{"id":2008,"date":"2016-06-03T18:39:52","date_gmt":"2016-06-03T15:39:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2015-en\/trans-2015\/017"},"modified":"2016-08-03T18:47:19","modified_gmt":"2016-08-03T15:47:19","slug":"017","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2016-en\/017","title":{"rendered":"Plutarkhos, Moralia: De Invidia et Odio"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Plutarkhos, Moralia: K\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k ve Nefret Hakk\u0131nda<\/h2>\n

Translator: Fatma AVCU<\/h3>\n
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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> II (2016) 328-337<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>: 10.20480\/lbr.2016017
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 06.04.2016 | Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 20.05.2016
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 03.06.2016
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2016<\/p>\n

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Plutarkhos, Moralia: De Invidia et Odio<\/em>. \u00c7ev. F. Avcu. Libri<\/em> II (2016)\u00a0328-337. DOI: 10.20480\/lbr.2016017<\/strong>
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\u03a0\u0395\u03a1\u0399 \u03a6\u0398\u039f\u039d\u039f\u03a5 \u039a\u0391\u0399 \u039c\u0399\u03a3\u039f\u03a5\u03a3<\/strong><\/p>\n

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KISKAN\u00c7LIK VE NEFRET HAKKINDA<\/strong><\/p>\n

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I. \u039f\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f77\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u1f73\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u00b4 \u1f41 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. [2] \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u1f79\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u1f71\u03b3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f77\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u1f71\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u1f00\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u1f70\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9, \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u1f75\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f75\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2. [3] \u1f49 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1. [4] \u0394\u03b9\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b5\u1f54\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c4\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f77\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b2\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u1f77\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. [5] \u1f18\u03c0\u03b5\u1f76 \u03b4\u00b4 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u1f79\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u1f7d\u03be\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u1f73\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03be\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bd.<\/p>\n

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I. B\u00f6ylelikle (k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n) \u015f\u00fcphesiz nefretten hi\u00e7 de farkl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bilakis ayn\u0131 \u015fey oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. [2] \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc genellikle \u00fczerinde pek \u00e7ok kanca bulunan bir ip gibi k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck de kendisine ili\u015fik olan bu duygular\u0131 bir a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir yukar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irerek (bunlar da) t\u0131pk\u0131 hastal\u0131klarda oldu\u011fu gibi birbirlerinin hararetiyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fim halinde bulunurlar. [3] Zira talihli ki\u015fi hem nefret edene hem de k\u0131skanana ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcr. [4] Bu y\u00fczden iyi niyetin her ikisiyle de uyu\u015ftu\u011funu, yak\u0131n\u0131ndakilere kar\u015f\u0131 olan dile\u011fin iyilik yapmak oldu\u011funu; nefretin ise sevmenin aleyhinde bir amaca sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in k\u0131skanmakla ayn\u0131 \u015fey oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. [5] Mademki; farkl\u0131 olanlar\u0131n di\u011ferini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi benzer olanlar bunu bu \u015fekilde yapm\u0131yorlar, o zaman bu iki duygunun k\u00f6keninden ba\u015flayarak bunlara g\u00f6re arzu edilenin pe\u015finden gidelim.<\/p>\n

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II. \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f41 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u1f7b\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9)\u0387 [2] \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f01\u03c0\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f56 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f71\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. [3] \u1f4d\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1f14\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f41 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u1f79\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u1f71\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u1f77\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f65\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u00b4 \u1f51\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u1f77 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f79\u03bd .<\/p>\n

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II. Ku\u015fkusuz nefret, nefret edilen ki\u015finin ya herkese ya da bu ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinden kaynaklan\u0131r. [2] \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler kendilerini nefret etmeye meylederler. [3] Ayr\u0131ca k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapanlar\u0131 veya ahl\u00e2k\u0131 bozuk kimseleri \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerler ve mana bulurlar, iyi davranmaya karar verenlere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k beslerler. Bu y\u00fczden k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z olmas\u0131 tamamen parlak \u0131\u015f\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015fen ki\u015finin g\u00f6z iltihab\u0131ndan \u0131st\u0131rap \u00e7ekmesine benzer; nefret ise daima temelinde bulunan kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 kurulmu\u015f \u015feylere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131rlara sahiptir.<\/p>\n

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III. \u0394\u03b5\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b3\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03b1 [2] (\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f77\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f14\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c6\u03c1\u1f7b\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f44\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2\u0387 [3] \u0393\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f00\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1f74\u03bd \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u00b4 \u1f44\u03c8\u03b9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f73\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd\u0387 [4] \u03bf\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f71\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u1fe6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u1f77\u03bd\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1f77 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b6\u1ff7\u03bf\u03bd\u0387 [5] \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f0c\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0391\u1f30\u03b8\u1f77\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u1f71\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9)\u0387 [6] \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u1f7d\u03c0\u1ff3 \u03b3\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n

