{"id":3104,"date":"2017-11-20T13:36:53","date_gmt":"2017-11-20T11:36:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/2015-en\/trans-2015-en\/lbr-0113"},"modified":"2018-01-16T13:16:09","modified_gmt":"2018-01-16T11:16:09","slug":"lbr-0113","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2017-en\/lbr-0113","title":{"rendered":"Caesar"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Caesar<\/em><\/h2>\n

Adrian GOLDSWORTHY<\/h3>\n
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ISBN: 9786053320579<\/strong>
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0635
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02017
\nLocation:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130stanbul
\nPublisher: <\/strong>T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p><\/div>

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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em>\u00a0III (2017) 435-447<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2017031
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 06.11.2017 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 15.11.2017
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 20.11.2017
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2017<\/p>\n
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\"references\"\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0View PDF<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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A. GOLDSWORTHY, Caesar<\/em>. \u0130stanbul 2014. T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 635 sayfa (24 resim, 17 harita ve \u00e7izim ile birlikte). \u00c7ev. Efe Kurto\u011flu. ISBN: 9786053320579<\/strong><\/p>\n

Adrian Goldsworthy taraf\u0131ndan 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda kaleme al\u0131nan ve 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00ad\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olan bu eser, Roma Ge\u00e7 Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fahsiyeti olan ve Plutarkhos\u2019tan Shakespeare\u2019e kadar pek \u00e7ok yazar ve ara\u015f\u00adt\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7eken Gaius Iulius Caesar\u2019\u0131n biyografisi niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131makla birlikte Roma ve Akdeniz tarihine y\u00f6n veren Sulla, Pompeius, Marcus Anto\u00adnius ve Brutus gibi \u00f6nemli ki\u015filerin hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n kronolojik olarak kesi\u015fti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nem olan M\u00d6 I. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n, tarihi ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan analiz edilmesine katk\u0131 sa\u011flar. Goldsworthy, Caesar\u2019\u0131n M\u00d6 100 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki do\u011fumundan itibaren diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe ve de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine giden hayat yolunda hem kendisinin hem de Roma\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi a\u015famalar\u0131 ak\u0131c\u0131 bir anlat\u0131mla okuyucular\u0131n ilgisine sun\u00adman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra k\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131yafet tercihinden sosyal ili\u015fkilerine, askeri yetene\u011fin\u00adden politik zekas\u0131na kadar Caesar\u2019a ili\u015fkin kaydedilmi\u015f hi\u00e7bir detay\u0131 atlama\u00admaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak olduk\u00e7a titiz bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n

Eserine k\u0131sa bir Te\u015fekk\u00fcr (IX) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile ba\u015flayan yazar, geleneksel olarak Romulus\u2019un Roma\u2019y\u0131 kurdu\u011fu sene olarak kabul edilen M\u00d6 753 senesinden Marcus Antonius ve Kleopatra\u2019n\u0131n intihar ettikleri M\u00d6 30 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar hem Caesar hem de Roma i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli tarihlerin k\u0131sa a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131na yer verdi\u011fi Kronoloji (XI-XIV) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile devam eder. Giri\u015f (XV-XXIII) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ilk olarak Caesar\u2019\u0131n antik d\u00f6nemden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar her daim ilgi \u00e7eken nitelik\u00adlerine ve karakter \u00f6zelliklerine de\u011findikten sonra s\u00f6z konusu eserin, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6n yarg\u0131dan uzak, sadece Caesar\u2019\u0131 odak alarak, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131 al\u00adt\u0131nda incelemeyi ve onun hayat hikayesini M\u00d6 I. y\u00fczy\u0131l Roma toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131na yerle\u015ftirmeyi ilgi alan\u0131 olarak belirleyen yaz\u0131m amac\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131r; yaz\u0131m y\u00f6ntemi olarak eser boyunca Caesar\u2019\u0131n bizzat i\u00e7inde yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olay\u00adlar\u0131n kabaca anlat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, onu daha iyi anlamam\u0131za katk\u0131 sa\u011flamayan hususla\u00adr\u0131n konu d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve konulara ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalara metin i\u00e7inde de\u011fil kitab\u0131n sonundaki notlar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yer verilece\u011fini belirtilir; son olarak da eserin antik kaynak\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n nitelik ve niceli\u011fine de\u011finerek Roma\u2019n\u0131n en \u00e7ok bilgi sahibi olunan d\u00f6neminde ya\u015famas\u0131na ve hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok kay\u00adnak bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Caesar\u2019\u0131n elli alt\u0131 senelik hayat\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilinme\u00adyenlerin az\u0131msanmayacak kadar \u00e7ok oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.<\/p>\n

