{"id":2687,"date":"2017-03-31T13:45:53","date_gmt":"2017-03-31T10:45:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/?p=2687"},"modified":"2017-03-31T14:28:51","modified_gmt":"2017-03-31T11:28:51","slug":"lbr-0084","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2017-en\/lbr-0084","title":{"rendered":"Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia: The Small World of Dion Chrysostomos<\/h2>\n

T\u00f8nnes BEKKER-N\u0130ELSEN<\/h3>\n
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ISBN: <\/strong>97887793435504
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0211
\nPublication Date:<\/strong> 2008
\nLocation:<\/strong> Aarhus
\nPublisher:<\/strong> Aarhus University Press<\/p><\/div>

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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> II (2017) 9-15<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2017002
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 22.12.2016 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 15.02.2017
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 27.03.2017
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2017<\/p>\n

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T. BEKKER-N\u0130ELSEN, Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia: The Small World of Dion Chrysostomos<\/em>. Aarhus 2008. Aarhus University Press, 211 sayfa. ISBN: 97887793435504<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Akdeniz ve Ege b\u00f6lgesinde (Klasik adland\u0131rmayla; Ionia, Lydia, Karia, Lykia, Pamphy\u00adlia ve Kilikia b\u00f6lgelerinde) yer alan antik \u015fehirlere ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere y\u00f6neliktir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, Bithynia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne dair \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015f olan arkeolog ve eski\u00e7a\u011f tarih\u00e7ilerinin, Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, sonraki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olu\u015ftur\u00admaktad\u0131r. Bu duruma ek olarak yabanc\u0131 tarih\u00e7i, epigraf ve arkeologlar\u0131n g\u00f6rece g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015f b\u00f6lgelere y\u00f6nelik detayl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lgelere olan ilgiyi artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Karadeniz ve Do\u011fu Marmara\u2019y\u0131 kapsa\u00adyan bir co\u011frafyada yer alan, antik\u00e7a\u011fdakii ad\u0131yla Bithynia B\u00f6lgesi, son y\u0131llarda \u00f6nemli bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusu haline gelmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgenin fay hatlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015funun y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkisi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n kaynak s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131na ne\u00adden olsa da \u00e7ok say\u0131daki epigrafik malzeme Bithynia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne dair yap\u0131lan epig\u00adrafik, ono\u00admastik, prosopografik, tarihi ve dini yap\u0131ya ili\u015fkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bithynia tarihine ili\u015fkin son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan bir di\u011feri de ku\u015fkusuz, T\u00f8nnes Bekker-Nielsen taraf\u0131ndan Urban Life and Local Politics in Roman Bithynia: The Small World of Dion Chrysostomos <\/em>(Roma Bithynia\u2019s\u0131nda Kent Ya\u015fam\u0131 ve Yerel Siyaset: Dion Khrysostomos\u2019un K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck D\u00fcnyas\u0131) ad\u0131yla, Aarhus \u00dcniversitesi taraf\u0131ndan 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan eserdir. S\u00f6z konusu eser Danish National Research Foundation’s Centre for Black Sea Studies <\/em>(Danimarka Ulusal Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Vakf\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz Ara\u015f\u00adt\u0131rmalar\u0131 Merkezi) deste\u011fiyle yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n sonucunda yay\u0131nlanan, Karadeniz\u2019in antik\u00e7a\u011f\u0131yla ilgili serinin yedinci eseridir. 