{"id":1998,"date":"2016-05-18T20:09:44","date_gmt":"2016-05-18T17:09:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2015-en\/trans-2015\/014"},"modified":"2016-07-12T13:32:17","modified_gmt":"2016-07-12T10:32:17","slug":"014","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2016-en\/014","title":{"rendered":"Iustiniani Digesta, XIV. 2: De Lege Rhodia de Iactu"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Iustinianus, Digesta XIV. 2: Gemiden Mal At\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Rhodos Yasas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda<\/h2>\n

Translator: Erkan KURUL<\/h3>\n
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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> II (2016) 226-245<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2016014
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 25.03.2016 |\u00a0Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 25.04.2016
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 18.05.2016
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2016<\/p>\n

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\"info\"<\/a>\u00a0 Citation<\/a>
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Iustinianus, Digesta XIV. 2: Gemiden Mal At\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Rhodos Yasas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda. \u00c7ev. E. Kurul. Libri II (2016) 226-245.
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IUSTINIANI DIGESTA, XIV. 2: DE LEGE RHODIA DE IACTU<\/strong><\/p>\n

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IUSTINIANUS, DIGESTA XIV. 2:\u00a0<\/strong>GEM\u0130DEN MAL ATIMINA \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130N RHODOS YASASI HAKKINDA<\/strong><\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 1: PAULUS, Libro 2 [secundo] Sententiarum
\nLege Rhodia cavetur, ut, si levandae navis gratia iactus mercium factus est, omnium contributione sarciatur quod pro omnibus datum est.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 1: PAULUS, G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler, 2. Kitap:
\n\u015eayet bir geminin hafifletilmesi amac\u0131yla (gemiden) kargoy\u00fck at\u0131m\u0131 (= m\u00fc\u015fterek avarya) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek olursa, (bu avarya i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fan) kay\u0131p herkesin yarar\u0131 u\u011fruna verilmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z konusu zarar\u0131n yine her bir ki\u015finin (m\u00fc\u015fterek) katk\u0131s\u0131yla telafi edilmesi Rhodos Yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2 : PAULUS, Libro 34 [trigensimo quarto] ad Edictum
\nSi laborante nave iactus factus est, amissarum mercium domini, si merces vehendas locaverant, ex locato cum magistro navis agere debent: is deinde cum reliquis, quorum merces salvae sunt, ex conducto, ut detrimentum pro portione communicetur, agere potest. Servius quidem respondit ex locato agere cum magistro navis debere, ut ceterorum vectorum merces retineat, donec portionem damni praestent. Immo etsi non retineat merces magister, ultro ex locato habiturus est actionem cum vectoribus: quid enim si vectores sint, qui nullas sarcinas habeant? Plane commodius est, si sint, retinere eas. At si non totam navem conduxerit, ex conducto aget, sicut vectores, qui loca in navem conduxerunt: aequissimum enim est commune detrimentum fieri eorum, qui propter amissas res aliorum consecuti sunt, ut merces suas salvas haberent.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2: PAULUS, Duyurulara (\u0130lanlara) \u0130li\u015fkin, 34. Kitap:<\/p>\n

\u015eayet bir gemi tehlikeli bir durumdayken avarya i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fse ve e\u011fer ki avaryaya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f mallar\u0131n sahipleri naklettikleri mallar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme de yapm\u0131\u015flarsa, bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme uyar\u0131nca geminin kaptan\u0131n\u0131 dava etmelidirler. Daha sonra o (kaptan) ise s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygun olarak zarar\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterek bir bi\u00e7imde payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in mallar\u0131 sa\u011flam kalm\u0131\u015f (hasar g\u00f6rmemi\u015f) ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7abilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Servius (konuyla alakal\u0131 olarak) zarar\u0131n tazmini sa\u011flan\u0131ncaya kadar geminin kaptan\u0131yla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme gere\u011fince kaptan\u0131n di\u011fer yolcular\u0131n kargolar\u0131n\u0131 (mallar\u0131n\u0131) al\u0131koymas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u00f6nerisinde bulunmu\u015ftu. Ancak kaptan mallar\u0131 al\u0131koymasa bile, s\u00f6zle\u015fme uyar\u0131nca yolculara kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131ca bir dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131na sahip olacakt\u0131r, lakin hi\u00e7bir y\u00fcke sahip olmayan yolcular varsa ne olacak? E\u011fer (onlar\u0131n gemide y\u00fckl\u00fc herhangi bir e\u015fyas\u0131) varsa elbette onlar\u0131n al\u0131konmas\u0131 \u00e7ok daha uygun olur. Di\u011fer yandan bir geminin tamam\u0131 kiralanmam\u0131\u015f olsa dahi, s\u00f6zle\u015fme uyar\u0131nca t\u0131pk\u0131 gemide belirli bir alan\u0131 kiralam\u0131\u015f olan yolcular gibi dava a\u00e7\u0131labilir: zira ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131plar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kendi mallar\u0131n\u0131 hasars\u0131z bir \u015fekilde kurtaranlar\u0131n da (avarya sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan) zarara ortak olmalar\u0131 (i\u015ftirak etmeleri) en do\u011frusudur.