Goldsworthy eserini \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131k, yirmi \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm ve alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar olarak tasarlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131k Kons\u00fcll\u00fc\u011fe Y\u00fckseli\u015f M\u00d6 100-59<\/em> (1-198) se\u00adkiz b\u00f6l\u00fcm alt\u0131nda i\u015flenmi\u015ftir. Caesar\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu ko\u015fullar\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen Caesar\u2019\u0131n D\u00fcnyas\u0131 <\/em>(3-26) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fan bir \u015feman\u0131n izlendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan Cumhuriyet<\/em> (7-15)\u2019de, g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitli memurlar, meclisler ve senato aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131ran Roma Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin yap\u0131s\u0131 ve i\u015fleyi\u015fi ile imparatorlu\u011fun ve cumhuriyetin kalbi olan Roma kenti forum<\/em>\u2019u plan\u0131 ile birlikte ele al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun Yarar\u0131 ve Bedeli <\/em>(16-21) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Hellen kent devletlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak ma\u011flup etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 sad\u0131k m\u00fcttefiklerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren ve baz\u0131 imtiyazlar verip sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00fc\u00e7 katan m\u00fcttefik ordusuyla b\u00fcnyesine yeni eya\u00adletler kazand\u0131rarak geni\u015fleyen Roma\u2019n\u0131n bu durumundan \u00f6zellikle senat\u00f6r, atl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f ve elit tabaka mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n karl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131 gittik\u00e7e uza\u00adyan askerlik s\u00fcrelerinin kazand\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 yan\u0131nda orduda alt tabaka g\u00f6revlerde bulunan yoksul kesime kaybettirdikleri konu edinilmi\u015ftir. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Kan ve Politika <\/em>(21-26)\u2019da ise Cumhuriyet\u2019in sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7abalayan halk tribunlar\u0131 Gracchus karde\u015flerin yoksul halka y\u00f6nelik toprak reformlar\u0131 ile Marius\u2019un profesyonel orduya ge\u00e7i\u015fteki ilk ad\u0131mlar\u0131 atarak Numidia ve Ger\u00admania\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan halk tribunu Saturninus\u2019un askerlere y\u00f6nelik yasala\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak reformunun getirdi\u011fi karma\u015fa durumu aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olu\u015fturan ve iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta toplanan Caesar\u2019\u0131n \u00c7ocuklu\u011fu <\/em>(27-46), do\u011fum tarihine (M\u00d6 13 Temmuz 100) y\u00f6nelik tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n aktar\u0131\u00adm\u0131yla ba\u015flar ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n da ferdi oldu\u011fu, k\u00f6kleri tanr\u0131\u00e7a Ven\u00fcs\u2019e dayand\u0131r\u0131\u00adlan patricii <\/em>stat\u00fcs\u00fcne sahip Iulii ailesinin devlet i\u00e7inde y\u00fcksek mertebelere ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f aile fertleri ili\u015fkin bilgilerle devam eder. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan Gen\u00e7lik Y\u0131llar\u0131 ve E\u011fitimi <\/em>(32-39)\u2019nin ilk sat\u0131rlar\u0131nda, Caesar\u2019\u0131n gen\u00e7lik y\u0131llar\u0131na dair veri\u00adlerin eksik olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemlere ili\u015fkin bo\u015fluklar\u0131n genel Roma ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun olarak doldurulabilece\u011fi not d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve devam\u0131nda yak\u0131n \u00f6rneklere dayan\u0131larak Caesar\u2019\u0131n \u00e7ocuklu\u011funa ve ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitime ili\u015fkin varsa\u00ady\u0131mlarda bulunulmu\u015ftur. S\u00fckunet ve F\u0131rt\u0131na <\/em>(39-46) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ikinci k\u0131s\u0131mda ise M\u00d6 I. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk on be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131nda vuku bulan geli\u015fmeler \u00f6zetlenmi\u015f; ayn\u0131 zamanda Caesar\u2019\u0131n halas\u0131n\u0131n kocas\u0131 olan Marius, Pompeius Magnus\u2019un babas\u0131 olan Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, Lucius Cornelius Cinna ve Lucius Cor\u00adnelius Sulla gibi \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan siyasi ve askeri karakterler ve bunlar aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleler irdelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk Diktat\u00f6r <\/em>(47-51) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcme kadar Caesar\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7ine do\u011fdu\u011fu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n siyasi ve sosyal bir portresini \u00e7izmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan yazar, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmden itibaren, kaynaklar elverdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde odak noktas\u0131 olarak Caesar\u2019a y\u00f6nelse de, Sulla\u2019y\u0131 Beklerken <\/em>(51-57) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ilk alt b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, Mithradates ile M\u00d6 85\u2019de yap\u0131lan Dardanos Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kendi dignitas<\/em>\u0131n\u0131 korumak isteyen Sulla ile Cinna aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan m\u00fccadeleye, Cinna\u2019n\u0131n kendi askerleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin ard\u0131ndan Sulla\u2019n\u0131n M\u00d6 82\u2019de Roma\u2019y\u0131 al\u0131\u015f\u0131na, rakiplerini ceza\u00adlan\u00add\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve kendisini s\u00fcresiz olarak dictator <\/em>ilan etmesine ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar i\u00e7 sava\u015fta yer almam\u0131\u015f olsa da Cinna\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 ile evli olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131\u00ads\u0131yla Caesar do\u011frudan do\u011fruya Sulla kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 tarafta g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6yle ki ikinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan Ka\u00e7ak <\/em>(57-61)\u2019da, Sulla taraf\u0131ndan kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015famas\u0131 emredilen, fakat bu emri yerine getirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Iuppiter’e adanm\u0131\u015f eski bir ruhban birli\u011fi olan flamen dialis<\/em>likten at\u0131lan ve hakk\u0131nda tutuklama karar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan Cae\u00adsar\u2019\u0131n Roma\u2019dan ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve annesi ile baz\u0131 akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n araya girmesi sayesin\u00adde Sulla taraf\u0131ndan affedilmesi s\u00fcreci ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; M\u00d6 79 y\u0131l\u0131nda diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck yetkisini iade eden Sulla\u2019n\u0131n siyasi d\u00fczenlemeleri ile diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck sonras\u0131ndaki ya\u015fam\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm Gen\u00e7 Caesar <\/em>(63-67), Caesar\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin akta\u00adr\u0131mlarla ba\u015flar ve ya\u015fam tarz\u0131yla devam eder. Kral ve Ta\u00e7 <\/em>(67-73) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ilk alt b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Caesar\u2019\u0131n Asia Eyaleti\u2019ndeki askerlik g\u00f6revine ve valinin contu\u00adbernales<\/em>i (= \u00e7ad\u0131r arkada\u015flar\u0131) aras\u0131na girmesine; Mytilene ku\u015fatmas\u0131 sonra\u00ads\u0131nda corona civica <\/em>(= cesaret madalyas\u0131) ni\u015fan\u0131na lay\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine; Bithynia kral\u0131 Nikomedes ile aralar\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye y\u00f6nelik dedikodulara; kad\u0131nlarla olan \u00f6zel ili\u015fkilerine ve Romal\u0131\u2019lar\u0131n bu olaylara bak\u0131\u015f\u0131na geni\u015f yer ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6\u011f\u00adrenci ve Korsanlar <\/em>(73-82) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Sulla\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm haberini ald\u0131ktan sonra Roma\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fcp siyasi ya\u015fama kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in avukatl\u0131k mesle\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme karar\u0131 alan Caesar\u2019\u0131n M\u00d6 77\u2019de Sulla taraftar\u0131 olan Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabel\u00adla\u2019y\u0131 Makedonya Eyaleti halk\u0131n\u0131 haraca ba\u011flamak su\u00e7uyla dava etmesi ve o d\u00f6nem Roma\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc hatibi Quintus Hortensius ve se\u00e7kin Gaius Aureli\u00adus Cotta kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 savunmas\u0131 ile \u00fcnl\u00fc hitabet \u00f6\u011fretmeni Apollonius Molo\u2019dan ders almak i\u00e7in Rhodos\u2019a gidi\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda korsanlarca ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 maceras\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt b\u00f6l\u00fcm Yeniden Roma\u2019da <\/em>(82-86) ise, Cotta\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan bo\u015falan ba\u015frahipler kurulu \u00fcyeli\u011fine atand\u0131ktan sonra e\u011fitimini yar\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131p Roma\u2019ya d\u00f6nmesini ve M\u00d6 70\u2019de yirmi d\u00f6rt askeri tri\u00adb\u00fcn\u00adden biri olmas\u0131n\u0131 konu edinerek Caesar\u2019\u0131n siyasi potansiyelini ortaya koydu\u011funa de\u011finir.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 70 y\u0131l\u0131nda otuz ya\u015f\u0131na gelmi\u015f olan Caesar\u2019\u0131n, e\u015fi Cornelia ile olan evlili\u00ad\u011fine ve se\u00e7kin ailelerin fertleri olan di\u011fer bekar\/evli kad\u0131nlarla olan ili\u015fkilerine de\u011finen bir i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahil olan be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm Aday <\/em>(87-95) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131makta\u00add\u0131r ve \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131kla devam etmektedir. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k De\u011fi\u015fen Zamanlar: Pom\u00adpeius\u2019un Y\u00fckseli\u015fi <\/em>(95-102)\u2019nde, Pompeius Magnus\u2019un faaliyetlerine ve Sulla ile olan ili\u015fkisine de\u011finildikten sonra \u0130spanya\u2019ya proconsul <\/em>olarak atanmas\u0131 ve kons\u00fcll\u00fc\u011fe y\u00fckselmesine de\u011fin kariyerine yer verilmi\u015ftir. Caesar\u2019\u0131n Quaes\u00adtorlu\u011fu <\/em>(102-108) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilen ikinci alt b\u00f6l\u00fcm, Caesar\u2019\u0131n quaestor<\/em>luk ma\u00adkam\u0131\u00adn\u0131 elde etmesi vesilesiyle bu memuriyetin i\u00e7eri\u011fine ve g\u00f6revine ili\u015fkin bil\u00adgiler aktarmakta; halas\u0131 Iulia ve kar\u0131s\u0131 Cornelia\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin ard\u0131ndan verdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylevleri ve quaestor <\/em>olduktan sonra eyalet valisi vekili olarak Uzak \u0130spanya\u2019ya (Hispania Ulterior) g\u00f6nderilmesini konu edinmektedir. An\u0131tlar ve Gladyat\u00f6rler: Caesar Aedilis Oluyor <\/em>(108-116) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k ise, \u0130span\u00adya\u2019dan d\u00f6nen Caesar\u2019\u0131n Pompeia ile ikinci evlili\u011fini yapmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ro\u00adma\u2019da vuku bulan evlilik t\u00f6renlerine ili\u015fkin bilgi vermekte; hem Gabinius tara\u00adf\u0131ndan \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen ve ad\u0131n\u0131 anmasa da Pompeius\u2019un korsanlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok ge\u00adni\u015f bir imperium <\/em>yetkesiyle donat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131na, hem de Manilius taraf\u0131ndan Mithradates sava\u015f\u0131 komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Pompeius\u2019un atanma\u00ads\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00f6neriye destek vererek pop\u00fcleritesini artt\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra M\u00d6 65\u2019de aedilis curulis <\/em>se\u00e7ilmesine ve sonras\u0131na de\u011finmektedir.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 66 y\u0131l\u0131 kons\u00fcl se\u00e7imleri, se\u00e7imlere r\u00fc\u015fvet kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iptal edil\u00admi\u015f, se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olan Sulla (Sulla\u2019n\u0131n ye\u011feni) ve Autronius yerine M\u00d6 65 y\u0131l\u0131n\u00adda Cotta ve Manlius atanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu durumu kabul etmeyen Sulla ve Autro\u00adni\u00adus\u2019un yeni kons\u00fcllere kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenledikleri komployu ve ard\u0131ndakileri akta\u00adran Komplo <\/em>(117-124) isimli alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm, iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cato, Catilina ve Mahkemeler <\/em>(124-128) olarak isimlendirilmi\u015f olan ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k, M\u00d6 64 y\u0131l\u0131nda cinayet mahkemesinde quaestor <\/em>olarak g\u00f6revli olan Marcus Porcius Cato\u2019nun faaliyetlerini ve sa\u011flam karakterini, eski aedilis <\/em>olarak mahkemelerde hakimlik yapan Caesar\u2019\u0131n tutumuyla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rarak d\u00f6nemin mahkemelerine ve Catilina davas\u0131na de\u011finir. Eski Su\u00e7lar ve Yeni Komplolar <\/em>(128-139) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 son b\u00f6l\u00fcm, M\u00d6 63 y\u0131l\u0131 kons\u00fclleri olarak Gaius Antonius ve Cicero\u2019nun se\u00e7ilmesinin ard\u0131ndan P. Servilius Rullus taraf\u0131ndan sunulan toprak yasas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde geli\u015fen olaylar\u0131; Caesar\u2019\u0131n G. Calpurnius Pisa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davay\u0131 Cicero kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kaybetmesini; M\u00d6 63 y\u0131l\u0131 trib\u00fcnlerinden Labienus\u2019un Senatus<\/em>\u2019un ya\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00f6nemsiz \u00fcyelerinden G. Rabirus\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00f6keni be\u015f y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayanan perduellio <\/em>(=vatana ihanet) su\u00e7una y\u00f6nelik Caesar\u2019\u0131n da destekledi\u011fi davay\u0131; s\u00f6z konusu davalarla pop\u00fcleritesini artt\u0131ran Caesar\u2019\u0131n, olduk\u00e7a prestijli bir mevki olan pontifex maximus<\/em>\u2019lu\u011fa se\u00ad\u00e7il\u00admesini; M\u00d6 62 y\u0131l\u0131 kons\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne se\u00e7ilemeyen Catilina\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fczenledi\u011fi komp\u00adluyu ve son olarak bunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karan Cicero\u2019nun durumunu konu edinir.<\/p>\n

