{"id":1976,"date":"2016-06-06T09:34:45","date_gmt":"2016-06-06T06:34:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2015-en\/trans-2015\/018"},"modified":"2016-07-12T13:30:29","modified_gmt":"2016-07-12T10:30:29","slug":"018","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2016-en\/018","title":{"rendered":"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe<\/h2>\n

Hyun JIN KIM<\/h3>\n
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ISBN: <\/strong>9781107009066
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0338
\nPublication Date:<\/strong>\u00a02013
\nLocation:<\/strong> Cambridge
\nPublisher:<\/strong> Cambridge University Press<\/p><\/div>

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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> II (2016) 339-343<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2016018
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 23.04.2016 |\u00a0Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 31.05.2016
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 06.06.2016
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2016<\/p>\n

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H. JIN KIM, The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe<\/em>. Cambridge 2013.\u00a0<\/strong>Cambridge University Press, 338 sayfa (3 harita ile birlikte).\u00a0<\/strong>ISBN: 9781107009066<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hunlar, MS IV. ve V. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda \u00f6nce Do\u011fu ard\u0131ndan da Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00fczerine d\u00fczenledikleri ak\u0131nlarla Ge\u00e7 Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u2019a damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015f ve Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019ya Hunlar taraf\u0131ndan son verilmemi\u015ftir, ancak Bat\u0131\u2019da aktif olduklar\u0131 MS 370-454 tarihleri aras\u0131nda, kendilerini Cermen kavimlerine alternatif bir s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak sunarak barbaricum<\/em>un do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015ftan sona de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015fler ve bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n ge\u00adri\u00adlemesinde dolayl\u0131 da olsa b\u00fcy\u00fck bir paya sahibi olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Hunlar\u0131n esrarengiz k\u00f6kenleri ve Roma ile pek de dostane olmayan ili\u015fkileri \u00fczerine bilgi veren -Ammianus Marcellinus gibi- d\u00f6ne\u00admin tarih\u00e7ilerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funun eserlerinde ve kroniklerinde Hunlar son derece barbar ve sal\u00add\u0131rgan bir millet olarak ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olsa da, di\u011fer bir \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f Romal\u0131 yazar Priscus taraf\u0131ndan Attila ve Hun\u00adlara olabildi\u011fince objektif yakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Benzer bir durum g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz tarih\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli\u00addir. Hunlar, E. A. Thompson\u2019\u0131n sayfalar\u0131nda kendilerine Ammianus\u2019un anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan pek de farkl\u0131 bir yer bulamazken, son y\u0131llarda Peter Golden ve La Vaissi\u00e8re gibi tarih\u00e7ilerin Orta Asya \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n halklar\u0131n\u0131n ve Hunlar\u0131n asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7 de Ammianus ve Thompson\u2019\u0131n ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar ilkel olmad\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Hyun Jin Kim\u2019in eseri de Hunlar\u0131 bu ikinci, hi\u00e7 de ilkel olmayan, kendine has geli\u015fmi\u015f bir medeniyet seviyesine sahip olan gruba d\u00e2hil eden bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cambridge \u00dcniversitesi b\u00fcnyesinde bas\u0131lan kitap toplamda 338 sayfa olsa da, bunun sadece 158 sayfas\u0131 kitab\u0131n ana konusuna ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, geri kalan 180 sayfa notlar ve bibliyografyaya ait\u00adtir. Kitab\u0131n te\u015fekk\u00fcr k\u0131sm\u0131nda yazar\u0131n Peter Golden ve La Vaissi\u00e8re\u2019ye yer vermesi asl\u0131nda bu ya\u00adzar\u00adlar\u0131n eserlerini ve bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bilen okuyucular i\u00e7in kitab\u0131n gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden ortaya koyan bir g\u00f6sterge niteli\u011findedir. Bu mesaj\u0131 alamayan okuyucularsa bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmden hemen sonra gelen Intro\u00adduction<\/em> (Giri\u015f [1-8]) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n eserini nas\u0131l bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u201cRoma ve \u00c7in \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 dize getiren Hunlar…<\/em>\u201d (sf. 5) c\u00fcmlesiyle a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u015fahit olacaklar\u00add\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Steppe Empires and their Significance in the History of Wider Eurasia and Late Imperial Rome<\/em> (Bozk\u0131r \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 ve Geni\u015f Avrasya ile Ge\u00e7 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Tarihindeki \u00d6nemleri [1-5]) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131k ile Avrupa\u2019da MS IV. ve V. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda bozk\u0131r imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n Roma\u2019ya ve Avrupa\u2019ya vurdu\u011fu damga ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Yazar taraf\u0131ndan, bir yandan b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerin ve par\u00e7alanmalar\u0131n ya\u015fan\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6te yandan Avrasya tarihinin Avrupa\u2019n\u0131nkiyle birle\u015fti\u011fi bu y\u0131llar kapsam\u0131nda bir tarih\u00e7inin Ge\u00e7 Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da herhangi bir alanda uzmanla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ancak bir hayal olabilece\u011fine de\u00ad\u011fi\u00adnil\u00admekte\u00addir. MS 311 – 1405 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda o ya da bu \u015fekilde Gallia<\/em>\u2019dan Sibirya\u2019ya kadar uza\u00adnan co\u011f\u00adrafyan\u0131n Mo\u011follar ya da T\u00fcrkler taraf\u0131ndan h\u00e2kimiyet alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na da dikkat \u00e7ekil\u00admekte\u00addir. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k ise The Huns, A New World Order and the Birth of \u2018Europe\u2019<\/em> (Hunlar, Yeni bir D\u00fcnya D\u00fczeni ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu [5-8]) olarak isimlendirilmi\u015ftir. Yazar burada, Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019daki Avrupa feodalizminin \u0130\u00e7 Asya kaynakl\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kurulan Cermen krall\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n da Hunlar\u0131n eseri olduklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederek, neden kitab\u0131n isminde \u201cBirth of Europe\u201d ifadesinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r: Kim\u2019e g\u00f6re Orta\u00e7a\u011f ve Avrupa, Hunlar sayesin\u00adde do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bu iddial\u0131 giri\u015fi takip eden ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm Rome\u2019s Inner Asian Enemies before the Huns<\/em> (Ro\u00adma\u2019n\u0131n Hunlardan \u00d6nceki \u0130\u00e7 Asyal\u0131 D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 [9-16]) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahiptir. \u0130ki alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lan bu b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00fcn The Parthian Empire<\/em> (Part \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu [9-14]) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n gele\u00adneksel d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan Part hanedan\u0131 b\u00fcnyesindeki Persleri ele alarak Crassus\u2019un M\u00d6 53\u2019te Car\u00adrhae\u2019da Partlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r yenilgiden, Part \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun politik organizasyo\u00adnuna dair geni\u015f bir perspektifte bilgi sunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Partho-Sasanian Confede\u00adracy<\/em> (Part-Sasani Konfederasyonu [14-16]) ise Perslerin MS 224\u2019te – Roma\u2019n\u0131n ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son\u00adlar\u0131nda Diocletianus y\u00f6netiminde ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck reformlara benzer \u015fekilde – sadece haneda\u00adn\u0131\u00adn\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda imparatorlu\u011fun pek \u00e7ok alan\u0131nda yenili\u011fe giden Sasani \u0130mparator\u00adlu\u011fu\u2019nu, onun asl\u0131nda bir Part-Sasani ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan do\u011fdu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izerek anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm The Huns in Central Asia<\/em> (Orta Asya\u2019da Hunlar [17-42]) ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Inner Asian Empires Before the Fourth Century AD<\/em> (MS IV. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan \u00d6nce \u0130\u00e7 Asya \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 [17-35]) ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131kt\u0131r. Burada, konuya k\u0131sa bir giri\u015f yap\u0131lmakta ard\u0131ndan da Hunlar\u0131n k\u00f6kenleriyle ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalarda s\u0131k s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan Hiung-nu\u2019lar\u0131n \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda verdikleri m\u00fccadelelere ve de \u0130skitler ile Sarmatlar\u2019\u0131n Avrupa\u2019da b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 izlere de\u011finilmekte\u00addir. Hunlar ve Hiung-nu\u2019lar aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n da ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta linguistik, arke\u00adolojik ve Hunlar\u0131n devlet yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki izlerin tahlillerinden olu\u015fan verilerle Hunlar\u0131n, t\u0131pk\u0131 Hunlar gibi bir konfederasyon olan Hiung-nu\u2019larla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131 okuyucuya sunulmaktad\u0131r. Yazar, Hiung-nu\u2019lar\u0131n kesinlikle bir devlet ya da erken bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131, Attila\u2019n\u0131n imparatorlu\u011funun da b\u00f6yle bir devlet gelene\u011fine sahip olmadan Gallia<\/em>\u2019dan Volga\u2019ya kadar uza\u00adnan imparatorlu\u011fu bir ku\u015fak dahi ayakta tutamayacak oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir. Ayn\u0131 alt ba\u015f\u00adl\u0131k alt\u0131nda Ku\u015fanl\u0131lar, Kangl\u0131lar ve Usun Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgili bilgiler verilmektedir, di\u011fer bir yandan yazar\u0131n Avrasya tarihi ile Avrupa tarihinin ne kadar ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlama giri\u015fimine de bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda \u015fahit olmaktay\u0131z. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Contemporary Inner Asian Empires (Fourth, Fifth and Sixth enturies AD)<\/em> (\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u0130\u00e7 Asya \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 (MS IV. V. ve VI. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar) [35-42]) olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Burada, hepsi de Beyaz Hunlar olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan, ancak baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin bug\u00fcn hala Avrupa Hunlar\u0131 ile ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n isimlerinden \u00f6teye gitmedi\u011fini vur\u00adgu\u00adlad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kionitler, Kidaritler ve Heftalitler ile bu gruplar\u0131n Hindistan ve Sasaniler ile olan m\u00fcna\u00adka\u00ad\u015falar\u0131 incelenmektedir. Yazar bu halklardan sonra daha Do\u011fu\u2019ya giderek C\u00fccenleri mercek alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r, buna ek olarak Attila\u2019n\u0131n kurdu\u011fu egemenlik sahas\u0131 gibi Man\u015f Denizi\u2019nden \u00c7in\u2019e kadar uzanan ortak bir tarihi aktar\u0131\u015fa da tan\u0131kl\u0131k etmekteyiz. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde son olarak bozk\u0131r halklar\u0131n bilinenin aksine tamamen g\u00f6\u00e7ebe olmad\u0131klar\u0131 ve yerle\u015fik tar\u0131mla da u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 okuyu\u00adcuya aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm The Huns in Europe<\/em>\u2019da (Avrupa Hunlar\u0131 [43-88]) \u00f6nceki b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerde oldu\u011fu gibi iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa sahiptir. Hunlar\u0131n Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilerine de\u011finilen bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Hunnic Empire, the Germanic Tribes and Rome<\/em> (Hun \u0130mparator\u00adlu\u011fu, Cermen Kavimleri ve Roma [43-69]) olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Yazar burada, Hunlar\u0131n sadece Roma ile olan ili\u015fkilerini de\u011fil, konfederasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Cermen halklar\u0131yla olan ili\u015fkilerini de incelemektedir. Buna ek olarak, Attila\u2019n\u0131n ismine \u2013ila eki alm\u0131\u015f olma\u00ads\u0131yla ad\u0131n\u0131n bir Cermen ismine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131, Hunlar\u0131n Cermen halklara, Roma yerine koru\u00admas\u0131 alt\u0131na girebilecekleri yeni bir s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 alternatifi sunmalar\u0131 ve Hunlar\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 politik organizasyonlar\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerden, Sel\u00e7uk T\u00fcrkleri ve Mo\u011follara kadar uzanan benzetme\u00adlerle a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yazar bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta Bona\u2019n\u0131n Das Hunnenreich<\/em> isimli erken \u00e7a\u00adl\u0131\u015f\u00admas\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunarak, Hunlar\u0131n bir devlet sistemine sahip olmadan Gotlar\u0131 ve Alanlar\u0131 h\u00e2ki\u00admi\u00adyetleri alt\u0131na alamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir.\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca, Roma\u2019n\u0131n barbar problemini \u00e7\u00f6ze\u00adme\u00admesinin tek sebebinin Hunlar oldu\u011funu ve Hunlar\u0131n barbaricum<\/em>da kurulan ilk imparatorlu\u011fa sa\u00adhip olduklar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6ylece Roma\u2019n\u0131n geleneksel d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ve kom\u015fusu Perslerden sonra bu sefer de ku\u00adzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fc\u00e7le kom\u015fu hale geldi\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Impact of the Hunnic Empire and Roman Military Collapse<\/em> (Hun \u0130mpara\u00adtorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Etkisi ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n Askeri \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc [69-88]) ise olduk\u00e7a iddial\u0131 bir alt ba\u015fl\u0131k olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. MS 451 y\u0131l\u0131nda vuku bulan ve Attila\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 Roma magister militum<\/em>u Flavius Aetius \u00f6nderli\u011findeki koalisyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Gallia\u2019dan geri \u00e7ekili\u015fiyle sonu\u00e7lanan Campus Mauriacus<\/em> Sava\u015f\u0131 yazar taraf\u0131ndan bir Hun zaferi olarak nakledilmekte ve Attila\u2019n\u0131n geri \u00e7ekili\u015fi operasyon mevsiminin bitmesi ile a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, Frank kral\u0131 Childeric, Attila\u2019n\u0131n bu sa\u00adva\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Franklara h\u00fckmetmek \u00fczere geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir Hun valisi olarak betimlenmekte\u00addir. Bu iddial\u0131 ifadelerden sonra yazar bu sava\u015f i\u00e7in birincil kayna\u011f\u0131m\u0131z olan Iordanes\u2019in sava\u015f anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Herodotos\u2019un Marathon Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sadece akt\u00f6rleri de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir yorumu oldu\u00ad\u011funu vurgulayarak belki de Iordanes\u2019in Roma-Vizigot zaferiyle biten anlat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n inan\u0131l\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmaya ve Hun zaferi iddias\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erli k\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. H\u00e2lbuki yazar, Ge\u00e7 Antik\u00ad\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da da Romal\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n klasik tarih yazarlar\u0131n\u0131 taklit etmeye devam ettiklerini ve anlat\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin bu klasiklerin kopyas\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n aktard\u0131klar\u0131 olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini zedeleme\u00addi\u011finden \u015f\u00fcphesiz haberdard\u0131r.\u00a0 Yazar Attila\u2019n\u0131n 452 \u0130talya Seferi\u2019nin de t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6nceki y\u0131l gibi ba\u015fa\u00adr\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktarmaktad\u0131r: 451\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey b\u00f6lgelerini ya\u011fmalayan Attila ve Hunlar\u0131n operasyon sezonunun sona ermesiyle ya\u011fmalad\u0131klar\u0131 ganimetlerle birdenbire geri d\u00f6nmeye karar vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

Be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm The End of the Hunnic Empire in the West<\/em> (Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc [89-136]) ise belki de yazar\u0131n en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fmaya yol a\u00e7abilecek iddialar\u0131 sundu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm olarak nite\u00adlen\u00addirilebilir. Burada \u00f6ncelikle Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun k\u0131sa \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir imparatorluk olmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil etmedi\u011fi Napol\u00e9on\u2019un ve Hitler\u2019in k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli imparatorluklar\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanmak\u00adtad\u0131r. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Civil War and the Rise of Ardaric<\/em> (\u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f ve Ardarik\u2019in Y\u00fckseli\u015fi [89-96]) Attila\u2019n\u0131n MS 453 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ard\u0131ndan Hun himayesi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Cermen halklar\u0131n ayak\u00adlan\u00admas\u0131n\u0131n bu halklar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini elde etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, Attila\u2019n\u0131n miras\u0131 olarak geride b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklara egemen olmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Dahas\u0131, bu sava\u015flarda ba\u015frol\u00fc oynayan Gepid kral\u0131 Ardarik\u2019in bir Hun kral\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve bu y\u00fczden Cermen\u00adlerin Hunlara kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmalar\u0131ndan daha ziyade Hunlar\u0131n bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmek\u00adtedir. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Odoacer the King of the Turcilingler, Rogians, Scirians and the Heruls <\/em>(Torkilinglerin, Rogilerin, Skirlerin ve Herullar\u0131n Kral\u0131 Odoacer [96-105]) temelde \u00f6nceki alt ba\u015fl\u0131kla ayn\u0131 iddiay\u0131 payla\u015fmaktad\u0131r: 470\u2019lerde art\u0131k tamamen foederati<\/em> birliklerinden olu\u015fan Bat\u0131 Roma ordusunun ba\u015f\u0131ndaki isim Odoacer da bir Hun\u2019dur. Onun Ardarik\u2019den ya da sonraki k\u0131s\u0131m\u00adda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kacak olan Valamer\u2019den fark\u0131, Hun taht\u0131 i\u00e7in kumar oynamak yerine \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 \u0130talya\u2019da denemek istemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Valamer the King of the Huns and Found\u00ading King of the Ostrogoths <\/em>(Hunlar\u0131n ve Ostrogotlar\u0131n \u0130lk Kral\u0131 Valamer [105-126]) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n isminden de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere Valamer\u2019i de bir Hun olarak lanse etmektedir ve bu Hun kral\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda Ostrogotlar\u0131n da kurucu kral\u0131 olarak ad\u0131n\u0131 tarihe ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Orestes the Royal Secretary<\/em> (Krall\u0131k Katibi Orestes [127-131]) kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6nceki alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n okuyucuyu al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p beklentiye soktu\u011fu \u00fczere bir zamanlar Attila\u2019n\u0131n sekreterli\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015f olan Orestes\u2019in de bir Hun prensi oldu\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n politik varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Hun k\u00f6kenli prens ve krallar taraf\u0131ndan son verildi\u011fi iddia edilerek Hunlar\u0131n Bat\u0131 Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f sebebi olduklar\u0131 belirtilmektedir.\u00a0 Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 New Invasions from the East<\/em> (Do\u011fu\u2019dan Gelen Yeni \u0130\u015fgalciler [131-136]) ise Hunlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Attila\u2019n\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131na odaklanmakta ve Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun sonu ile Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da var olmu\u015f \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc aras\u0131nda paralellik\u00adler kurmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kitab\u0131n son ve alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc The Later Huns and the Birth of Europe<\/em> (Ge\u00e7 Hunlar ve Av\u00adrupa\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu [137-155]) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Burada Hunlar\u0131n ne Attila\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle (MS 453) ne de Nedao Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda ald\u0131klar\u0131 ma\u011flubiyetle (MS 454) yok olmad\u0131klar\u0131 okuyucuya belirtil\u00admektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcmdeki \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Later Hunnic Empire of the Bulgars, Oghurs and Avars<\/em> (Bulgarlar\u0131n, Ogurlar\u0131n ve Avarlar\u0131n Ge\u00e7 Hun \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 [137-143]) d\u00e2hilinde Bulgarlar\u0131n, Ogurlar\u0131n ve Avarlar\u0131n Hunlar\u0131n devam\u0131 olduklar\u0131 ve Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bu halklar sayesinde ya\u015famaya devam etti\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k, The Birth of a New Europe<\/em> (Yeni Bir Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u015fu [143-155]) kapsam\u0131nda Attila\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ard\u0131ndan devam etmekte olan Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fime sevk etti\u011fi ve Ge\u00e7 Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u2019a son verip Erken Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 aralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 okuyucuya aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yazar nezdinde Hunlar\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu bu yeni Avrupa\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 miras feodalizmden, saray geleneklerine ve avc\u0131l\u0131k sporuna kadar uzun bir i\u00e7eri\u011fe sahiptir. Kitab\u0131n Conclusion<\/em> (Sonu\u00e7 [156-158]) k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise Roma ve Hun impa\u00adratorluklar\u0131n\u0131n kozmopolit yap\u0131s\u0131na vurgu yap\u0131lmakta, buna ek olarak etnik k\u00f6ken ve \u0131rk\u0131n bu iki imparatorlu\u011fun y\u00f6netiminde hi\u00e7bir rol oynamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Avrasya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n da bundan ders almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi dile getirilerek eser sonland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son sayfas\u0131 \u00e7evrildi\u011finde okuyucunun akl\u0131n\u0131 pek \u00e7ok iddial\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 fikre sevk eden kitap\u00adtaki \u00fcslup zaman zaman okuyuculara itici gelebilmektedir. Kitab\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde okuyucu\u00adlara bir Hun destan\u0131n\u0131 okuduklar\u0131 hissi yarat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, buna ek olarak yazar\u0131n arada su \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan kaba \u00fcslubu bu partizanl\u0131\u011fa daha olumsuz bir etki katmaktad\u0131r. Eserde ge\u00e7en \u201cSadece k\u00f6r olan bunu g\u00f6remez<\/em>\u201d ve \u201cHarita okuyabilen herkes<\/em>\u201d gibi deyi\u015fler okuyucuyu akademik bir eserden daha \u00e7ok bir internet forumunda resmi olmayan bir tart\u0131\u015fma metnini okuyormu\u015f hissi yaratabil\u00admekte ve bu da okuyucuyu rahats\u0131z edebilmektedir. Kitapta yer alan ve \u00f6zellikle d\u00f6nemi \u00e7ok iyi bilen ki\u015filer i\u00e7in dahi hemen unutulabilecek nitelikte ve de ard\u0131 ard\u0131na gelen \u00e7ok say\u0131da farkl\u0131 yabanc\u0131 ismin kullan\u0131m\u0131 konuyu takip etmeyi bazen zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilmektedir. \u015eayet ki\u015fi d\u00f6nemin Romal\u0131 karakterlerini iyi biliyor olsa bile, \u00c7in ve Orta Asyal\u0131 karakter isimlerinin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 okuyucu\u00adnun kafas\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilmektedir. Kitab\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda Peter Heather\u2019\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k ele\u015ftirilmesi de kitab\u0131n bazen P. Heather\u2019a bir ele\u015ftiri amac\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini olu\u015fturabilmekte\u00addir.<\/p>\n

E\u011fer farkl\u0131 \u00fcslubu ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir Hun taraftarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden gelirsek, eserde pek \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fmaya konu olabilecek fikirler bar\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. MS 451\u2019deki sefer sonras\u0131 Attila\u2019n\u0131n Franklar\u0131n kral\u0131n\u0131 bir Hun valisi olarak geride b\u0131rak\u0131p \u00e7ekilmesi; Iordanes\u2019in Campus Mauriacus<\/em> Sava\u015f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yazd\u0131k\u00adlar\u0131n\u0131 bir Hun zaferi olarak yorumlamas\u0131; Hunlar\u0131n bir Cermen ayaklanmas\u0131 sonucu de\u011fil de bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f sonras\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve Hunlar\u0131n feodalizmin \u00f6n bir yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olduklar\u0131 gibi iddialar bunlar\u00addan baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Eksileri ve art\u0131lar\u0131yla, Hyun Jin Kim\u2019in eseri son y\u0131llarda Hunlar hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en g\u00fcncel bilgileri i\u00e7eren ve okuyucuyu tart\u0131\u015fmaya iten tezlerle dolu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00admektedir. Belki Otto Maenchen-Helfen\u2019\u0131n magnum opus<\/em>u \u201cThe World of the Huns\u201d eseri gibi yaz\u0131ld\u0131ktan uzun y\u0131llar sonra klasik olarak an\u0131lacak bir eser olmayacakt\u0131r, ancak kendinden emin ve iddial\u0131 duru\u015fuyla tarih\u00e7ilerin Hunlara bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bir kez daha sorgulatacak bir \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Hacettepe \u00dcniversitesi
\n<\/strong>Ankara<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Tun\u00e7 T\u00dcREL (\u00d6\u011fr. G\u00f6r.) <\/strong>
\ntunc.turel@hacettepe.edu.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n

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