211 sayfadan olu\u015fan bu kitap, Bithynia Eyaleti\u2019nin \u015fehirleri hakk\u0131nda genel bilgiler verirken, yerel y\u00f6neticiler \u00fczerine detayl\u0131 incelemeleri i\u00e7ermektedir. Preface<\/em> (\u00d6ns\u00f6z), Con\u00adtents<\/em> (\u0130\u00e7indekiler) ve List of Illustration <\/em>(\u0130ll\u00fcstrasyon Listesi) ile ba\u015flayan eser, toplamda dokuz b\u00f6l\u00fcmden ve Dion Khrysostomos\u2019un s\u00f6ylevlerinin ve ayn\u0131 tarihlerde meydana gelen olaylar\u0131n s\u0131raland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir tablodan meydana gelmek\u00adtedir. G\u00f6rsellerin metin i\u00e7inde verildi\u011fi bu kitapta toplam 35 ill\u00fcstras\u00adyon yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yazar, Giri\u015f <\/em>(13-20) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, ilerleyen sayfalarda detayl\u0131 \u015fekilde tart\u0131\u00ad\u015faca\u011f\u0131 konulara ili\u015fkin Hellence ve Latince kavramlarla terimlerin a\u00e7\u0131kla\u00admalar\u0131n\u0131 vererek metni anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r k\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Hybris and Statis <\/em>(Hybris ve Statis [13-15]), Urban Rivalries <\/em>(Kentsel Rekabetler [15-16]), Formal and Informal Politics <\/em>(Resmi ve Gayri Resmi Siyaset [16-18]) ile A Tale of Three Cities <\/em>(\u00dc\u00e7 \u015eehrin \u00d6yk\u00fcs\u00fc [18-19]) adl\u0131 d\u00f6rt alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131klarda genel olarak kavramlar, \u015fehirlerin birbiriyle olan ili\u015fkileri, Dion Khrysostomos\u2019a ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 kritikler ile Nikomedia, Nikaia ve Prusa \u015fehirlerinin Bithynia tarihi i\u00e7indeki yerine dair baz\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Al\u0131nt\u0131 yap\u0131lan ve yararlan\u0131lan kaynaklar, sonnot metodu benimsenerek, Giri\u015f<\/em> b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn son sayfas\u0131nda yer alan Notes <\/em>(Notlar [19]) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla okuyucuya sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Before the Romans <\/em>(Romal\u0131lardan \u00d6nce [21-29]) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, Bithynia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin Roma egemenli\u011fi \u00f6ncesindeki yap\u0131s\u0131na de\u011fin\u00admektedir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm, Founding Fathers <\/em>(Kurucu Babalar [21-26]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. \u015eehirlerin kurulu\u015flar\u0131yla ilgili efsanelere ve mitolojik kuru\u00adlu\u015f \u00f6yk\u00fclerine de\u011finilen bu ba\u015fl\u0131kta, b\u00f6lgenin en \u00f6nemli yerle\u015fimleri olan Nikaia, Nikomedia ve Prusa kentlerinin kurucular\u0131 ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131, kurul\u00adduk\u00adlar\u0131 yer ve kentsel dokular\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan al\u0131nt\u0131lar yap\u0131larak tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u00admaktad\u0131r. Yazara g\u00f6re, Hellenler i\u00e7in kentin kurulu\u015funu bir tarihe ya da mite dayand\u0131rmak, kent i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir unsurdur. Kings and Empe\u00adrors <\/em>(Krallar ve \u0130mparatorlar [26-28]) adl\u0131 di\u011fer alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta, Roma egemenli\u00ad\u011fine giden s\u00fcre\u00e7te Bithynia, Pergamon ve Pontos gibi Hellenistik krall\u0131klar\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00adgenin yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l \u015fekillendirdi\u011fine de\u011finilmektedir. Roma\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye giri\u015fi, Mithradates VI Eupator\u2019un Roma ile olan sava\u015flar\u0131nda Bithynia tah\u00adt\u0131na kukla kral ge\u00e7irme \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7suz kalmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan Pompe\u00adius\u2019un b\u00f6lgeye geli\u015fiyle ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm sonland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Windows on the Past <\/em>(Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe A\u00e7\u0131lan Pencere [31-44]) adl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm, Town scape and Lanscape <\/em>(\u015eehir ve Ta\u015fra Manzaras\u0131 [31-33]), Literary Sources <\/em>(Edebi Kaynaklar [33-40]), Inscriptions <\/em>(Yaz\u0131tlar [40-41]) ve Coins <\/em>(Sikkeler [41-43]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda, Ni\u00adkaia, Nikomedia ve Prusa \u015fehirlerinin Roma egemenli\u011findeki topolojik ve kentsel yap\u0131s\u0131, yol a\u011flar\u0131 ve mimari yap\u0131tlar\u0131 incelenmi\u015ftir. Di\u011ferlerinde ise Bithynia \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ve kitab\u0131n haz\u0131rlamas\u0131na kaynakl\u0131k etmi\u015f History <\/em>(Ta\u00adrih [33-34]), Letters <\/em>(Mektuplar [34-37]), Speeches <\/em>(S\u00f6ylevler [37-39]), Legal Text <\/em>(Yasal Metinler [39-40]), Inscriptions <\/em>(Yaz\u0131tlar [40-41]) ve Coins <\/em>(Sikke\u00adler [41-43]) gibi birincil kaynaklar, ayn\u0131 adlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda de\u011fer\u00adlendirilmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda Cassius Dio, Appianos, Plutarkhos, Lactan\u00adtius, Ammianus Marcellinus gibi yazarlar\u0131n tarih kitaplar\u0131, Gen\u00e7 Plinius\u2019tan H\u0131risti\u00adyan kilise babalar\u0131na kadar uzanan bir mektup ar\u015fivi, Dion\u2019un s\u00f6ylev\u00adleri ve b\u00f6lgeye dair bilgi sunacak olan t\u00fcm kal\u0131nt\u0131 ve buluntular ele al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm \u00e7e\u015fitli harita ve foto\u011fraflarla da zenginle\u015f\u00adtirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Urban Environment <\/em>(Kentsel \u00c7evre) adl\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm(45-60),i\u00e7erdi\u011fi konular a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ilgi \u00e7ekicidir. Bekker-Nielsen\u2019in, \u201cErken \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6\u00adneminde, kent ya\u015fam\u0131 Hellenler ve Romal\u0131lar i\u00e7in, iyi bir ya\u015fam\u0131n e\u015f anlaml\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131<\/em>\u201d c\u00fcmlesiyle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak kent ya\u015fam\u0131 ve bir kenti olu\u015fturan \u00f6geler \u00fczerinde durulmaktad\u0131r. Civic Self-Perceptions <\/em>(Kentli \u00d6z-Alg\u0131s\u0131 [45-47]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir \u015fehrin hangi \u00f6gelerden meydana geldi\u011fi, ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir polis<\/em>in hangi \u00f6zellikleri ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve halk ile \u015fehrin \u015fekillenmesindeki rol\u00fc tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Titles and Status <\/em>(Unvanlar ve Stat\u00fc [47-48]) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ise, kentlerin b\u00f6lgede \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmak ad\u0131na kulland\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli unvanlar (Metropolis, Neokoros<\/em> vb.) ve bu kendini ispat\u00adlama \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan nedenler ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. City Plan and Architec\u00adture <\/em>(\u015eehir Plan\u0131 ve Mimarl\u0131k [49-51]) adl\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta, agora<\/em>n\u0131n Bithynia kentlerindeki konumu, Nikaia kentinin \u015fehir plan\u0131 ve Nikaia, Niko\u00admedia ve de Prusias ad Hypium gibi polis<\/em>lere ait kentsel dokuya dair bilgiler ele al\u0131n\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Defenses <\/em>(Savunmalar [51-57]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ise, Nikome\u00addia, Nikaia ve Prusias gibi Bithynia kentlerinin sur yap\u0131lar\u0131 ve savunma sistem\u00adleri, hangi tehdide y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, onar\u0131m\u0131 ve modifikasyonlar\u0131 gibi ko\u00adnular, foto\u011fraflar ve \u00e7izimler e\u015fli\u011finde a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Nikomedia, Nikaia ve Prusa \u015fehirlerinin planlar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli bir detay olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Political Institutions <\/em>(Siyasi Kurumlar [61-96]) adl\u0131 be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, eserin en kapsaml\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00e7ok say\u0131da alt ba\u015fl\u0131k verilerek, detayl\u0131 bilgiler aktar\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. The Nature of Ro\u00adman Law <\/em>(Roma Kanununun Do\u011fas\u0131 [61-62]) adl\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131kla ba\u015flayan bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ilk olarak Roma yasalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki etkisi, \u015fehirler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli gruplar aras\u0131nda dengeyi nas\u0131l sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi konular ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Ro\u00adman Annexation and the Lex Pompeia <\/em>(Roma \u0130lhak\u0131 ve Lex Pompeia [62-64]) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan di\u011fer alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta; Roma\u2019n\u0131n Bithynia Eyaleti\u2019ni olu\u015fturmas\u0131na ve Pompeius\u2019un d\u00fczenlemeleri olarak bilinen \u00e7e\u015fitli uygulamalara (12 Bithy\u00adnia kentinin belirlenmesi, \u015fehirlerin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck alanlar\u0131 vb.) yer verilmi\u015ftir. Bir di\u011fer alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olan Emperor and Senate <\/em>(\u0130mparator ve Senato [64-66]) ise MS 27\u2019de Roma eyaletlerinin \u0130mparatorluk ve Senato eyaletleri \u015feklinde ikiye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 olay\u0131yla ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. \u0130mparatorluk ve Senato eyaleti aras\u0131ndaki y\u00f6netimsel farklar\u0131n detayl\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015flendi\u011fi k\u0131sm\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Bithy\u00adnia et Pontus<\/em> ad\u0131yla Senato eyaleti kabul edilmesine ra\u011fmen, \u0130mpa\u00adratorluk etkisinin Bithynia\u2019da neden azalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi konular tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Civic Self-Government <\/em>(Sivil \u00d6zerklik [66-68]) adl\u0131 bir di\u011fer ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131ndaysa, Boule, Ekklesia ve Demos gibi yerel i\u015flere bakan meclislerin kent ya\u015fam\u0131nda sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 otonom<\/em> yap\u0131 ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu meclislerde yer alman\u0131n, bir ki\u015finin memuriyetlerde y\u00fckselmesi i\u00e7in gerekli bir ad\u0131m oldu\u011fu da belirtilmektedir. Liturgies <\/em>(Liturjiler [69-70]) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda, \u015fehrin soylular\u0131n\u0131n kendi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, kamu yarar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler ve bu i\u015flerin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 imk\u00e2nlar ile zorluklar ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Urban Revenues and Finan\u00adces <\/em>(Kentsel Gelirler ve Maliyetler [70-72]) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, finansal konular ana tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Nikaia, Prusa ve Niko\u00admedia gibi kentlerin ekonomik durumlar\u0131, varolan kaynaklar\u0131 nas\u0131l kul\u00adland\u0131klar\u0131, Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u015fehirlerden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergiler temel konulard\u0131r. Prusa\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n etkileyici olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, logistes<\/em>lerin yeterince \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ni\u00adkomedia \u015fehrinde in\u015fa edilmesi planlanan su kemeri i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenilir bir kaynak buluna\u00admamas\u0131 gibi \u00f6rneklerle konunun daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u00adm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. City Magistracies<\/em> (\u015eehir Memu\u00adriyetleri [73-79]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, memu\u00adriyetlere ve kurumlara dair \u00f6nemli bilgilerin verildi\u011fi di\u011fer bir ba\u015fl\u0131kt\u0131r. Arkhon<\/em> yani \u015fehrin y\u00f6neticisi, agonothet\u00adhes <\/em>yani agon<\/em>lar\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi, pazar yeri denet\u00ad\u00e7ili\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelen agorano\u00admos<\/em>, avukatlar, vekiller ve el\u00e7iler ile k\u00e2tip anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan grammateus <\/em>ve bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck me\u00admu\u00adriyet de yine bu ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n konular\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu memuriyetler a\u00e7\u0131kla\u00adn\u0131rken, Nikaia (\u0130znik), Nikomedia (\u0130zmit), Prusa (Bursa), Prusias ad Hy\u00adpium (\u00dcsk\u00fcb\u00fc\/Konuralp) ve Khalkedon (Kad\u0131k\u00f6y) gibi \u015fehirlerden \u00f6rnekler veril\u00admi\u015ftir. Prusias ad Hypium\u2019daki politographos<\/em>, Kios\u2019taki (Gemlik) bou\u00adlographos<\/em> ve de Prusa\u2019daki grammateus <\/em>gibi \u015fehir-memuriyet ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 da incelenmi\u015ftir. The Gerousia <\/em>(Gerusia [79-80]) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Arkaik D\u00f6\u00adnem\u2019de \u00f6nemli bir konumda olan ya\u015fl\u0131lar meclisinin Hellenistik D\u00f6nem\u2019de siyasi rol\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, pop\u00fclerli\u011fini koru\u00addu\u011fu, Roma egemenli\u00ad\u011finde de bu durumun devam etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanmakta\u00add\u0131r. The Gymnasion <\/em>(Gym\u00adnasion [80]) adl\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta, gymnasiarkhos<\/em>un rol\u00fcne de\u011finilerek gymna\u00adsion<\/em>un kent ya\u015fam\u0131ndaki \u00f6nemi \u00fczerinde k\u0131saca durulmu\u015ftur. The Local Level <\/em>(Yerel D\u00fczey [80-81]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bithynia kentlerinin kabile ya\u015fan\u00adt\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine odaklan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Germanike, Traiane ve Antoniane gibi imparator adlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan kabilelerin bu uygulama ile neleri ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kabile ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n toplumdaki yeri gibi konular, kentlerden \u00f6rnekler verile\u00adrek ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Regional Organisation: The Koinon <\/em>(B\u00f6lgesel Organizasyon: Koinon [82-86]) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Burada \u015fehirlerin birbiriyle olan birlikteli\u011fi, koinon <\/em>ad\u0131 verilen organizasyo\u00adnun dini rol\u00fcn\u00fcn neler oldu\u011fu gibi konular tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda Arkhie\u00adreus ve Bithyniarkhos\u2019un Bithynia kentleri aras\u0131nda sa\u011flanan birlikte \u00fcst\u00adlendikleri \u0130mparatorluk k\u00fclt\u00fc ve Bithynia\u2019n\u0131n dini liderli\u011fi rol\u00fcn\u00fcn etkileri ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm, koinon<\/em> ve y\u00f6netici aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin k\u0131saca \u00f6zetlen\u00admesi ile son bulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc The Political Class <\/em>(Siyasi S\u0131n\u0131f [97-118]) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Tamamen Bithynia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin soylular\u0131 ve y\u00f6neticilerine odak\u00adla\u00adn\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, Bithynial\u0131lar\u0131n Thrak k\u00f6keni, buradaki g\u00f6revlile\u00adrin etnik kimli\u011fi, H. L. Fernoux ve T. Corsten\u2019in konuya ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 (Romal\u0131-\u0130talyan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131), Bithynial\u0131lar\u0131n Romal\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 adlar, cognomen<\/em>ler ve Roma yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etki\u00adnin yan\u0131nda Bithynial\u0131 aile ve bireylerin cursus honorum<\/em>una dair baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bithynia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin Roma Cumhuriyetinin ege\u00admenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemden ba\u015flayarak, \u0130talyan ve Latin halklar\u0131n\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00adgeye yerle\u015ftikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6zellikle equites<\/em> s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131k\u00adt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bithynia\u2019da Pollio\u2019dan C. Piso\u2019ya, Nikaia\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ailesi olan ve Cas\u00adsius Dion gibi \u00fcnl\u00fc birini b\u00fcnyesinden \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f olan Cassii ailesinden Prusias ad Hypium\u2019lu Domitii ailesine kadar pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi ve olay de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7erisinde bolca foto\u011fraf kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm Ethnic Com\u00adposition <\/em>(Etnik Kompozisyon [97-98]), Roman Citizenship <\/em>(Roma Vatanda\u015f\u00adl\u0131\u011f\u0131 [99-100]), Social Stratification <\/em>(Sosyal Tabakalanma [100]), The Local Level <\/em>(Yerel D\u00fczey [100-101]), The Urban Level <\/em>(Kentsel D\u00fczey [101-104]), The Regional Level <\/em>(B\u00f6lgesel D\u00fczey [104-108]) ve The Imperial Level <\/em>(\u0130mper\u00adyal D\u00fczey [108-114]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00adgesel bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olan ailelerden, t\u00fcm eyalette ve hatta Roma\u2019da dahi tan\u0131\u00adnan aile \u00fcyelerine kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7 merkezlerinin ve soylular\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015f\u00adkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