Caesar, Crassus ve Cicero\u2019nun Catilina olay\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 analiz ederek ba\u015flayan Skandal <\/em>(141-145) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yedinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, Cicero\u2019nun savundu\u011fu Murena davas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgilerle ve Catilina isyan\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla devam eder. B\u00fcy\u00fck Tart\u0131\u015fma<\/em> (145-154) olarak isimlendirilen ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Catilina davas\u0131 san\u0131klar\u0131na verilecek cezan\u0131n tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n san\u0131klar\u0131n ida\u00adm\u0131\u00adna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan tavr\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Cicero ve Cato\u2019nun verdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylevlerin ard\u0131ndan san\u0131klar\u0131n idam edilmelerini ele al\u0131r. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Praetor, M\u00d6 62 <\/em>(154-157) olarak isimlendirilir ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n bu makamda iken, trib\u00fcn olan Q. Metellus Nepos\u2019un, Mithradates sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olan Pompeius\u2019un ve ordusu\u00adnun \u0130talya\u2019da asayi\u015fi sa\u011flamak \u00fczere g\u00f6reve \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131mas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik verdi\u011fi tasa\u00adr\u0131y\u0131 desteklemesi ve ya\u015fanan tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan praetor<\/em>luk mevkisinin elinden al\u0131n\u0131p yeniden verilmesi; Cicero sayesinde Catilina isyan\u0131na kat\u0131lan\u00adlardan biri oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki su\u00e7lamadan kurtulmas\u0131 konular\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendi\u00adrir. \u0130yi Tanr\u0131\u00e7a <\/em>(158-161) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, M\u00d6 62 y\u0131l\u0131nda hem praetor <\/em>hem de pontifex maximus <\/em>olmas\u0131 vesilesiyle evinde kutlanan Bona Dea <\/em>festi\u00advali s\u0131ras\u0131nda, kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Clodius\u2019un yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 skandal ve sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar aktar\u0131l\u0131r. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k \u0130spanya <\/em>(161-164) Caesar\u2019\u0131n Hispania Ulte\u00adrior Eyaleti\u2019ne propraetor <\/em>olarak gitmesini ve orada yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Goldsworthy, Caesar\u2019\u0131n, kariyerinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutan consul<\/em>l\u00fck mevki\u00adine se\u00e7ilmesine, bu mevkiide bulundu\u011fu s\u0131radaki faaliyetlerine ve bu d\u00f6nem\u00adde ya\u015fanan olaylara yer verdi\u011fi sekizinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Kons\u00fcl <\/em>(165-172) \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015f ve konuyu d\u00f6rt alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa b\u00f6lerek de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. Eve D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f <\/em>(172-178) olarak isimlendirilen ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, M\u00d6 60 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130span\u00adya\u2019dan d\u00f6nen Caesar\u2019\u0131n M\u00d6 59 y\u0131l\u0131 consul<\/em>l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne aday olabilmek i\u00e7in triumph <\/em>(=zafer alay\u0131) d\u00fczenlemekten vazge\u00e7mek zorunda kalmas\u0131, Cato\u2019nun Caesar aleyhtar\u0131 faaliyetleri, Caesar\u2019\u0131n rakipleri ve consul <\/em>se\u00e7imlerinde izlenen yol konular\u0131 ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toprak Yasas\u0131 <\/em>(178-185) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Caesar\u2019\u0131n consul<\/em>l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda toprak yasas\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7irilmesi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lanlar\u0131, yasan\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini ve Caesar, Crassus ve Pompeius aras\u0131nda I. Triumviratus<\/em>\u2019un olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 konu edinmi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Iulius ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n Kons\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fc <\/em>(185-190) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Senatus<\/em>\u2019un onay\u0131n\u0131 alamayan Caesar\u2019\u0131n toprak yasas\u0131 tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 do\u011f\u00adrudan halka sunma karar\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda forum<\/em>da ya\u015fanan \u015fiddet olaylar\u0131n\u0131 ve sonras\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131r. Tepki <\/em>(191-198) isimli son alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta, trib\u00fcn Vatinius taraf\u0131ndan sunulan, Illyricum ve Gallia Cisalpina eyaletlerinin birle\u015ftirilerek be\u015f seneli\u011fine Caesar\u2019\u0131n komutas\u0131na verilmesini i\u00e7eren yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesi, triumviri<\/em>\u2019nin, Caesar\u2019\u0131n consul<\/em>l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n gelecek y\u0131l\u0131n magisratlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ersiz ilan edilmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in giri\u015ftikleri faaliyetler, Cicero ve Clodius aras\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar, Vettius davas\u0131 ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n M\u00d6 58 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeni g\u00f6revi i\u00e7in Roma\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar vuku bulan olaylar de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/p>\n