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 1: Si conservatis mercibus deterior facta sit navis aut si quid exarmaverit, nulla facienda est collatio, quia dissimilis earum rerum causa sit, quae navis gratia parentur et earum, pro quibus mercedem aliquis acceperit: nam et si faber incudem aut malleum fregerit, non imputaretur ei qui locaverit opus. Sed si voluntate vectorum vel propter aliquem metum id detrimentum factum sit, hoc ipsum sarciri oportet.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 1: \u015eayet herhangi bir mal kayb\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde gemi hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse ya da donan\u0131m\u0131ndan bir par\u00e7a kaybetmi\u015fse ve (ta\u015f\u0131nan) mallar i\u00e7in de nakliye \u00fccreti al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa (geminin hasar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik) hi\u00e7bir i\u015ftirak yap\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r, zira geminin donan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n durumu ile bir ki\u015finin yan\u0131nda g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mallar\u0131n bedeli birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eayet bir usta (kendisine verilen i\u015fi yaparken) \u00f6rs\u00fcn\u00fc ya da \u00e7ekicini k\u0131rm\u0131\u015fsa (bu durumda) i\u015fi yapt\u0131ran ki\u015fiye herhangi bir mesuliyet y\u00fcklenemez. Ama e\u011fer yolcular\u0131n tutumundan veya bir panik neticesinde bir hasar ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fse, bizzat bu (hasara ait) zarar\u0131n (yolcular taraf\u0131ndan) telafi edilmesi gereklidir.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 2: Cum in eadem nave varia mercium genera complures mercatores coegissent praetereaque multi vectores servi liberique in ea navigarent, tempestate gravi orta necessario iactura facta erat: quaesita deinde sunt haec: an omnes iacturam praestare oporteat et si qui tales merces imposuissent, quibus navis non oneraretur, velut gemmas margaritas? Et quae portio praestanda est? Et an etiam pro liberis capitibus dari oporteat? Et qua actione ea res expediri possit? Placuit omnes, quorum interfuisset iacturam fieri, conferre oportere, quia id tributum observatae res deberent: itaque dominum etiam navis pro portione obligatum esse. Iacturae summam pro rerum pretio distribui oportet. Corporum liberorum aestimationem nullam fieri posse. Ex conducto dominos rerum amissarum cum nauta, id est cum magistro acturos. Itidem agitatum est, an etiam vestimentorum cuiusque et anulorum aestimationem fieri oporteat: et omnium visum est, nisi si qua consumendi causa imposita forent, quo in numero essent cibaria: eo magis quod, si quando ea defecerint in navigationem, quod quisque haberet in commune conferret.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 2: Ayn\u0131 gemideki bir\u00e7ok t\u00fcccar farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden mallar\u0131 g\u00fcvertede bir araya getirdi\u011fi ve buna ek olarak ayn\u0131 gemide k\u00f6leler ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr ki\u015filerden olu\u015fan bir\u00e7ok yolcu seyahat etti\u011fi s\u0131rada vuku bulan \u015fiddetli bir f\u0131rt\u0131na esnas\u0131nda gemiden mal atma (avarya) i\u015flemi zaruri bir hale gelir. Bu durumda sorgulanmas\u0131 gerekenler \u015funlard\u0131r: Acaba gemi i\u00e7in y\u00fck te\u015fkil etmeyen (y\u00fckte hafif) de\u011ferli ta\u015f ya da inci t\u00fcr\u00fcnden mal y\u00fckleyenler de d\u00e2hil herkesin mi, gemiden mal atmas\u0131 gerekir? (B\u00f6yle bir durumda) at\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli mal hangisi olmal\u0131d\u0131r? \u00d6zg\u00fcrlerin yan\u0131nda tutsaklar taraf\u0131ndan da mal at\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir mi? Ve bu durum nas\u0131l bir davayla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilir? (Avarya i\u015flemine ili\u015fkin) bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck gemi kargosunun hayr\u0131na oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in gemiden mal at\u0131m\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f olan ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda bulunan herkese geri \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 herkesi ho\u015fnut eder. Bu suretle geminin kaptan\u0131n\u0131n dahi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 do\u011fru (bir uygulama) olur. At\u0131lacak olan mal\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 ise mallar\u0131n de\u011ferine g\u00f6re tevzi etmek gereklidir. \u00d6zg\u00fcr insanlar i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir de\u011fer bi\u00e7ilmez (\u00f6zg\u00fcr insanlar i\u00e7in bir fiyat bildiriminde bulunulamaz). S\u00f6zle\u015fme gere\u011fi kay\u0131p mallar\u0131n sahipleri denizciye, yani kaptana dava a\u00e7abileceklerdir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde her bir kimsenin giysilerinin ve y\u00fcz\u00fcklerinin de\u011ferlerinin de saptanmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, t\u00fcketilmek amac\u0131yla gemiye y\u00fcklenmi\u015f olan erza\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda belirli bir miktardaki g\u0131da maddeleri de tamam\u0131yla g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde (hesap d\u00e2hilinde) bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r: bunun da \u00f6tesinde \u015fayet sefer boyunca bir erzak s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 vuku bulacak olursa, zaten her bir kimsenin sahip oldu\u011fu yiyece\u011fi umumi kullan\u0131ma sunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 3:<\/strong>\u00a0Si navis a piratis redempta sit, Servius Ofilius Labeo omnes conferre debere aiunt: quod vero praedones abstulerint, eum perdere cuius fuerint, nec conferendum ei, qui suas merces redemerit.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 3: \u015eayet bir gemi korsanlar\u0131n elinden fidye \u00f6denmek kayd\u0131yla kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, Servius, Ofilius ve Labeo herkesin (\u00f6denmi\u015f olan fidyeden dolay\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan) zarara i\u015ftirak etmesi gerekti\u011fini beyan etmektedirler. Bununla birlikte korsanlar bir gaspta bulunmu\u015flar ve bu suretle herhangi birinin zarar\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015flerse, bu durumda mallar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmay\u0131 ba\u015faran bir ki\u015fiye herhangi bir destekte (\u00f6demede) bulunulmas\u0131n.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 4: Portio autem pro aestimatione rerum quae salvae sunt et earum quae amissae sunt praestari solet, nec ad rem pertinet, si hae quae amissae sunt pluris veniri poterunt, quoniam detrimenti, non lucri fit praestatio. Sed in his rebus, quarum nomine conferendum est, aestimatio debet haberi non quanti emptae sint, sed quanti venire possunt.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 4: Ancak kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya yitirilmi\u015f olan mallar\u0131n de\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re (gerekli) pay\u0131n temin edilmesi (kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131) genel bir kaidedir. Zira (yitirilmi\u015f olan mallar\u0131n tazminine y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lacak) \u00f6deme (maldan elde edilecek) kazanca g\u00f6re de\u011fil de, (mal\u0131n yitirilmesinden do\u011fan) zarara g\u00f6re oldu\u011fundan bu kay\u0131p (yitirilmi\u015f) mallar\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek bir fiyata sat\u0131labilecek olmas\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmaz. Ancak kalemine g\u00f6re \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken mallarda bu mallar\u0131n ne kadara al\u0131nacaklar\u0131 de\u011fil de, ne kadara sat\u0131lacaklar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 5: Servorum quoque qui in mare perierunt non magis aestimatio facienda est, quam si qui aegri in nave decesserint aut aliqui sese praecipitaverint.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 5: Denizde \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f k\u00f6leler i\u00e7in, hasta olup da gemide ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitiren ya da bir \u015fekilde kendini denize atm\u0131\u015f olan kimselerden daha fazla de\u011fer bi\u00e7ilmemelidir.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 6: Si quis ex vectoribus solvendo non sit, hoc detrimentum magistri navis non erit: nec enim fortunas cuiusque nauta excutere debet.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 6: \u015eayet yolculardan birisinin (sefer esnas\u0131nda) \u00f6deme yapmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fcc\u00fc t\u00fckenmi\u015fse (iflas etmi\u015fse) bu durumdaki zarar geminin kaptan\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendirmeyecektir, zira gemideki bir yolcunun mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sorgulamak kaptan\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funda olmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 7: Si res quae iactae sunt apparuerint, exoneratur collatio: quod si iam contributio facta sit, tunc hi qui solverint agent ex locato cum magistro, ut is ex conducto experiatur et quod exegerit reddat.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 7: \u015eayet denize at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan mallar (sonradan) su y\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flarsa (batmam\u0131\u015flarsa), (kayb\u0131n telafisi i\u00e7in) i\u015ftirak zorunlulu\u011fu ortadan kalkar. Ancak i\u015ftirak i\u00e7in bir \u00f6deme \u00e7oktan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, o zaman \u00f6deme yapm\u0131\u015f olan ki\u015filer (kaptanla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 nakliye ama\u00e7l\u0131) s\u00f6zle\u015fme uyar\u0131nca, kaptan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin gere\u011fini yapmas\u0131 ve tahsil etti\u011fi paray\u0131 geri \u00f6demesi i\u00e7in dava a\u00e7abileceklerdir.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 8: Res autem iacta domini manet nec fit adprehendentis, quia pro derelicto non habetur.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 2. 8: Ve ayr\u0131ca bir mal denize at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa dahi, sahibine ait olmaya devam eder, zira bu mal asl\u0131nda terk edilmemi\u015f oldu\u011fundan ba\u015fkalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fclk de edinilemez.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 3: PAPINIANUS, Libro 19 [nono decimo] Responsorum