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III. \u0130kinci olarak; bu nefret etme akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda olmayan hayvanlara kar\u015f\u0131 dahi olu\u015fur. [2] Zira baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7akallar\u0131, b\u00f6cekleri, kaplumba\u011falar\u0131 ve y\u0131lanlar\u0131 sevmez. [3] Germanicus da bir horozun ne sesine ne de g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcne katlanabilirdi. [4] Persli Maglar ise hem kendileri sevmediklerinden hem de tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan be-\u011fenilmeyen hayvanlar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in fareleri \u00f6ld\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir . [5] Zira ayn\u0131 za-manda b\u00fct\u00fcn Araplar ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar da fareden tiksinirler. [6] Fakat k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k yaln\u0131zca insanla insan aras\u0131nda meydana gelir.<\/p>\n

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IV. \u1f18\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u1f77\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03b3\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 [2] (\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f56 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f71\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f22 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u1f71\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u00b4 \u1f05\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f04\u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1)\u0387 [3] \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c7\u03b8\u1f71\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f73\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c1\u1f71\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03bb\u03b1\u1fe6\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u1f77\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u1f73 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b1\u1f37\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u1f77\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u1f02\u03bd \u03bc\u1f77\u03be\u1fc3\u03c2, \u1f30\u03b4\u1f77\u1fb3 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd. [4] \u0395\u1f30\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bb\u1f73\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u1f79\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f10\u03bb\u1f73\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f57\u03bd \u03bc\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f30\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7\u03ba\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u1f79\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd\u0387 [5] \u1f43 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u1f77\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u1f7b\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. [6] \u1f6d\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c6\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f77\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n

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IV. Hayvanlar aras\u0131nda bir di\u011ferine kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. [2] \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne biri di\u011ferine iyi ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc davranma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine sahiptir ne de k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00e7ok \u015fiddetlendirdi\u011fi bu \u015f\u00f6hret ve utan\u00e7 duygusu onlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir. [3] Fakat t\u0131pk\u0131 kartallarla y\u0131lanlar, kargalarla bayku\u015flar, ba\u015ftankaralarla saka ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n amans\u0131z sava\u015flar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu \u00fczere birbirlerinden nefret ederler, kin beslerler ve d\u00fc\u015fman olurlar. \u00d6yle ki; bo\u011fazlar\u0131 kesildi\u011finde bile kanlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, aksine bu kan\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rsan bile tekrardan akarak ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. [4] Dahas\u0131 aslan\u0131n horoza kar\u015f\u0131, filin de domuza kar\u015f\u0131 olan b\u00fcy\u00fck nefreti korkudan olu\u015fmu\u015fa benzer. [5] \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hayvanlar korktuklar\u0131 \u015feyden nefret etmeye meyillidirler. [6] Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu \u015fekilde nefretin k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131ktan farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r ki, bir taraftan hayvanlar\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n nefreti kabul ederken di\u011fer taraftan k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmedi\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

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V. \u1f1c\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b3\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2 [2] (\u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9)\u0387 [3] \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2, {\u1f61\u03c2} \u03bf\u1f53\u03c2 \u1f00\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u1f75\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f65\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f02\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c6\u03b5\u1f7b\u03b3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b2\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9. [4] \u039c\u1f73\u03b3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03bc\u1f75\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f14\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b4\u00b4 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u03bd\u1f76 \u03bb\u1f73\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9. [5] \u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f21 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f77\u0387 [6] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039b\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a7\u1f71\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1f7b\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03a3\u03c0\u1f71\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u1fc6 \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f44\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u1fb6\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f71\u03c1\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u00ab \u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1ff6\u03c2 \u00bb \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7 \u00ab \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u1f79\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03a7\u1f71\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f43\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u1f79\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u037e \u00bb [7] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u1f77\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f41 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u1f74\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c3\u1f7d\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03b5\u03bc\u1f79\u03c1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u1f24\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c7\u03b8\u03b7\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f7d\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u00b4 \u1f11\u03bd\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u0387 \u00ab \u1f1c\u03c7\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f08\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u00b4 \u1f26\u03bd \u1f20\u03b4\u00b4 \u1f48\u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u1fc6\u03b9 \u00bb. [8] \u1f59\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74 \u03b3\u1f71\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u1f79\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9. [9] {\u039a\u03b1\u1f76} \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f00\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u0387 [10] \u03ba\u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u1f73\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u1f75\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u1fd3\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u1f40\u03c1\u03b3\u1f77\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u1f73\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f22 \u1f45 \u03c4\u03b9 \u1f02\u03bd \u03c4\u1f7b\u03c7\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf {\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u1ff3} \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c0\u1f71\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u1f7b\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f79\u03c1\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd.<\/p>\n