Goldsworthy, eserinin Prokons\u00fcl M\u00d6 58-50 <\/em>(199-398) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fc\u00adn\u00fc de sekiz \u00fcst ve yirmi alt\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa b\u00f6lerek inceler. Dokuzuncu b\u00f6l\u00fcm Galya <\/em>(201-202), Caesar\u2019\u0131n dokuz y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7irece\u011fi Galya\u2019ya gitmesiyle de\u011fi\u015fen hayat\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir giri\u015f niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. Sava\u015f Yorumlar\u0131 <\/em>(203-208), Caesar\u2019\u0131n M\u00d6 58-52 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Galya\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi sava\u015flara ili\u015fkin bilgi edinilen kaynaklara, bilhassa da kendisinin kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yedi ciltlik Com\u00admen\u00adtarii de Bello Gallico<\/em>\u2019ya de\u011finir. Caesar\u2019\u0131n Ordusu <\/em>(208-215) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00adde, Caesar\u2019\u0131n ordusunun yap\u0131s\u0131, komutanlar\u0131 ve askerlerine ili\u015fkin bilgi verilir. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f Galya <\/em>(215-224)\u2019da ise, M\u00d6 I. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Gal\u00adya\u2019da iskan eden, farkl\u0131 k\u00f6ken ve dile sahip kavimleri tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Onuncu b\u00f6l\u00fcm G\u00f6\u00e7menler ve Paral\u0131 Askerler: \u0130lk Seferler, M\u00d6 58 <\/em>(225-232) olarak isimlendirilir ve Helvetler\u2019in Galya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki verimli ara\u00adzilere yerle\u015fmek \u00fczere giri\u015ftikleri g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketini, g\u00fczargahlar\u0131n\u0131n Caesar\u2019\u0131n h\u00fckm\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunan Gallia Transalpina\u2019dan ge\u00e7mesini ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7\u00admenlere ge\u00e7i\u015f izni vermemesi sonucu Rhone Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fanan gergin\u00adli\u011fi konu edinir. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Yeni Bir Sava\u015f <\/em>(232-245)\u2019da, Caesar\u2019\u0131n sava\u015f ha\u00adz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Gallia Cisalpina\u2019dan yeni lejyon askerlerinin en k\u0131sa yol olan Alpler \u00fcze\u00adrinden getirilmesi ve ya\u015fanan sava\u015f ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Roma Halk\u0131n\u0131n Dostu <\/em>(245-255) olarak isimlendirilen ikinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k, Helvetler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan b\u00f6lge kavimlerinin Caesar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Roma\u2019yla m\u00fct\u00adtefiklik olma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 ve Ariovistus \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Germenlere kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015filen sava\u015f\u0131 aktar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki alt ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda incelenen on birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm Galyal\u0131 Kavimlerin En Cesuru: Belgae, M\u00d6 57 <\/em>(257-269), on iki ayda emrindeki askerlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karan Caesar\u2019\u0131n bir komutan olarak izledi\u011fi yola, orduya verilen e\u011fitime ve askerleriyle ileti\u015fimine de\u011findikten sonra Galya\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde ka\u00adbileler \u015feklinde iskan eden ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki faaliyetlerinden olduk\u00e7a huzursuz olan Belgae Kavmini tan\u0131t\u0131r ve her iki taraftaki sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Sambre Muharebesi <\/em>(269-276) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Bel\u00adgae koalisyonuna dahil kabilelerin \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ma\u011flup eden Caesar\u2019\u0131n, b\u00f6lgenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kabilesi olan Nervii ile Atrebates, Viromandui kabilelerine kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015fti\u011fi Sambre Muharebesi konu edinilir. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u0130\u015fler <\/em>(276-) ise, Sambre Muharebesi\u2019ne yeti\u015femeyen Belgae kabilele\u00adrinden Atuatuci\u2019nin ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve teslim karar\u0131ndan cayan birka\u00e7 kabile \u00fcyesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla t\u00fcm kabilenin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fler.<\/p>\n

