>\u2019in ikinci cildin\u00adde yer alan metne dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte bu metin Wroclaw \u00dcniver\u00adsitesi K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019nde R 262\u2019ye kay\u0131tl\u0131 elyazmas\u0131 ve R. Bedrosian\u2019\u0131n terc\u00fcmesi ile de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hayton\u2019un Flos Historiarum Terre Orientis<\/em> isimli yap\u0131t\u0131 d\u00f6rt kitaptan m\u00fcte\u00ad\u015fekkildir. Birinci kitap 14, ikinci kitap 9, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kitap 50 ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc kitap ise 28 k\u0131s\u0131mdan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, kitab\u0131 yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlayan Altay Tayfun \u00d6zcan taraf\u0131ndan, Hayton, Flos Historiarum Terre Orientis<\/em> ve planlanan Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi hakk\u0131nda malumat verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

I. Kitap<\/em> genel bir co\u011frafya ve tarih bilgisi vermektedir. K\u0131tay, T\u00fcrkistan, Ha\u00adrezm, Kumanya, Hindistan, \u0130ran, Media, Ermenistan, G\u00fcrcistan, Mezopotam\u00adya, T\u00fcrkiye, Suriye gibi b\u00f6lgelerin co\u011frafi, tarihi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, fizyolojik vs. \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilmi\u015ftir. II. Kitap<\/em> ise genel bir Asya tarihini ihtiva etmektedir. A\u011f\u0131r\u00adl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak \u0130slamiyet\u2019in do\u011fu\u015fu ve T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinin odak nok\u00adtas\u0131 edildi\u011fi bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde T\u00fcrklerin Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da h\u00e2kimiyet tesis etmeleri de ele al\u0131nan konulardand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

III. Kitap<\/em> Mo\u011follara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayton daha \u00f6nceki bilgilere ek olarak d\u00f6ne\u00adme \u015fahsen tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmi\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kitab\u0131n hacimce en geni\u015f olan b\u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcd\u00fcr. S\u0131ras\u0131yla Cengiz Han, \u00d6gedey, G\u00fcy\u00fck, M\u00f6ngke (Meng\u00fc), Kubilay gibi Mo\u011fol hanlar\u0131 ile Alt\u0131n Orda ve \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve Mo\u011fol ya\u015fam tar\u00adz\u0131ndan bahsedilmektedir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00f6zellikle Meng\u00fc Han d\u00f6neminde ba\u015f\u00adlayan fetihler, Mo\u011fol-Ermeni ili\u015fkileri ve \u0130lhanl\u0131 tarihi tafsilatl\u0131 olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hayton\u2019a g\u00f6re Mo\u011follar Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n do\u011fal m\u00fcttefikiydi. Her iki kesiminde ortak d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 vard\u0131: Meml\u00fckler. Elimizdeki kitab\u0131nda Hayton Mo\u00ad\u011fol-Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ittifak\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi halinde kendi lehlerine g\u00fczel sonu\u00e7lar do\u011fu\u00adraca\u011f\u0131 kanaatindedir. Bundan dolay\u0131 eserinde Mo\u011follara b\u00fcy\u00fck yer ver\u00admi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hayton eserini bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IV. Kitap<\/em> bu maksad\u0131 ele almaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde k\u0131saca Ortado\u011fu tarihini ve co\u011f\u00adraf\u00adyas\u0131n\u0131 anlatan Hayton bir taraftan da ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin siyasi tablosunu \u00e7izmektedir. M\u0131s\u0131r co\u011frafyas\u0131 ve Memluk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde durduktan sonra kut\u00adsal topraklar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi i\u00e7in nas\u0131l bir taarruz plan\u0131 uygulanmas\u0131 gerek\u00adti\u011fini anlatmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazar, zaman zaman abart\u0131ya ka\u00e7an te\u015fvikleriyle seferin daha \u00f6nceki harek\u00e2tlara g\u00f6re daha kolay bir \u015fekilde ba\u015far\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 kana\u00adatindedir (15).<\/p>\n