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V. Yine de hi\u00e7 ku\u015fkusuz k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k hi\u00e7 kimseye kar\u015f\u0131 adil bir \u015fekilde olu\u015fmaz. [2] \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kimse \u015fansl\u0131 olma konusunda adaletsiz olmaz, bunun i\u00e7in de k\u0131skan\u0131l\u0131rlar. [3] Di\u011fer yandan nefret edilesi diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z pek \u00e7ok insandan hakl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde nefret edilir. \u00d6yle ki; di\u011fer ki\u015fileri b\u00f6ylesi insanlardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131klar\u0131, tiksinmedikleri ve onlara katland\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7lar\u0131z. [4] Baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n pek \u00e7ok insandan nefret etme konusunda hemfikir olduklar\u0131 ve hi\u00e7 kimseyi k\u0131skand\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylememeleri bunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. [5] \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6t\u00fclerden nefret etme \u00f6v\u00fclen \u015feylerdendir. [6] Lykurgos\u2019un ye\u011feni, Sparta\u2019y\u0131 y\u00f6netmi\u015f, ho\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc ve nazik birisi olan Kharillos di\u011ferlerince \u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman birlikte y\u00f6netimde oldu\u011fu ki\u015fi \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6yler: \u201cKharillos hainlere bile sert olmayan sen nas\u0131l iyi bir adam oluyorsun?\u201d . [7] Homeros da Thersitos\u2019un bedeninin \u00e7irkinli\u011fini bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden etrafl\u0131ca tasvir etmi\u015f ve karakterinin k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ise k\u0131saca tek bir c\u00fcmlede belirtmi\u015ftir. \u201cEn \u00e7ok Akhilleus ve Odysseus\u2019tan nefret ederdi\u201d . [8] Zira en iyi adamlara kar\u015f\u0131 nefret duymak aptall\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00e7e\u015fit a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. [9] Bu hususta k\u0131skanmay\u0131 da ink\u00e2r ederler. [10] Su\u00e7lansalar bile ya o ki\u015fiye sinirlendiklerini, ya korktuklar\u0131n\u0131, ya nefret ettiklerini s\u00f6yleyerek veya hislerinden olan k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k i\u00e7in ba\u015fka bir isim ald\u0131klar\u0131nda bunu ruhun marazlar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca a\u011fza al\u0131nmamas\u0131 gereken bir \u015fey gibi sar\u0131p sarmalayarak ve saklayarak bin bir bahane bulurlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

<\/div>

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VI. \u1f08\u03bd\u1f71\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c0\u1f71\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u1f73\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f54\u03be\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u1f73\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f75\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2. [2] \u039c\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u00b4 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u1f73\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9. [3] \u0394\u03b9\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u0398\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u1f71\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f62\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f14\u03c6\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f71\u03c4\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd\u0387 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c0\u03c9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9. [4] \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u1f71\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f31 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u1f77\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c6\u1f7b\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f00\u03ba\u03bc\u1f71\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c3\u1f77\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u1f73\u03c3\u03b9 \u1fe5\u1f79\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f50\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u1f20\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u1f7d\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd. [5] \u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f50\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f77\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1f56 \u03c0\u1f71\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u1f77\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u1f77\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2. [6] \u03a4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03a3\u03c9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f71\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f75\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f79\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f77\u03c3\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u1f71\u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f75\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u03b1\u1f54\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u1f75\u03c4\u00b4 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u1f77\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03bc\u1f74 \u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f55\u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u00b4 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u1f71\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u1f7b\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f61\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f15\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f75\u03b3\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c6\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2. [7] \u0391\u1f31 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1f71\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b2\u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u1f7b\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd. [8] \u039f\u1f50 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bb\u03b5\u03be\u1f71\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u039a\u1f7b\u03c1\u1ff3, \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u1f75\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u1f77\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c0\u1f71\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. [9] \u1f08\u03bb\u03bb\u00b4 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f41 \u1f25\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f67\u03bd \u1f02\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f72\u03c1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f73\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f71\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u1f70\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u1f70\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u1f77\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f7a \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5 \u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u1f71\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f55\u03c8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f73\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u1f79\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u0387 [10] \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f00\u03bd\u1f77\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f21 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2. [11] \u1f49 \u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f08\u03bb\u1f73\u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f73\u03bd\u00b4 \u03b5\u1f36\u03c7\u03b5, \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c2, \u1f51\u03c6\u00b4 \u1f67\u03bd \u03c4\u1f73\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f73\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd. [12] \u1f49\u03bc\u03bf\u1f77\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u1f75\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u1f7b\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u00b4 \u03b1\u1f56 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6. [13] \u039c\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b4\u00b4 \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1fe5\u03b7\u03b8\u1f72\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f79 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u00b4 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f25\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u00b4 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u1f73\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd. [14] \u1f6d\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1f7b\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u1f71\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u1f36\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f71\u03bd, \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bc\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u00b4 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u1f77\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u1f73\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f41 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u1f7b\u03b5\u03b9.<\/p>\n