Politika ve Sava\u015f: Luca Konferans\u0131 <\/em>(279-281) ismini ta\u015f\u0131yan on ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa sahiptir ve iki senedir Galya\u2019da bulunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n Caesar\u2019\u0131n Roma\u2019daki olaylara uzak kalmamak ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc politikaya de\u011finir. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Pleblerin \u2018Patricius\u2019 Trib\u00fcn\u00fc <\/em>(281-291), Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen ailelerin\u00adden Claudius ailesine mensup bir patricius <\/em>olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Caesar ve Pom\u00adpeius sayesinde plebis <\/em>stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ge\u00e7en P. Clodius Pulcher\u2019in aile ge\u00e7mi\u015fini ele al\u0131r ve tribunus plebis <\/em>(=halk trib\u00fcn\u00fc) olduktan sonraki faaliyetleri kapsa\u00adm\u0131n\u00adda Cato\u2019nun K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmesi ile Cicero\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmesine ili\u015fkin olaylar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirdikten sonra Cicero\u2019nun s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden geri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ard\u0131nda ya\u015fanan olaylar\u0131 konu edinir. Ayr\u0131ca Roma\u2019da geli\u015fen yeni politik du\u00adrumlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7lerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak isteyen triumviri<\/em>\u2019nin Luca\u2019da yap\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplant\u0131ya ve al\u0131nan kararlara de\u011finir. Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019na Do\u011fru <\/em>(292-295) olarak isimlendirilen ikinci ve son alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta, Galya\u2019n\u0131n genelinde huzuru sa\u011flayan ve ordusunu birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z birka\u00e7 tabura b\u00f6len Cae\u00adsar\u2019\u0131n geri kalan birliklerle Atlantik k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda iskan eden isyan halindeki Veneti kav\u00admine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sefer anlat\u0131l\u0131r ve Veneti\u2019lere kar\u015f\u0131 elde etti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n ya\u00adn\u0131n\u00adda, b\u00fc\u00ady\u00fck bir sosyal ve politik tehcire yol a\u00e7an verdi\u011fi a\u011f\u0131r cezan\u0131n nedenleri tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Denizin \u00d6tesi: Britanya ve Germen Seferleri, M\u00d6 55-54 <\/em>(297-298) olarak isimlendirilen on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm, Britanya\u2019da iskan eden kabilelerin Caesar ile sava\u015f halinde olan Galyal\u0131lara askeri destekte bulundu\u011fu bahane edilerek adaya d\u00fczenlenen seferin ger\u00e7ek nedenlerini ortaya koyar ve \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda devam eder. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan \u0130hanet ve Katliam <\/em>(298-307)\u2019da, Cae\u00adsar\u2019\u0131n, S\u00fcevlerin zulm\u00fcnden ka\u00e7mak ve b\u00f6lgeyi ya\u011fmalamak i\u00e7in Ren Nehri\u2019ni ge\u00e7ip Galya topraklar\u0131na giren Usipetes ve Tencteri kabilelerinin Roma\u2019yla ittifak yapm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tehdidi ortadan kald\u0131rmak; m\u00fcttefik kabilelerin Germenlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek ve Roma \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in giri\u015fti\u011fi Germen seferi ve kendisine ihanet edildi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek sefer sonras\u0131nda Germenlere uygulanan katliama ili\u015fkin Roma\u2019da ya\u015fanan tart\u0131\u015fmalar konu edinilir. Cebri Ke\u015fif \u2013 \u0130lk Britanya Seferi, M\u00d6 55 <\/em>(307-315) olarak isimlendirilen ikinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k, M\u00d6 55 y\u0131l\u0131 yaz sonunda daha \u00e7ok ke\u015fif ve ak\u0131n niteli\u011finde yap\u0131lan ilk Britanya seferini ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan zorluklar\u0131 aktar\u0131r. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k \u0130stila <\/em>(315-322)\u2019da, ikinci Britanya seferine y\u00f6nelik ha\u00adz\u0131r\u00adl\u0131klar; sefer \u00f6ncesi Galya\u2019da ya\u015fanan ayaklanmalar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ya\u015fan\u00adma ihtimali olan ayaklanmalara y\u00f6nelik al\u0131nan \u00f6nlemlerle adada ya\u015fanan is\u00adtila seferleri ele al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