\nCum arbor aut aliud navis instrumentum removendi communis periculi causa deiectum est, contributio debetur.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 3: PAPINIANUS, Yan\u0131tlar, 19. Kitap:
\nBir geminin dire\u011fi ya da ba\u015fka bir donan\u0131m\u0131 umumi bir tehlikeyi savu\u015fturmak amac\u0131yla (gemiden s\u00f6k\u00fclerek denize) at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde (ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak olan) zarar i\u00e7in kat\u0131l\u0131m gereklidir (zaruridir).<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 4: CALLISTRATUS, Libro 2 [secundo] Quaestionum
\nNavis onustae levandae causa, quia intrare flumen vel portum non potuerat cum onere, si quaedam merces in scapham traiectae sunt, ne aut extra flu-men periclitetur aut in ipso ostio vel portu, eaque scapha summersa est, ratio haberi debet inter eos, qui in nave merces salvas habent, cum his qui in scapha perdiderunt, proinde tamquam si iactura facta esset: idque Sabinus quoque libro secundo responsorum probat. Contra si scapha cum parte mer-cium salva est, navis periit, ratio haberi non debet eorum, qui in nave perdide-runt, quia iactus in tributum nave salva venit.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 4: CALLISTRATUS, Muhakemeler, 2. Kitap:
\nKargosuyla beraber bir \u0131rma\u011fa ya da limana yana\u015famayan y\u00fckl\u00fc bir geminin bir \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya da bizzat a\u011fz\u0131nda veya bir limanda iken herhangi bir tehlikeye maruz kalmamas\u0131 amac\u0131yla (geminin) hafifletilmesi i\u00e7in (g\u00fcvertede y\u00fckl\u00fc bulunan) baz\u0131 mallar bir filikaya nakledilmelidir. \u015eayet o filika batarsa, gemide mallar\u0131 sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde kalanlarla filikadaki mallar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f olan mal sahipleri aras\u0131nda, t\u0131pk\u0131 gemiden mal atma (m\u00fc\u015fterek avarya) i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f gibi bir y\u00f6ntem izlenmelidir. Sabinus da D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler adl\u0131 eserinin ikinci kitab\u0131nda ayn\u0131 kaideyi tasvip etmektedir. Di\u011fer taraftan, e\u011fer filika (\u00fczerinde y\u00fckl\u00fc bulunan) mallar\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131yla birlikte kurtulmu\u015f, ancak gemi de batm\u0131\u015fsa, gemide mallar\u0131 telef olanlar i\u00e7in herhangi bir muamele (uygulama) yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc gemiden mal atma (avarya) y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca gemi sa\u011flam kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 (batmad\u0131\u011f\u0131) m\u00fcddet\u00e7e ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korur.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 4. 1: Sed si navis, quae in tempestate iactu mercium unius mercatoris levata est, in alio loco summersa est et aliquorum mercatorum merces per urinatores extractae sunt data mercede, rationem haberi debere eius, cuius merces in navigatione levandae navis causa iactae sunt, ab his, qui postea sua per urinatores servaverunt, Sabinus aeque respondit. Eorum vero, qui ita servaverunt, invicem rationem haberi non debere ab eo, qui in navigatione iactum fecit, si quaedam ex his mercibus per urinatores extractae sunt: eorum enim merces non possunt videri servandae navis causa iactae esse, quae perit.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 4. 1: Ancak; \u015fayet bir f\u0131rt\u0131na esnas\u0131nda gemi sadece bir t\u00fcccar\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131n (denize) at\u0131lmas\u0131 sayesinde hafifletilmi\u015fse ve (bu ayn\u0131 gemi rotas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki) ba\u015fka bir mevkide batm\u0131\u015fsa ve di\u011fer t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n mallar\u0131 kendilerine \u00fccret \u00f6denmi\u015f olan dalg\u0131\u00e7lar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla denizden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, Sabinus \u015f\u00f6yle bir kanaatte bulunur;
\n\u201cSefer esnas\u0131nda mallar\u0131 geminin hafifletilmesi maksad\u0131yla gemiden at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bir ki\u015fiyle mallar\u0131 sonradan dalg\u0131\u00e7lar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda bir hesapla\u015fma (anla\u015fma) olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d.
