{"id":1958,"date":"2016-03-24T16:53:42","date_gmt":"2016-03-24T14:53:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2015-en\/trans-2015\/006"},"modified":"2016-07-12T13:33:57","modified_gmt":"2016-07-12T10:33:57","slug":"006","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2016-en\/006","title":{"rendered":"Rome Versus Carthage: The War at Sea"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Rome Versus Carthage: The War at Sea<\/h2>\n

Christa\u00a0STEINBY<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:\u00a0<\/strong>9781844159192
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0228
\nPublication Date:<\/strong> 2014
\nLocation:<\/strong>\u00a0Barnsley
\nPublisher:<\/strong> Pen & Sword Books<\/p><\/div>

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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> II (2016) 89-94<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2016006
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 11.03.2016 |\u00a0Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 20.03.2016
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 24.03.2016
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2016<\/p>\n

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C. STEINBY, Rome Versus Carthage: The War at Sea.<\/em>\u00a0Barnsley 2014. Pen & Sword Books, 228 sayfa (2 harita ve 10 resim ile). ISBN: 9781844159192<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fenikelilerin en \u00f6nemli kolonilerinden biri olan Kartacal\u0131lar ile Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan ve de d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131kla devam eden rekabet ve diplomatik ili\u015fkiler s\u00fcreci Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n M\u00d6 146 y\u0131l\u0131nda Scipio Aemilianus Africanus (= Gen\u00e7 Scipio) komutas\u0131ndaki Roma lejyonlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lma\u00ads\u0131yla (\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae) sona ermi\u015ftir. Belirtilen bu y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f tarihine kadar Kartaca ve Roma aras\u0131nda s\u00fcre gelen rekabet (M\u00d6 VI. ve IV. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131) ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k (M\u00d6 IV. ve II. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131) s\u00fcre\u00e7leri iki ulusu karada oldu\u011fu kadar denizlerde de kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirmi\u015ftir. Bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalarda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k sebebi olan en temel husus ise Bat\u0131 Akdeniz H\u00e2kimiyeti<\/em> meselesi olmu\u015ftur. S\u00f6z konusu bu h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelelerinin yan\u0131nda Kartacal\u0131lar ve Romal\u0131lar kimi zaman idari ve hukuki sistemleri, kimi zaman ticari kimlikleri-zenginlikleri ve kimi zaman ise sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015famlar\u0131 ve toplumsal gelenekleri perspektifinde birbirleriyle mukayese edilerek k\u00f6kl\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131r\u00admalar\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131 haline gelmi\u015flerdir. \u0130nceleme alt\u0131na al\u0131nan bu eser d\u00f6nemin iki s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fc aras\u0131nda cereyan eden rekabet, sava\u015f ve anla\u015fma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini denizler \u00f6zelinde de\u011ferlendirmeyi ve aralar\u0131ndaki diplomatik ili\u015fkileri thalassokratik <\/em>bir yakla\u015f\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Christa Steinby taraf\u0131ndan 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rome Versus Carthage: The War at Sea <\/em>(Roma Kar\u00adtaca\u2019ya Kar\u015f\u0131: Denizde Sava\u015f) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131nlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alt\u0131 temel ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda incelenmekte\u00addir. Bu do\u011frultuda, yazar\u0131n eserin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda eme\u011fi ge\u00e7enlere \u015f\u00fckranlar\u0131n\u0131 sundu\u011fu Acknowledgements<\/em> (Te\u015fekk\u00fcr, VII) ve kitaba d\u00e2hil edilen g\u00f6rsellerin listelendi\u011fi Illustrations and Maps<\/em> (G\u00f6rseller ve Haritalar, VIII) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan sonra eserin birinci ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Introduction<\/em> (Giri\u015f, 1-20) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ge\u00e7i\u015f yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6rt alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan olu\u015fmakta\u00add\u0131r ve ilk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Why Another Book About the Punic Wars?<\/em> (Kartaca Sava\u015flar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Neden Ba\u015fka Bir Kitap?, 1-3) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta yazar \u015fimdiye kadar hakk\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce monografi, d\u00fczinelerce edit\u00f6rl\u00fc kitap, bini a\u015fk\u0131n da makalenin kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kartaca-Roma Sava\u015flar\u0131 gibi kapsaml\u0131 bir konuda yeni bir eser kaleme almas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri ve amac\u0131n\u0131;<\/p>\n