On d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm, \u0130syan, Felaket ve \u0130ntikam <\/em>(323-328) \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131n\u00adda toplan\u0131r ve iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131kla devam eder. M\u00d6 54 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde hem k\u0131z karde\u015fini hem de annesini kaybeden Caesar i\u00e7in Iulia\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Pompeius ile ara\u00adlar\u0131nda olan en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011finin vurgulan\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk ba\u015fl\u0131kta Pompeius\u2019un Roma\u2019da g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmas\u0131; Caesar ve Pompe\u00adius\u2019un g\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131nda kalmak istemeyen Crassus\u2019un Suriye seferi ve M\u00d6 54 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer olaylar\u0131 ele al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130syan <\/em>(328-338) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, Galyal\u0131 \u015fef Indu\u00adti\u00ado\u00admarus\u2019un Treveri kabilesi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7evre kabilelerin ileri gelen\u00adlerini k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131p Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir isyan ba\u015flatmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Ambiorix ve Catuvolcus isimli iki sava\u015f liderinin \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Ebunores kavminin Cae\u00adsar\u2019\u0131n ordusunu \u00fc\u00e7 kez ma\u011flup ederek XIV. Lejyonu ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131, s\u00f6z ko\u00adnusu durumu \u00f6\u011frenen di\u011fer kabilelerin de Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 isyan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7malar\u0131 ve Nervii kabilesinin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyan\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan bahsedilir. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Vastatio \u2013 Kabileler Cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor <\/em>(338-347)\u2019da, lejyonlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in kaybetti\u011fi her asker yerine orduya iki asker alan ve \u00fc\u00e7 yeni lejyon olu\u015fturan Caesar\u2019\u0131n, isyana kalk\u0131\u015fan kabileleri (Nervii, Menapii, Treve\u00adri, Ebunores, Atuatuci) cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in giri\u015fti\u011fi seferler; Germenlerin Gal\u00adya\u00adl\u0131larla m\u00fcttefik olmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lanlar ve Ren Nehri\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131r olarak belirlenmesi konular\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Crassus\u2019un M\u00d6 53 y\u0131l\u0131nda giri\u015fti\u011fi Parth Seferi ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ele al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zaman\u0131n Adam\u0131: Vercingetorix ve B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130syan, M\u00d6 52 <\/em>(349-356) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan on be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Goldsworthy, seferlerine her zaman politik k\u0131l\u0131f\u00adlar buldu\u011funu bildirdi\u011fi Caesar\u2019\u0131n, kabileleri kendine ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc politikaya ve kabile \u015fefleriyle s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 menfaat ili\u015fkilerine ra\u011f\u00admen, Roma\u2019da ya\u015fanan karma\u015fa d\u00f6nemi f\u0131rsat bilinerek M\u00d6 52 y\u0131l\u0131nda patlak veren, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Arverni kabilesine mensup Veringetorix\u2019in \u00e7ekti\u011fi ve di\u011fer kabi\u00adlelerin de destek verdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck isyan\u0131 anlat\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu b\u00fcy\u00fck isyan hareke\u00adti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Caesar\u2019\u0131n savunma ve kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 giri\u015fimlerini ele alan ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Kar\u015f\u0131 Sald\u0131r\u0131 <\/em>(356-364)\u2019da erzak tedarikinde s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7eken ordunun Ava\u00adricum ku\u015fatmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi dirence ve kentin ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131na odakla\u00adn\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Gergovia\u2019da Aksilik <\/em>(364-373), isyanc\u0131 kabilelere kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen sald\u0131r\u0131lara de\u011findikten sonra Caesar\u2019\u0131n Veringetorix\u2019in ken\u00addi\u00adni kral ilan etti\u011fi, olduk\u00e7a m\u00fcstahkem bir mevkide kurulmu\u015f olan Gergo\u00advia\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatma giri\u015fimini; Roma\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en \u00f6nemli m\u00fcttefiki olan ve bu seferde Roma ordusunun erzak ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan Aedularla ya\u015fanan problemleri; Caesar\u2019\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f hilesine ra\u011fmen ordunun kenti ala\u00admadan geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalmas\u0131n\u0131; Bibracte\u2019de toplanan konsey sonra\u00ads\u0131nda Aedular dahil Kelt ve Galyal\u0131 kavimlerin neredeyse t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ve Belgae kavimlerinin \u00e7o\u011funun isyana kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n on lejyondan olu\u015fan Roma ordusunu Lutetia\u2019da toplamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Sequanlar\u0131n b\u00f6lgesine \u00e7e\u00adkilmesi konular\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Doruk: Alesia Ku\u015fat\u00adma\u00ads\u0131 <\/em>(373-381), Caesar\u2019\u0131n Galya\u2019dan geri \u00e7ekildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Vercingeto\u00adrix\u2019in, Roma ordusunun ani sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Mandubii kabilesinin toprakla\u00adr\u0131nda kalan Alesia kasabas\u0131na \u00e7ekilmesini ve teslim olmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Caesar\u2019\u0131n proconsul\u2019<\/em>l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc boyunca Galya\u2019daki olaylar\u0131 mercek alt\u0131na alan ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan on alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm T\u00fcm Galya Fethedildi <\/em>(383-391) ve Galya\u2019da Son <\/em>(391-398) ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk ba\u015fl\u0131k, Galya\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren daimi seferberlik durumuna ra\u011fmen Caesar\u2019\u0131n ente\u00adlekt\u00fcel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve zekas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymak, Roma\u2019da kal\u0131c\u0131 bir iz b\u0131rakmak ve halka yaranmak i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlatmakla ba\u015flar ve Pompeius\u2019un, Roma\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren anar\u015fiyi bast\u0131rmas\u0131 ve asayi\u015fi sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in tek ba\u015f\u0131na consul <\/em>olarak atanmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci ve sonras\u0131n\u0131 konu edinir. Galya\u2019da Son <\/em>alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, Vercingetorix\u2019in teslim olmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Caesar\u2019\u0131n asi kabilelere tan\u0131\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 teslim \u015fartlar\u0131na ve \u015fartlar\u0131 kabul etmeyenlere kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenen sefer\u00adlere de\u011finildikten sonra Galya\u2019da ge\u00e7irilen dokuz y\u0131l\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki etkileri \u00f6zet\u00adlenmi\u015f, sava\u015flar\u0131n say\u0131sal de\u011ferlendirilmesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bir komutan olarak Caesar\u2019\u0131n tutumu ile icraatlar\u0131 k\u0131yaslanarak genel bir bak\u0131\u015f getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Goldsworthy eserin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne \u0130\u00e7sava\u015f ve Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck M\u00d6 49-44<\/em> (399-575) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n Galya\u2019daki g\u00f6revinin sonlan\u00admas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcreci yedi \u00fcst ve yirmi yedi alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rubicon\u2019a Giden Yol <\/em>(401-404) olarak belirlenen on ye\u00addinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, Galya\u2019daki g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresini tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra Roma\u2019da ikinci kez consul <\/em>olup istedi\u011fi y\u00fcksek mevkii, prestij ve n\u00fcfusu elde etmeyi plan\u00adlayan Caesar\u2019\u0131n, umdu\u011funun aksine kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tersi durumlar\u0131 aktar\u0131r. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k \u0130ttifak Bozuluyor <\/em>(404-419), M\u00d6 55 y\u0131l\u0131nda Luca\u2019da yenilenen, fakat Iulia ve Crassus\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcmleriyle darbe alan triumviratus<\/em>un, da\u011f\u0131lma ve nihaye\u00adtinde bozulmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecini ele al\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Zarlar At\u0131ld\u0131 <\/em>(419-425)\u2019da ise Caesar\u2019\u0131n, i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatan ad\u0131m\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, Rubicon Neh\u00adri\u2019ni a\u015fmas\u0131na neden olan olayalar s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f, karar a\u015famas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Harekat\u0131: \u0130talya ve \u0130spanya, K\u0131\u015f-Sonbahar, M\u00d6 49 <\/em>(427-432) ola\u00adrak isimlendirilen on sekizinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, hem Caesar\u2019\u0131n askerlerinin hem de Ro\u00adma\u2019da ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n i\u00e7 sava\u015fa bak\u0131\u015f\u0131na, do\u011fru taraf\u0131 se\u00e7me endi\u015fesine ve ta\u00adraf\u00adlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesine de\u011findikten sonra i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n ilk y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131k al\u00adt\u0131nda ele al\u0131r. \u0130lk ba\u015fl\u0131k olan \u0130talya Seferi, Ocak\u2019tan Mart\u2019a Kadar <\/em>(432-439)\u2019da, Caesar\u2019\u0131n Rubicon\u2019u ge\u00e7mesinden sonra Roma\u2019da ya\u015fananlar akta\u00adr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra el\u00e7iler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla aray\u0131 bulma ve i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nleme \u00e7abalar\u0131 an\u00adla\u00adt\u0131l\u0131r ve Roma\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131p Brundisium\u2019a giden Pompeius\u2019u takip eden Cae\u00adsar\u2019\u0131n \u0130talya i\u00e7inde izledi\u011fi g\u00fczergah boyunca ya\u015fananlar ile ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi kent\u00adler hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilir. Roma <\/em>(439-446) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, gemileri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, Brundisium\u2019dan Hellas\u2019a ge\u00e7en Pompeius\u2019u takip edemeyen Caesar\u2019\u0131n plan de\u011fi\u015ftirip \u0130spanya\u2019daki Pompeius yanl\u0131lar\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131 karar\u0131 almas\u0131ndan bahsedilir ve \u0130spanya\u2019ya ge\u00e7meden Roma\u2019da ya\u015fananlar ile \u0130talya\u2019da kalan Cicero\u2019nun Caesar\u2019la olan ili\u015fkisi ve tutumu betimlenir. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Ilerda Seferi, M\u00d6 49, Nisan-A\u011fustos <\/em>(446-454), \u0130spanya\u2019da bulunan yedi lejyona ko\u00admuta eden Pompeius taraftar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 legatus<\/em>\u2019u tan\u0131tt\u0131ktan sonra, Galya\u2019dan gelen lejyonlar\u0131yla bulu\u015fan Caesar\u2019\u0131n Massilia ku\u015fatmas\u0131n\u0131 ve Pompeius taraf\u00adtarlar\u0131n\u0131n teslim olmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanacak olan Ilerda seferini konu edinir.<\/p>\n