\nYaln\u0131z buna kar\u015f\u0131n, (bir f\u0131rt\u0131na s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda) her \u015feye ra\u011fmen mallar\u0131n\u0131 kurtaramam\u0131\u015f olan ki\u015filer, seyir halindeyken mal at\u0131m\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f ancak bu mallardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 dalg\u0131\u00e7lar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) olan bir ki\u015fiyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bir anla\u015fmaya d\u00e2hil edilmemelidirler. Zira bu ki\u015filerin (batan gemide mallar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f olanlar\u0131n) mallar\u0131, batm\u0131\u015f geminin kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mallar olarak alg\u0131lanmamal\u0131d\u0131rlar (g\u00f6r\u00fclmemelidirler).<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 4. 2: Cum autem iactus de nave factus est et alicuius res, quae in navi remanserunt, deteriores factae sunt, videndum, an conferre cogendus sit, quia non debet duplici damno onerari et collationis et quod res deteriores factae sunt. Sed defendendum est hunc conferre debere pretio praesente rerum: itaque verbi gratia si vicenum merces duorum fuerunt et alterius aspargine decem esse coeperunt, ille cuius res integrae sunt pro viginti conferat, hic pro decem. Potest tamen dici etiam illa sententia distinguentibus nobis, deteriores ex qua causa factae sunt, id est utrum propter iacta nudatis rebus damnum secutum est an vero alia ex causa, veluti quod alicubi iacebant merces in angulo aliquo et unda penetravit. Tunc enim conferre debebit: an ex priore causa collationis onus pati non debet, quia iactus etiam hunc laesit? Adhuc numquid et si aspargine propter iactum res deteriores factae sunt? Sed distinctio suptilior adhibenda est, quid plus sit, in damno an in collatione: si verbi gratia hae res viginti fuerunt et collatio quidem facit decem, damnum autem duo, deducto hoc, quod damnum passus est, reliquum conferre debeat. Quid ergo, si plus in damno erit quam in collatione? Ut puta decem aureis res deteriores factae sunt, duo autem collationis sunt. Indubitate utrumque onus pati non debet: sed hic videamus, num et ipsi conferre oporteat. Quid enim interest iactatas res meas amiserim an nudatas deteriores habere coeperim: nam sicut ei qui perdiderit subvenitur, ita et ei subveniri oportet, qui deteriores propter iactum res habere coeperit. Haec ita Papirius Fronto respondit.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 4. 2: Ancak gemiden mal at\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir kimsenin mallar\u0131 gemide kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yine de zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc takdirde, bu ki\u015finin mal\u0131 her hal\u00fckarda zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, o ki\u015fiden (zarar i\u00e7in) i\u015ftirak talebinde bulunularak onun iki kat\u0131 bir zarara maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden (m\u00fc\u015fterek avaryadan do\u011fan zarar i\u00e7in yap\u0131lacak olan) \u00f6deme yapmaya zorlan\u0131p zorlanmayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Ayr\u0131ca, bu m\u00fczakerenin mallar\u0131n g\u00fcncel de\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi korunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki s\u00f6z gelimi, e\u011fer iki ki\u015finin mal\u0131 da yirmi\u015fer (solidus) ise ve birinin mal\u0131n\u0131n de\u011feri \u0131slanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 on\u2019a (solidus) d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015fse, mal\u0131 zarar g\u00f6rmemi\u015f olan ki\u015fi yirmi (solidus) \u00fczerinden, zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan ki\u015fiyse on (solidus) \u00fczerinden (i\u015ftirak s\u00fcrecine) katk\u0131da bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zararlar \u015fu gibi nedenlerden dolay\u0131 vuku bulmu\u015fsa; misalen gemiden mal at\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada muhafazas\u0131z durumda bulunan mallar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na bir zarar geldi\u011finde (hasar ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) veya ba\u015fka bir nedenden dolay\u0131; \u00f6rne\u011fin g\u00fcvertede bir k\u00f6\u015fede duruyorken mallar bir dalgan\u0131n n\u00fcfuz etmesi sebebiyle zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fersek \u015fu hususlar\u0131 m\u00fczakare etmek gerekecektir.