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VI. Bu y\u00fczden t\u0131pk\u0131 bitkiler gibi bu duygular da geli\u015fip serpilmek i\u00e7in birbirleriyle birlikte ye\u015ferdikleri yerden b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ve geli\u015fmeye zorunludurlar. [2] Ger\u00e7ekten de k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe daha \u00e7ok \u015fey ekleyenlerden daha da \u00e7ok nefret ediyoruz; di\u011fer yandan ise erdem i\u00e7in daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde olmaya karar verenlere kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k duyuyorlar. [3] Bu nedenle Themistokles de delikanl\u0131yken hen\u00fcz k\u0131skan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir. [4] Zira t\u0131pk\u0131 b\u00f6ceklerin en \u00e7ok olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f mahsulde ve \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f g\u00fcllerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 gibi k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k da en \u00e7ok \u015f\u00f6hret ve erdemde y\u00fckselmi\u015f iyi karakterler ve ki\u015filerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. [5] Bunun tersine saf bir \u015fekilde k\u00f6t\u00fc olanlar nefreti \u015fiddetle desteklerler. [6] Elbette vatanda\u015flar da, k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ki\u015filer kadar Sokrates\u2019i as\u0131ls\u0131zca su\u00e7layanlardan o kadar nefret ettiler ki, ne onlara yakacak ate\u015f verdiler ne sorular\u0131na cevap verdiler ne de ayn\u0131 suda y\u0131kand\u0131lar, tersine bunlar nefreti kald\u0131ramay\u0131p intihar edene kadar hamama su ta\u015f\u0131yanlar\u0131 kirliymi\u015f gibi ona su d\u00f6kmeye zorlayacak denli s\u0131rt \u00e7evirdiler. [7] Ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ve parlakl\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131k s\u0131k k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcr. [8] \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n efendileri ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcleri olduklar\u0131 zaman bir kimsenin ne \u0130skender\u2019i ne de Kyros\u2019u k\u0131skand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. [9] Aksine, t\u0131pk\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015fin bir adam\u0131n kafas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeyken \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yayarak ya adam\u0131n g\u00f6lgesini tamamen yok etmesi ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcltmesi gibi, elde edilen ve tepeden t\u0131rna\u011fa olu\u015fan ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131 da k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azalt\u0131r ve etrafa \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7arak uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. [10] Asl\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00fcc\u00fc nefreti azaltmaz. [11] En az\u0131ndan \u0130skender\u2019in kendisini k\u0131skanan ki\u015filerden ziyade kendisinden nefret eden daha \u00e7ok ki\u015fi vard\u0131 ve sonunda onlar taraf\u0131ndan komplo kurularak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. [12] Benzer \u015fekilde; ku\u015fkusuz talihsizlikler ise k\u0131skananlar\u0131 durdururken nefret edenleri ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. [13] Zira hi\u00e7 kimse talihsizli\u011fe k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k duymazken (insanlar) kendilerinden daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olan d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan bile nefret ederler, bilakis zaman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n sofistlerinden birisi taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6ylenmi\u015f \u015fu c\u00fcmle do\u011frudur: \u201c K\u0131skan\u00e7 insanlar\u0131n en \u00e7ok da birine ac\u0131maktan keyif ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u201d [14] \u00d6yle ki; bu duygular aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck fark vard\u0131r; nefret etmek ne talihten ne de talihsizlikten ayr\u0131lmaya mey-letmezken, k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k ise ikisinden birinin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcy\u00fc a\u015fmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yorgun d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n