Hellas\u2019ta vuku bulan ve sonunda Pompeius\u2019un yenilip ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki sava\u015f\u0131 kapsayan Makedonya, M\u00d6 Kas\u0131m 49-A\u011fustos 49 <\/em>(455-460) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 on dokuzuncu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, IX. lejyonda \u00e7\u0131kan isyan ve isyan\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir ve Pompeius\u2019un sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na, \u0130talya\u2019dan Pompe\u00adius\u2019a kat\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Hellas\u2019a gidenler aras\u0131nda bulunan Cicero\u2019nun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncele\u00adrine ve \u0130talya\u2019ya d\u00f6nen Caesar\u2019\u0131n hem diktat\u00f6r olarak atanmas\u0131 hem de M\u00d6 48 y\u0131l\u0131 consul<\/em>\u00fc se\u00e7ilmesinin ard\u0131ndan al\u0131nan kararlarla ya\u015fananlara de\u011finir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7arp\u0131\u015fma <\/em>(460-465) olarak isimlendirilen ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta, Caesar\u2019\u0131n, ordusunu Brundisium\u2019dan Adriyatik\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7irmesi ve Apollonia yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ordugah kurmas\u0131; \u0130talya\u2019dan destek kuvvetlerin gelmesini bek\u00adlerken Pompeius\u2019un Bibulus komutas\u0131ndaki donanmas\u0131n\u0131n Caesar\u2019\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 tutmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ve ate\u015fkes giri\u015fimi ile bekledi\u011fi destek kuvvetleri gelmemesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla zora d\u00fc\u015fen Caesar\u2019\u0131n Brundisium\u2019a gizlice gitme \u00e7abas\u0131 anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Beklenen deste\u011fin Marcus Antonius komutas\u0131 alt\u0131nda geldi\u011fi bilgisiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lan Dyrrachium <\/em>(465-474) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Dyrrachium yak\u0131n\u0131nda ordugah kuran iki ordunun sava\u015f \u00f6ncesinde birbirini alt etmeye y\u00f6nelik yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131r ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n tam olarak yenilgiye u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olmasa da ordusunun ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar\u0131 konu edinir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Pharsalos, M\u00d6 9 A\u011fustos 48 <\/em>(474-485) ise, Dyrra\u00adchium zaferinden Pharsalos\u2019a kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00f6zellikle Pompeius cephe\u00adsinde ya\u015fananlar ile Pompeius\u2019un sava\u015f stratejisini, sava\u015f\u0131n her iki tarafta al\u00adg\u0131lanma bi\u00e7imini ve Caesar\u2019\u0131n galibiyetiyle sonu\u00e7lanan sava\u015f a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u00adtar\u0131r ve de Pompeius\u2019un ni\u00e7in yenildi\u011fine dair de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunur.<\/p>\n

Yirminci b\u00f6l\u00fcm Kleopatra, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Do\u011fu, M\u00d6 Sonbahar 48-Yaz 47 <\/em>(487-488) olarak isimlendirilir ve Pompeius\u2019un M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ka\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan vuku bu\u00adlan olaylar\u0131 konu edinir. Ptolemaios Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda M\u0131s\u0131r ve Krali\u00e7esi <\/em>(489-496) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, Ptolemaios I. Soter taraf\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kurulan Ptole\u00admaios hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Roma\u2019n\u0131n geni\u015flemesinden aksi y\u00f6nde etkilense de M\u00d6 I. y\u00fczy\u0131la de\u011fin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesinin nedenleri ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r\u0131p Kleopatra\u2019n\u0131n de\u00addesi olan IX. Ptolemaios\u2019tan itibaren Roma\u2019n\u0131n ve \u00f6nde gelen Romal\u0131lar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r siyasetindeki etkileri de\u011ferlendirildikten sonra, M\u00d6 51\u2019den itibaren taht\u00adta olan VII. Kleopatra ve karde\u015fi XIII. Ptolemaios d\u00f6nemi olaylar\u0131 ele al\u0131n\u0131r ve Kleopatra hakk\u0131nda bilinenler ortaya konur. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k \u0130skenderiye Sava\u015f\u0131 <\/em>(496-503), Pompeius\u2019u takip eden Caesar\u2019\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a varmas\u0131ndan son\u00adra karde\u015fler ara\u00ads\u0131nda var olan taht kavgalar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve ilk ba\u015fta Romal\u0131\u00adlar ve M\u0131s\u0131r halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda vuku bulan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar halinde ba\u015flayan \u00e7e\u00adki\u015f\u00admelerin, sonradan Caesar ve ordusunun olduk\u00e7a zor durumlara d\u00fc\u015fmesi\u00adne neden olacak denli bir sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesini anlat\u0131r ve de Kleopatra ile olan ili\u015fkisine de\u011finir. En H\u0131zl\u0131 Zafer \u2013 Zela, M\u00d6 2 A\u011fustos 47 <\/em>(503-504) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u00adt\u0131n\u00adda ise Bosphoros kral\u0131 Phar\u00adnakes\u2019in Anadolu\u2019da Romal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f ve bu sava\u015f\u0131n Caesar taraf\u0131ndan Zela\u2019da zaferle sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci konu edinilir.<\/p>\n