\n(Dalga sebebiyle mallar\u0131 zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ki\u015fi i\u00e7in) \u00f6deme yapmak ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olacakt\u0131r; zira bu kimse de gemiden mal atma (avarya) y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden dolay\u0131 zarara u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in (o kimse de) s\u00f6z konusu nedenden dolay\u0131 \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne d\u00e2hil edilmese mi? F\u0131rt\u0131nadan dolay\u0131 \u0131slanmas\u0131 suretiyle mallar\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda bile mi (i\u015ftirake kat\u0131lacakt\u0131r)? Ancak kayb\u0131n m\u0131, yoksa mal\u0131n zarar\u0131 i\u00e7in toplanan i\u015ftirak mebla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131 daha fazla oldu\u011fu konusunda daha net bir ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetilmelidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin s\u00f6z konusu bu mallar yirmi (solidus) de\u011ferindeyse ve ger\u00e7ekte i\u015ftirak on (solidus) ise, ancak zarar iki (solidus) de\u011ferinde ise, bu iki (solidus) de\u011ferindeki zarar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra, katk\u0131 kalan miktar \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Peki ya zarar miktar\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131m (i\u015ftirak) miktar\u0131ndan daha fazla olursa ne olacak? Diyelim ki zarar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan mallar on (solidus) ediyorsa, ancak iki (solidus) miktar\u0131nda bir para toplanm\u0131\u015fsa\u2026 \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki (zarara u\u011frayan ki\u015fi) iki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe birden maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz. Bilakis bu noktada kendisinin bir \u00f6deme yapmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz gerekir. Zira mallar\u0131m\u0131 gemiden atarak kaybetmemle muhafaza edilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in hasar g\u00f6rmesi sonucunda kaybetmem aras\u0131nda ne fark vard\u0131r? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc nas\u0131l ki gemiden mallar\u0131n\u0131 atmas\u0131 sebebiyle mallar\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f bir ki\u015fiye destek sunmak gerekiyorsa, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde mal\u0131 i\u015flevsiz bir hale gelmi\u015f olan ki\u015fiye de destek olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Papirius Fronto da bunu bu \u015fekilde teyit eder.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 5: HERMOGENIANUS, Libro 2 [secundo] Iuris Epitomarum
\nAmissae navis damnum collationis consortio non sarcitur per eos, qui merces suas naufragio liberaverunt: nam huius aequitatem tunc admitti placuit, cum iactus remedio ceteris in communi periculo salva navi consultum est.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 5: HERMOGENIANUS, Kanun Derlemeleri, 2. Kitap:
\nBatm\u0131\u015f olan bir geminin zarar\u0131 batan gemiden mallar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarm\u0131\u015f olan ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan (yap\u0131lan) i\u015ftirak yoluyla kar\u015f\u0131lanamaz. \u015eayet m\u00fc\u015fterek bir tehlike esnas\u0131nda ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hayr\u0131na geminin kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla gemiden mal at\u0131m\u0131 (avarya) yap\u0131ld\u0131ysa ancak o zaman e\u015fit bir kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n (i\u015ftirakin) kabul edilmesi uygundur.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 5. 1: Arbore caesa, ut navis cum mercibus liberari possit, aequitas contributionis habebit locum.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 5. 1: Geminin (\u00fczerinde y\u00fckl\u00fc bulunan) mallar\u0131yla beraber kurtar\u0131labilmesi amac\u0131yla seren dire\u011fi kesildi\u011fi zaman (ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan zarar\u0131n telafisi i\u00e7in) i\u015ftirakin e\u015fit bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 6: IULIANUS, Libro 86 [octogensimo sexto] Digestorum
\nNavis adversa tempestate depressa ictu fulminis deustis armamentis et arbo-re et antemna Hipponem delata est ibique tumultuariis armamentis ad pra-esens comparatis Ostiam navigavit et onus integrum pertulit: quaesitum est, an hi, quorum onus fuit, nautae pro damno conferre debeant. Respondit non debere: hic enim sumptus instruendae magis navis, quam conservandarum mercium gratia factus est.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 6: IULIANUS, D\u00fczenlemeler, 86. Kitap:
\n(Diyelim ki) k\u00f6t\u00fc bir hava s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00e7arpmas\u0131 sonucunda harap olan bir gemi, donan\u0131mlar\u0131, dire\u011fi ve yelkenleri mahvoldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Hippo Liman\u0131\u2019na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131 ve orada alelacele yeni donan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra sefere haz\u0131r hale gelir gelmez Ostia Liman\u0131\u2019na do\u011fru denize a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Ve kargoyu da sapa sa\u011flam ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131; gemide mal\u0131 olan kimseler gemiciye zarar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekip gerekmedi\u011fini sordular. Verilmi\u015f olan cevap ise, gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu harcama (gemide y\u00fckl\u00fc bulunan) mallar\u0131n kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131ndan ziyade geminin (kendi) donan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 7: PAULUS, Libro 3 [tertio] Epitomarum Alfeni Digestorum
\nCum depressa navis aut deiecta esset, quod quisque ex ea suum servasset, sibi servare respondit, tamquam ex incendio.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 7: PAULUS, Alfenus\u2019un D\u00fczenlemelerinin \u00d6zeti, 3. Kitap:<\/p>\n

Bir gemi batt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda veya karaya oturdu\u011funda gemiden kurtar\u0131lan mal bir kimsenin kendi mal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan, t\u0131pk\u0131 bir yang\u0131ndan (mal) kurtar\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi, o ki\u015finin kurtarma i\u015fini kendisi i\u00e7in yap\u0131yor oldu\u011funu beyan eder.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 8: IULIANUS, Libro 2 [secundo] ex Minicio