Hayton\u2019un bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi i\u00e7in \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sebeplerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Hristiyanlar\u00adca kutsal addedilen mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n elinde olmas\u0131 gelmektedir: \u201cBen efendimiz Papa\u2019n\u0131n emri \u00fczerine bu kitab\u0131 kaleme alan karde\u015f Hayton, Hris\u00adti\u00adyanlar\u0131n \u0130smailo\u011fullar\u0131 \u00fczerine sald\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli neden ve gerek\u00ad\u00e7eye sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade ederim. Zira Hristiyanlar\u0131n miras\u0131, \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n Hristiyan\u00adlara verilece\u011fine s\u00f6z verip Agarenlerin <\/em>[M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n] zorla ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi kutsal topraklar ve Hristiyanl\u0131k inanc\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fc ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 efendimiz \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n Kutsal Mezar\u0131 ile Hristiyanlar\u0131n kutsal sayd\u0131klar\u0131 daha ba\u015fka kutsal mek\u00e2nlar, bu top\u00adraklar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeye hak te\u015fkil etmektedir\u201d<\/em> (200).<\/p>\n

Hayton bu bahanesine ilave olarak sundu\u011fu di\u011fer sebepler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 bu c\u00fcmle ile ilintilidir. Misal, M\u0131s\u0131r Memluk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n idari mekanizmadaki zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (216) ve sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve M\u0131s\u0131r co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n Nil nehrine muhta\u00e7 olmas\u0131n\u00addan kaynaklanan problemler ile Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu seferi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kudrete sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Hayton\u2019un hayallerini s\u00fcsleyen sefer i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli gerek\u00e7elerdir.<\/p>\n

Malum oldu\u011fu \u00fczere Mo\u011follar bat\u0131ya ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri seferlerde Avru\u00adpal\u0131lar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir korkuya kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Onlar Mo\u011follar \u00fczerine kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 kitaplarda ger\u00e7eklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Mo\u011follar ile ilgili pek\u00e7ok hezeyan da \u00fcret\u00admi\u015flerdir. Hayton\u2019un eserinde ise b\u00f6yle bir duruma tesad\u00fcf edilmemekte\u00addir. Hayton olaylara \u015fahsi tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sayesinde Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 gayet realist yakla\u00ad\u015farak bir nevi \u201cstratejik ortakl\u0131k\u201d<\/em> tesis etmeye \u00e7abalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayton\u2019un ak\u00adl\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en ittifak, iki ordunun seferi bir arada icra etmesinden \u00e7ok, farkl\u0131 isti\u00adkamette m\u00fccadele etmeleri esas\u0131na dayan\u0131yordu (20).<\/p>\n

Hayton\u2019un kitab\u0131ndan iyi noktalardan birisi de bilgi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131\u00add\u0131r. Hayton kitapta verdi\u011fi bilgileri nas\u0131l elde etti\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r: \u201cBu kitab\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mda yazarak haz\u0131rlayan ben, bilgilerimi \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 yoldan elde ettim. Tataralr\u0131n ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc imparator M\u00f6ngke Han\u2019a kadar hikaye edilenler, Tatarlar\u0131n kendi tarihlerinden elde edil\u00admi\u015ftir. M\u00f6ngke Han\u2019dan H\u00fclag\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar anlat\u0131lan ve yaz\u0131lanlar, onlar\u0131n zaman\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan efendisi ve amcas\u0131, iyi hat\u0131rlanan Ermeni Kral\u0131 efendi Hetum\u2019dan \u00f6\u011frenilen ve duyulanlard\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir bilgelikle, o\u011ful ve ye\u00ad\u011fenleri, iti hat\u0131ralar\u0131n unutulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in nakletmi\u015f ve yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. H\u00fc\u00adlag\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn o\u011flu Abaka Han\u2019\u0131n iktidara geli\u015finden Tatar tarihinin sonunu te\u015fkil eden, kitab\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc k\u0131sm\u0131na kadarki bilgiler de hadiseler i\u00e7inde \u015fahs\u00ee olarak bu\u00adlun\u00admamdan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00f6\u011frenilmi\u015f bilgilerdir. Zaman\u0131mda ne olduysa, bir tan\u0131k olarak takdim ettim\u201d<\/em> (186-187).<\/p>\n