A Political Biography: Dion Chrysostomos<\/em> (Siyasal Bir Biyografi: Dion Khrysostomos [119-146]) adl\u0131 yedinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6nemli \u015fahsiyetlerin\u00adden biri olan Prusal\u0131 Dion\u2019un kariyerine odaklanmaktad\u0131r. Burada anlat\u0131lan\u00adlara g\u00f6re: hay\u0131rsever ve varl\u0131kl\u0131 bir Roma vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan Prusal\u0131 bir aileden gelen anne ile muhtemelen peregrinus<\/em> olan bir baban\u0131n o\u011flu olarak Pru\u00adsa\u2019da do\u011fan Dion, ilk olarak Roma\u2019ya gitmi\u015f, stoac\u0131 filozof Musonius Ru\u00adfus\u2019la birlikte e\u011fitim alm\u0131\u015f, Nerva, Titus ve T. Flavius Sabinus gibi isimlerle tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Fakat burada ya\u015fanan siyasi karga\u015fa sonras\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen Dion, Nerva\u2019n\u0131n imparator olmas\u0131yla birlikte sona eren on be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Prusa\u2019ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, kentten ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk halinden \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 bir ya\u015fam\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir. Tamamen ailesinden, etkilendi\u011fi ki\u015filere, s\u00f6ylevle\u00adrine dair pek \u00e7ok konuya de\u011finilmi\u015ftir. Nikomedia kenti taraf\u0131ndan onursal yurtta\u015f ilan edilen, Nikaia kentinde de bir s\u00f6ylevini yazm\u0131\u015f olan Di\u00adon\u2019un ya\u015fa\u00adm\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Apameia ve Prusa\u2019ya dair bilgiler de bu b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcmde de\u011ferlen\u00addirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bithynian Cities under the Later Roman Empire <\/em>(Ge\u00e7 Roma \u0130m\u00adpara\u00adtorlu\u011fu Alt\u0131nda Bithynia Kentleri [147-164]) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan sekizinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, Antoninler ve Severuslar d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flayarak, \u015fehirlerin sos\u00adyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131na de\u011finilir. Pescennius Niger \u2013 Septimus Se\u00adverus m\u00fcca\u00adde\u00adlesinde Nikaia\u2019n\u0131n durumu, Nikomedia ve Prusias ad Hypium kentlerinin zenginlik i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7en y\u0131llar\u0131, Severus hanedan\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00fcyelerin\u00adden B\u00fcy\u00fck Konstantinus\u2019a kadar pek \u00e7ok imparatorun b\u00f6lge \u015fehirlerini ziyareti, H\u0131risti\u00adyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kabul edilmesi s\u00fcrecinde Bithynia kentlerinin ya\u015fa\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, meydana gelen depremler vb. gibi pek \u00e7ok konu da bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u00adt\u0131r. Antonines and Severans <\/em>(Antoninler ve Severuslar [147-150]) ve Niko\u00admedia\u2019s Imperial Century <\/em>(Nikomedia\u2019n\u0131n \u0130mperyal Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 [150-155]) adl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda, Bithynia eyaletinin metropolis<\/em>i olan Niko\u00admedia\u2019n\u0131n Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Anadolu\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli kentlerinden biri haline gelme\u00adsine odaklan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Change and Crisis in Third Century <\/em>(\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Y\u00fczy\u0131lda De\u011fi\u015fim ve Kriz [155-159]) adl\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta ise impara\u00adtorlu\u011fun zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kriz y\u0131llar\u0131 olarak bilinen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda yap\u0131lan her uygulaman\u0131n \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, aksine politik anlamda baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli yeniliklerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015f\u00adtirildi\u011fi belirtilmekte ve bu d\u00f6nemdeki yenilik\u00adler ile krizler de\u011ferlendiril\u00admektedir. Reorganisation, Christianity and a New Imperial Capital <\/em>(Yeniden \u00d6rg\u00fctlenme, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve Yeni \u0130mparatorluk Ba\u015fkenti [159-162]) adl\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta, Got istilas\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131mdan kurtul\u00admaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bithynia kent\u00adlerinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemler, Diokletianus\u2019un egemen\u00adli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde meydana gelen farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ve b\u00f6lgenin H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli merkezlerinden biri haline gelmesi gibi konular de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n dokuzuncu ve son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Conclusions: Urban Life and Local Po\u00adlitics <\/em>(Sonu\u00e7lar: Kent Ya\u015fam\u0131 ve Yerel Siyaset [165-175]) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131makta\u00add\u0131r. Bekker-Nielsen bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, \u015fimdiye kadar tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan her sorun\u00adsala dair kendi g\u00f6zlem ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neticesinde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00adlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da belirtilmi\u015f olan pek \u00e7ok konu tarihsel perspektifte ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hay\u0131rseverlik ve buna benzer onur payelerine sahip olman\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 itibar, y\u00f6netenler ve y\u00f6netilenler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, kent y\u00f6neti\u00adminde uygulanan si\u00adyasetler gibi olgu ve olaylara dair ula\u015f\u0131lan sonu\u00e7lar aktar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Appendix: The Dates of Dion\u2019s Municipal Orations <\/em>(Ek: Dion\u2019un Kentsel S\u00f6ylevlerinin Tarihleri [177-179]), Abbreviations <\/em>(K\u0131saltmalar [181]), Bibliography <\/em>(Bibli\u00adyografya [183-195]) ve Indices <\/em>(Dizinler [197-211]) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131yla kitap son bulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Arkeoloji ve eski\u00e7a\u011f tarihine dair son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u00admalar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle kaynak s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ya\u015fanan alanlar i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. De\u011ferlendirmi\u015f oldu\u011fumuz bu eser de \u00f6zellikle Ro\u00adma egemenli\u011finde Bithynia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ni ve \u015fehirlerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak isteyen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli ve g\u00fcncelli\u011fini ko\u00adruyan bir kaynak olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. B\u00f6lgeye dair pek \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla bili\u00adnen Bekker-Nielsen, Roma egemenli\u011findeki Bithynia B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne dair birbi\u00adrinden farkl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok konuyu yeni bulgular \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu eseriyle de alandaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara \u00f6nemli bir katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur. Sonraki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in de kaynak te\u015fkil edebilecek olan s\u00f6z konusu eser, eski\u00e7a\u011f tarih\u00e7ilerinin, arkeologlar\u0131n ve hatta g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan tarih meraklar\u0131n\u0131n da k\u00fct\u00fcphanelerinde yer almas\u0131 gereken bir eser niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

D\u00fczce \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong>
\nTarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Onur Sad\u0131k KARAKU\u015e (Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r.) <\/strong>
\nonursadikkarakus@duzce.edu.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n

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