\nQui levandae navis gratia res aliquas proiciunt, non hanc mentem habent, ut eas pro derelicto habeant, quippe si invenerint eas, ablaturos et, si suspicati fuerint, in quem locum eiectae sunt, requisituros: ut perinde sint, ac si quis onere pressus in viam rem abiecerit mox cum aliis reversurus, ut eandem au-ferret.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 8: IULIANUS, Minicius\u2019tan (Al\u0131nt\u0131), 2. Kitap:
\nBir geminin hafifletilmesi amac\u0131yla baz\u0131 mallar\u0131n\u0131 gemiden atm\u0131\u015f olan kimseler mallar\u0131 \u00fczerinde (art\u0131k) hak iddia edemeyecekleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kap\u0131lmas\u0131nlar, zira atm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 mallar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fayet bulurlarsa onlar\u0131 geri alabileceklerdir. Ve ayr\u0131ca e\u011fer mallar\u0131n nerede (denize) at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da kestirebilirlerse (oraya giderek) mallar\u0131n\u0131 denizden \u00e7\u0131karabileceklerdir. T\u0131pk\u0131 bir yolculuk esnas\u0131nda y\u00fck\u00fc nedeniyle yorulan bir kimsenin bir s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla geri gelerek y\u00fcklenmek \u00fczere, mal\u0131n\u0131 bir kenara koymas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 9: MAECIANUS, ex Lege Rhodia
\n\u1f08\u03be\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u0395\u1f50\u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u039d\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b1\u2219 \u039a\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1fe6 \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u1fd6\u03bd\u03b5, \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc7 \u1f38\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b7\u03c1\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u039a\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u1f08\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd \u0395\u1f50\u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u2219 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f41 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2\u2219 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1fec\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03b8\u03c9 \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u0131\u03ba\u1ff7, \u1f10\u03bd \u03bf\u1f37\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u2219 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u1f54\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03bd.
\n[Id est: Petitio Eudaemonis Nicomedensis ad Imperatorem Antoninum. Domi-ne Imperator Antonine, cum naufragium fecissemus in Italia [immo in Icaria], direpti sumus a publicis [immo a publicanis], qui in Cycladibus insulis habitant. Antoninus dicit Eudaemoni: Ego orbis terrarum dominus sum, lex autem maris, lege Rhodia de re nautica res iudicetur, quatenus nulla lex ex nostris ei contraria est. Idem etiam divus Augustus iudicavit.]\n

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XIV. 2. 9: VOLUSIUS MAECIANUS, Rhodos Yasas\u0131\u2019ndan (Bir MaddeAl\u0131nt\u0131):
\nNikomedeial\u0131 Eudaimon\u2019un \u0130mparator Antoninus\u2019tan ricas\u0131:
\n\u201cEfendimiz \u0130mparator Antoninus! Gemimiz \u0130talya\u2019da (asl\u0131nda \u0130karia\u2019da) enkaz haline geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in Kyklades Adas\u0131\u2019nda ikamet eden resmi g\u00f6revliler (asl\u0131nda vergi m\u00fcltezimleri) taraf\u0131ndan soyguna u\u011frad\u0131k (ya\u011fmaland\u0131k \u2013 talan edildik)\u201d.
\nAntoninus Eudaimon\u2019a cevap verdi:
\n\u201cBen yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u00e2kimiyim, denizlerin h\u00e2kimi ise yasad\u0131r. Bu dava Rhodoslular\u0131n Denizcilik Yasas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca bir karara ba\u011flans\u0131n, \u00f6yle ki bu yasan\u0131n maddelerindeki hi\u00e7bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bizim yasam\u0131za da ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. Tanr\u0131sal Augustus da ayn\u0131 h\u00fckme varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u201d.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 10: LABEO, libro 1 [primo] Pithanon a Paulo Epitomarum
\nSi vehenda mancipia conduxisti, pro eo mancipio, quod in nave mortuum est, vectura tibi non debetur. Paulus: immo quaeritur, quid actum est, utrum ut pro his qui impositi an pro his qui deportati essent, merces daretur: quod si hoc apparere non pouterit, satis erit pro nauta, si probaverit impositum esse mancipium.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 10: LABEO, Paulus\u2019un \u00d6zetlerinden Bir Kopya, 1. Kitap:
\n\u015eayet k\u00f6lelerin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapm\u0131\u015f bulunuyorsan, sefer esnas\u0131nda gemide \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olan bir k\u00f6le i\u00e7in herhangi bir nakliye \u00fccreti \u00f6demene gerek yoktur. Paulus ise buna kar\u015f\u0131n, bini\u015f ko\u015fullu mu, yoksa ini\u015f ko\u015fullu mu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n soru\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir; e\u011fer bu durum a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulamayacak olursa, kaptan nezdinde bir k\u00f6lenin gemiye bindi\u011finin kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 dahi yeterli olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 10. 1. Si ea condicione navem conduxisti, ut ea merces tuae portarentur easque merces nulla nauta necessitate coactus in navem deteriorem, cum id sciret te fieri nolle, transtulit et merces tuae cum ea nave perierunt, in qua novissime vectae sunt, habes ex conducto locato cum priore nauta actionem. Paulus: immo contra, si modo ea navigatione utraque navis periit, cum id sine dolo et culpa nautarum factum esset. Idem iuris erit, si prior nauta publice retentus navigare cum tuis mercibus prohibitus fuerit. Idem iuris erit, cum ea condicione a te conduxisset, ut certam poenam tibi praestaret, nisi ante constitutum diem merces tuas eo loci exposuisset, in quem devehendas eas merces locasset, nec per eum staret, quo minus remissa sibi ea poena spectaret.