Caesar\u2019\u0131n Roma\u2019da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde kentte ya\u015fananlar ile M\u00d6 47 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda \u0130talya\u2019ya d\u00f6nmesinden Afrika\u2019da Pompeius yanl\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 verilecek olan Thapsus Muharebesine kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede vuku bulan olaylar yirmi birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm olan Afrika, M\u00d6 Eyl\u00fcl 47 \u2013 Haziran 46 <\/em>(505-508) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Asiler, Bor\u00e7lular ve Eski D\u00fc\u015fmanlar <\/em>(508-512) olarak isim\u00adlen\u00addirilen ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k, Caesar\u2019\u0131n, sava\u015f boyunca kendini destekleyenleri farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde m\u00fckafatland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve M\u00d6 46 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek memurlar\u0131n\u0131 atad\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131 bilgi\u00adsiyle ba\u015flar ve durumdan ho\u015fnut olmayan askerlerin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyana ili\u015fkin tak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tavr\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesine y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 anlata\u00adrak sonlan\u0131r. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan Afrika Seferi <\/em>(512-519), Afrika Eyaleti\u2019nde bir araya gelen ve Numidia kral\u0131 Iuba taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Pompeius taraftarla\u00adr\u0131n\u0131 bertaraf etmek i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen seferi, ya\u015fan\u0131lan zorluklar\u0131 ve iki taraf\u0131n kuvvetleri ile sava\u015f stratejilerini konu edinir. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Thapsus Muhare\u00adbesi, M\u00d6 6 Nisan 46 <\/em>(519-526) alt\u0131nda ise, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla birbirini yoklayan iki taraf\u0131n erzak bulmakta kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar anlat\u0131l\u0131r; ordusuna takviye birlikler kat\u0131lan Caesar\u2019\u0131n ordugah\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131p harekete ge\u00e7mesinin ard\u0131ndan iki ordunun Thapsus yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, Pompeius taraftar\u0131 liderler ka\u00e7\u00admay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f olsa da Caesar\u2019\u0131n galibiyetiyle sonu\u00e7lanan sava\u015f\u0131 ve sonras\u0131nda Metellius Scipio ve Cato\u2019nun intihar etmelerine sebep olan olaylar aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Afrika\u2019dan d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra kutlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rt zafer alay\u0131n\u0131 ve sonras\u0131ndaki \u015fenlikleri anlatarak ba\u015flayan yirmi ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm Diktat\u00f6r, M\u00d6 46-44 <\/em>(527-530) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k \u00d6d\u00fcller ve Mutabakat <\/em>(530-537)\u2019da, hem kons\u00fcl hem diktat\u00f6r oldu\u011fu, senato taraf\u0131ndan kendisine ayr\u0131ca baz\u0131 imtiyazlar tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in muazzam bir yetkiye sahip olan Caesar\u2019\u0131n icraat\u00adlar\u0131 ve atamalar\u0131na odaklan\u0131l\u0131r. Toparlanma <\/em>(538-541) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, halk\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n kalk\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lanlar; yeni takvim projesi ve Roma d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki planlar\u0131 ele al\u0131n\u0131r. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k \u0130spanya Seferi, M\u00d6 46\u2019n\u0131n Sonbahar\u0131-M\u00d6 45\u2019in Bahar\u0131 <\/em>(541-549), \u0130spanya\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da taraftar toplayan Pompeius\u2019un iki o\u011flu Gnaeus ve Sextus ile onlara kat\u0131lan di\u011fer Pompeius taraftarlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015filen seferi, i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 fiilen sona erdiren Munda Muharebesi ve sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar\u0131 ve de Roma\u2019da artan huzursuzlu\u011fu konu edinir.<\/p>\n

Yazar, eserinin son k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan yirmi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Mart\u2019\u0131n Ides\u2019i <\/em>(551-554) olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve 55 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6lmeyi hi\u00e7 beklemeyen Caesar\u2019\u0131n yapmay\u0131 planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferler ve i\u015flere y\u00f6nelik tahminleri aktard\u0131ktan sonra \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine kadar ge\u00e7en d\u00f6neme odaklanm\u0131\u015f ve konuyu \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131k al\u00adt\u0131nda incelemi\u015ftir. Kral m\u0131, Tanr\u0131 m\u0131, Caesar m\u0131? <\/em>(554-562) olarak isimlendiri\u00adlen ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k, halihaz\u0131rda on senedir kons\u00fcl olan, hayat boyu diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck (dictator perpetuo<\/em>) ve censor<\/em>luk payesi yan\u0131nda kendisine daha bir \u00e7ok imtiyaz verilen, heykeli tanr\u0131lar aras\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen, soyunu bir yandan Alba Longa krallar\u0131na; di\u011fer yandan Ven\u00fcs\u2019e dayand\u0131ran ve Dio\u2019ya g\u00f6re Iuppiter Iulius diye tap\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Caesar\u2019\u0131n konumunu, davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ve ger\u00ad\u00e7ekte kendisini ne olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131r. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Komplo <\/em>(563-568), Caesar’\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi g\u00fcc\u00fcn \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir cumhuriyetle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 fik\u00adrinde olan altm\u0131\u015f kadar senat\u00f6\u00adr\u00fcn kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 suikast plan\u0131n\u0131 ve Brutus\u2019un bu komp\u00adlodaki durumunu konu edi\u00adnir. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan Suikast <\/em>(568-575) ise, kendisine bir komplo haz\u0131rland\u0131\u00ad\u011f\u0131na dair duyumlar almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Cae\u00adsar’\u0131n bunlara ra\u011fbet etmeme neden\u00adlerini ortaya koyar ve kehanetlerden bahsettikten sonra suikast\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi 15 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ve sonras\u0131nda ya\u015fananlar\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Goldsworthy biyografisini, Caesar\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve tehlikeli bir d\u00f6nem olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 I. y\u00fczy\u0131l Roma\u2019s\u0131 i\u00e7inde genel olarak de\u011ferlen\u00addirdi\u011fi bir Sons\u00f6z<\/em> (577-582) ve \u00fcn\u00fc ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi a\u015fan biri olarak antik d\u00f6\u00adnemden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131p tiyatro oyunlar\u0131 yaz\u0131lacak ve filmlere konu olacak denli ilgi \u00e7ekti\u011fini vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cBen Her Da\u00adim Caesar\u2019\u0131m\u201d- \u00c7a\u011flar Boyunca Caesar <\/em>(582-586) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, eser i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7en Latince terimlerin a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6z\u00adl\u00fck\u00e7e<\/em> (587-589); antik kaynaklar\u0131n ve s\u00fcreli yay\u0131nlar\u0131n k\u0131saltmalar\u0131n\u0131n aktar\u0131l\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u0131saltmalar<\/em> (591); eserde verilen son notlar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcm ayr\u0131larak verildi\u011fi Notlar<\/em> (593-620); \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada kullan\u0131lan modern kaynaklar\u0131n kaydedil\u00addi\u011fi Kay\u00adnak\u00e7a<\/em> (621-624) ve kapsaml\u0131 bir Dizin<\/em> (625-635) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile sonlan\u00admaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, Caesar\u2019\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131n her b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele alan bu eser, Roma Cumhuriyet tarihinin, hakk\u0131nda en fazla kayna\u011fa sahip oldu\u011fumuz d\u00f6nemine de genel bir bak\u0131\u015f sa\u011flamas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hem bir biyografi hem de M\u00d6 I. y\u00fczy\u0131l Akdeniz D\u00fcnyas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kapsaml\u0131 ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi
\nEski\u00e7a\u011f Dilleri ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc
\n<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n

Nihal T\u00dcNER \u00d6NEN (Do\u00e7. Dr.)\u00a0<\/strong>
\nnihaltuner@akdeniz.edu.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n

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