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VII. \u1f1c\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f22 \u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. [2] \u039b\u1f7b\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u1f73\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f22 \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f53\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f77\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c2, \u03bb\u03b1\u03b2\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f22 \u03c4\u03c1\u1f77\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f56 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2\u0387 [3] \u00ab \u1f21 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u1f77\u03b1 \u03c7\u1f71\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u00bb, \u1f61\u03c2 \u0398\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03c5\u03b4\u1f77\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b7\u03c3\u1f77, \u00ab \u039a\u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03bb\u1f71\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f96, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bb\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9. \u00bb [4] \u03a4\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bb\u1f7b\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd [5] (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1f73\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03be \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f00\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9), \u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03be\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u0387 [6] \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u1f77\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bc\u1fb6\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f73\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ba\u1f02\u03bd \u03b5\u1f56 \u03c0\u1f71\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b9\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u1f73\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u1f71\u03bc\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2\u0387 [7] \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u00b4 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u1f70 \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u1f79\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1. [8] \u0394\u03b9\u1f78 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1f79\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03bc\u1f77\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u1f71\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41 \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f30, \u03b4\u03b9\u00b4 \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u1fe3\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03be\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n

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VII. Yine de bu ayn\u0131 \u015feyi aksi y\u00f6nde inceleyelim. [2] Zira nefreti ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya hi\u00e7bir adaletsizli\u011fe u\u011framayaca\u011f\u0131na ikna olanlar ya (\u00f6ncesinde) k\u00f6t\u00fcler olarak nefret ettikleri \u015feyleri yararl\u0131 \u015feylermi\u015f gibi bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye kap\u0131lanlar ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak ba\u015flar\u0131na iyi bir \u015fey gelenler b\u0131rak\u0131rlar. [3] Thukydides\u2019in dedi\u011fi gibi \u201c \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc uygun bir \u015fekilde sunuldu\u011funda son fayda, daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olsa da daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zarar\u0131 temizleyebilir\u201d . [4] \u015eimdi bu durumlardan ilki k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok etmez. [5] \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan beri hi\u00e7bir adaletsizli\u011fe u\u011framad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler dahi k\u0131skan\u0131rlar, geri kalan \u015feyler de k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r. [6] Faydal\u0131 \u015feylere karar verenleri en b\u00fcy\u00fck iyilik olarak erdeme sahip olanlar kadar \u00e7ok k\u0131skan\u0131rlar, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olanlar sayesinde iyi durumda olsalar dahi hem \u00fcn hem de g\u00fc\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan onlar\u0131 k\u0131skanarak ac\u0131 \u00e7ekerler. [7] Biri erdemden di\u011feri talihten ileri gelir fakat her ikisi de iyidir. [8] Bu nedenle k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k duygusu kesin bir bi\u00e7imde nefretten farkl\u0131d\u0131r, e\u011fer biri yat\u0131\u015f\u0131rsa di\u011feri ac\u0131 verir ve \u015fiddetlenir.<\/p>\n

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VIII. \u1f2c\u03b4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u1f77\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f73\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u1f71\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u1ff6\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. [2] \u1f1c\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd [3] (\u03bf\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f41\u03c1\u1f77\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b9\u1f71\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u1f77\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b1\u1f77\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9), [4] \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f04\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9. \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f75\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u1f77\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f73\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f02\u03bd \u1f10\u03b8\u1f73\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u1f7b\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u00b4 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\u0387 [5] \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u1f7b\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f73\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f30 \u03b4\u1f7b\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u1f79\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c1\u1f79\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u1f70\u03c2 \u03b4\u00b4 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b7\u03ba\u1f73\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f02\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b2\u1f71\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u00b4 \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u1f77\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u1f7b\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u1f79\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.<\/p>\n

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VIII. O halde \u015fimdi, bu iki duygudan her birinin anlam\u0131n\u0131 inceleyelim. [2] Nefret edenin niyeti elinden geldi\u011fince k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapmakt\u0131r. [3] Bu \u015fekilde, nefretin do\u011fas\u0131 ve niyeti k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapman\u0131n f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 kollayan olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. [4] K\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131kta ise en az\u0131ndan bu durum yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131skan\u00e7 insanlar yak\u0131n dostlar\u0131ndan ve e\u015fraf\u0131ndan pek \u00e7oklar\u0131n\u0131n ne \u00f6lmelerini ne de talihsiz olmalar\u0131n\u0131 isterler ama talihli olduklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 da ac\u0131 \u00e7ekerler. [5] E\u011fer ellerinden geliyorsa, onlar\u0131n \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ve \u015f\u00f6hretini azaltsalar da di\u011fer yandan \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl felaketlere s\u00fcr\u00fcklemezler, aksine onca g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f evin karart\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 onlar i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ekerek memnun kal\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

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