\nIdem iuris in eodem genere cogitationis observabimus, si probatum fuerit nautam morbo impeditum navigare non potuisse. Idem dicemus, si navis eius vitium fecerit sine dolo malo et culpa eius.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 10. 1: \u015eayet mallar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla bir gemi kiralam\u0131\u015f bulunuyorsan\u0131z ve bu mallar\u0131 kaptan hi\u00e7bir gerek\u00e7e olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ve de senin bu durumu istemeyece\u011fini bildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, sana da bilgi vermeksizin daha k\u00f6t\u00fc bir durumda olan (hasarl\u0131 ve eski) bir gemiye aktar\u0131rsa ve nihayetinde bu gemi \u00fczerinde y\u00fckl\u00fc bulunan mallarla birlikte batarsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fme gere\u011fi birinci kaptana kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131na sahip olacaks\u0131n.
\nPaulus ise der ki; \u201cancak buna kar\u015f\u0131n her iki gemiden birinin gemicilerin bir dalaveresi ve su\u00e7u olmaks\u0131z\u0131n seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda batm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 durumu hari\u00e7tir\u201d.
\n\u015eayet birinci kaptan resmen yasakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in mallar\u0131n\u0131zla birlikte denize a\u00e7\u0131lmaktan al\u0131konursa, ayn\u0131 yasa ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131r (tekrardan kaptana kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131na sahip olacaks\u0131n). \u015eayet kaptan mallar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n indirilmesi i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011funuz yere (aran\u0131zda) belirledi\u011finiz zamandan (g\u00fcnden) \u00f6nce mallar\u0131 ula\u015ft\u0131ramamas\u0131 durumunda sana belirli bir miktarda cezatazminat \u00f6demesi hususunda seninle bir kontrat imzalam\u0131\u015fsa, yine bu ayn\u0131 madde ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131r (kaptana kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131na sahip olacaks\u0131n). Ayr\u0131ca (kaptan) yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu hatadan dolay\u0131 kendi pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen cezadan kurtulmay\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesin.
\n\u015eayet kaptan\u0131n bir hastal\u0131k engeli y\u00fcz\u00fcnden sefere \u00e7\u0131kamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlanacak olursa ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarz\u0131yla (ayn\u0131 bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla) ayn\u0131 yasa maddesini uygulayaca\u011f\u0131z. \u015eayet gemi kaptan\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc bir dalaveresi ve su\u00e7u olmaks\u0131z\u0131n bir hasar \u00e7\u0131karacak olursa, ayn\u0131 durum vuku bulur.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 10. 2: Si conduxisti navem amphorarum duo milium et ibi amphoras portasti, pro duobus milibus amphorarum pretium debes. Paulus: immo si aversione navis conducta est, pro duobus milibus debetur merces: si pro nu-mero impositarum amphorarum merces constituta est, contra se habet: nam pro tot amphoris pretium debes, quot portasti.<\/p>\n

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XIV. 2. 10. 2: \u015eayet iki bin amphora (kapasiteli) bir gemi kiralam\u0131\u015fsan ve amphoralar\u0131 da bu gemiye y\u00fcklemi\u015f bulunuyorsan, iki bin amphoral\u0131k bir nakliye \u00fccreti \u00f6dersin. Oysa Paulus ise \u015funu belirtir; \u015fayet geminin tamam\u0131n\u0131 kiralam\u0131\u015fsan, yine iki bin amphora \u00fczerinden fiyat \u00f6denir. \u015eayet gemiye y\u00fcklenmi\u015f olan amphoralar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re bir nakliye \u00fccreti saptanm\u0131\u015fsa o zaman durum farkl\u0131d\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o zaman (sadece) gemiye y\u00fcklemi\u015f oldu\u011fun kadar amphoran\u0131n nakliye \u00fccretini \u00f6dersin.<\/p>\n

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