Zaman\u0131na g\u00f6re bilgi birikimi y\u00fcksek olan Hayton\u2019un eserinde yer yer yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiler de yer almaktad\u0131r. Mesela, Sultan Alparslan\u2019\u0131 Tu\u011frul Bey\u2019in o\u011flu olarak g\u00f6s\u00adtermesi (53), Cu\u00e7i ve \u00c7a\u011fatay\u2019\u0131 \u00d6gedey Han\u2019\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131 olarak kaydetmesi (93; 95) ya da bir Budist olan Keyhatu\/Geyhatu\u2019yu dinsiz olarak sunmas\u0131 (149) gibi pek \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi aktarmaktad\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi de T\u00fcrkmenleri M\u00fcs\u00adl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmezden evvel herhangi bir mensup olarak g\u00f6rmemesi\u00addir (60). Ayr\u0131ca O, T\u00fcrklerin \u0130slamiyeti kabul\u00fcn\u00fc de halifenin teklifine ba\u011fla\u00admaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hayton, sadece Mo\u011follar\u0131 ve neden bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferinin gerekli oldu\u011funun \u00fczerinde durmam\u0131\u015f, bunlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 da olarak, T\u00fcrkistan, Harezm, Kumanya (De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak), Hindistan, \u0130ran, Kafkasya, T\u00fcrkiye (Anadolu) Suriye, M\u0131s\u0131r gibi co\u011frafyalar\u0131n tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden de bahsetmektedir. Bundan dolay\u0131 O, Asya k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n tarih\u00ee co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 da bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Korykoslu Hayton\u2019un ki\u015fili\u011fi \u00fczerine de bir parantez a\u00e7arak yaz\u0131y\u0131 nihayete erdirelim. Korykoslu Hayton zaman\u0131n ilgin\u00e7 ki\u015filiklerinden birisidir. Siyasi kari\u00adyerini b\u0131rakarak kendini dini hayata adamas\u0131 da bunu g\u00f6stermektedir. Korykos\u00adlu Hayton\u2019un \u015fahsiyeti hakk\u0131nda kitab\u0131n m\u00fctercimi Altay Tayfun \u00d6zcan \u015f\u00f6yle bir de\u011ferlendirmede bulunmaktad\u0131r: \u201cKu\u015fkusuz ki Hayton\u2019un, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem i\u00e7e\u00adrisindeki konumu ve faaliyetlerinin yan\u0131nda entellekt\u00fcel kapasitesi hakk\u0131nda da birka\u00e7 s\u00f6z s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi plan\u0131 olarak ortaya konulan eserin\u00adde, sadece askeri bir faaliyet olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda tarihi-co\u011frafi, jeostra\u00adtejik ve sosyo-ekonomik perspektifle yakla\u015fmas\u0131, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n ortaya koyduklar\u0131 planlar\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6tesindedir. Mesela XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda k\u0131sa bir rapor kaleme alan Bertrandon de la Brocqiere ile daha ba\u015fkalar\u0131 Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferine sadece askeri bir mesele olarak yakla\u015farak \u00f6nerilerini daha \u00e7ok bu ba\u011flamla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutmu\u015flar\u00add\u0131r. Elbette onun bu farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, Korykos\u2019ta yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 entelekt\u00fcel bir iklimin ese\u00adriydi\u201d<\/em> (14).<\/p>\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011f Ermeni kaynaklar\u0131 T\u00fcrk tarihi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Buna ra\u011fmen bu kaynaklar\u0131n ne\u015frine kar\u015f\u0131 bir kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131k oldu\u011fu a\u015fik\u00e2r\u00add\u0131r. Bunun en m\u00fchim sebebi \u015f\u00fcphesiz kaynak diline h\u00e2kim olamamakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bir di\u011fer sebebin de son bir as\u0131rda ya\u015fanan olumsuz geli\u015fmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi oldu\u011fu kanaatindeyiz. T\u00fcrk tarihine ait muhtelif dillerdeki kaynaklar\u0131n terc\u00fcme edilmesi ve ne\u015fredilmesi bizler i\u00e7in birer milli g\u00f6rev mahiyetindedir. Bundan dolay\u0131 T\u00fcrk tarihine dair kaynak eserleri ne\u015frederek T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe, T\u00fcrk Ta\u00adrihi\u2019ne hizmet etti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019na minnet borcu\u00admuz oldu\u00ad\u011funu ifade etmeliyiz.<\/p>\n

Adnan Menderes \u00dcniversitesi
\nTarih Anabilim Dal\u0131
\n<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Fatih ORTA (MA.)\u00a0<\/strong>
\nfatihortaa@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

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