\u201cBu kitap denizlerdeki donanmalara ve m\u00fccadeleye ve de donanmalar\u0131n Kartaca sa\u00adva\u015f\u00adlar\u0131n\u00addaki i\u015flevlerine odaklanmaktad\u0131r, ayr\u0131ca s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmi\u015f bir konu olan kara ve deniz sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n birbirleri aras\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir etkile\u015fimi oldu\u011fu hususunu a\u00e7\u0131klar.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

\u015feklinde dile getirmektedir. Yazar kitab\u0131n kaleme al\u0131n\u0131\u015f sebebini bu \u015fekilde belirttikten sonra eserde yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 arkeolojik, epigrafik, filolojik ve n\u00fcmismatik kaynaklar hakk\u0131nda genel bilgi verdi\u011fi Sources <\/em>(Kaynaklar, 3-7) alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Warships and Warfare at Sea in the Hellenistic Period<\/em> (Hellenistik D\u00f6nem\u2019de Sava\u015f Gemileri ve Denizde Sava\u015f, 7-13) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Son alt ba\u015fl\u0131k ise The Phoenician and Greek Colonies in the West<\/em> (Bat\u0131daki Fenike ve Hellen Kolonileri, 13-20) olarak isimlendirilmekte\u00addir. S\u00f6z konusu son iki alt ba\u015fl\u0131ktan ilki Hellenistik D\u00f6nem boyunca sava\u015f gemilerinin genel \u00f6zelliklerini ve deniz sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n niteliklerini mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131rken ikincisiyse \u00f6zellikle B\u00fcy\u00fck Kolonizasyon D\u00f6nemi (M\u00d6 750-550) s\u0131ras\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019de k\u00fcmelenen Hellen ve Fenike k\u00f6\u00adkenli koloni kentlerine ve de bu kentlerin mevcut durumlar\u0131na odaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm, Birinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kadarki s\u00fcre\u00e7te Kartaca ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 Akdeniz h\u00e2kimiyeti \u00f6zelindeki stat\u00fclerini analiz etmekte ve Carthaginian and Roman Seafaring Before the First Punic War <\/em>(Birinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00d6ncesinde Kartaca ve Roma Denizcili\u011fi, 21-52) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm de kendi i\u00e7inde be\u015f alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Alt ba\u015fl\u0131klardan ilki Carth\u00adage Extends its Power in the Western Mediterranean<\/em> (Kartaca Bat\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019deki G\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Art\u0131r\u0131\u00adyor, 21-24); Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019deki en \u00f6nemli emporion<\/em>\u2019lar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran Sardinya, Korsika ve Sicilya Adalar\u0131 civar\u0131ndaki denizcilik faaliyetlerine ve Etr\u00fcsk k\u00f6kenli denizci\u00adlerle olan m\u00fcnasebetlerine odaklanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The First Roman-Carthaginian Treaty in 509 BC.<\/em> (M\u00d6 509 Y\u0131l\u0131ndaki \u0130lk Roma-Kartaca Antla\u015fmas\u0131, 24-27); Roma\u2019n\u0131n Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden Cumhuriyet D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ge\u00e7i\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 olan M\u00d6 509 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kartaca ile imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dostluk anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 incelemektedir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Realignment of Power in the Tyrrhenian Sea<\/em> (Tiren Denizi\u2019nde G\u00fcc\u00fcn Yeniden D\u00fczenlenmesi, 27-34); ilerleyen y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Roma\u2019yla birlikte Etr\u00fcsk, Sicilya ve Atina k\u00f6kenli gemicilerin Tiren Denizi\u2019nde giderek artan ticari denizcilik faali\u00adyetlerini ve bu g\u00fc\u00e7lerin birbirleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileriyle yeniden \u015fekillenen otorite da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ana\u00adliz etmektedir. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Romans Take the Italian Seaboard<\/em> (Romal\u0131lar \u0130talya Sahilini Kontrol Alt\u0131na Al\u0131yor, 34-40) M\u00d6 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanan ve yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lan Roma donanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130talya Yar\u0131madas\u0131 sahillerinde h\u00e2kimiyet kurma s\u00fcrecini konu almaktad\u0131r. Be\u015finci alt ba\u015fl\u0131ksa The Year 306 BC: An Important Year in International Politics<\/em> (M\u00d6 306: Uluslararas\u0131 Politikada \u00d6nemli Bir Y\u0131l, 40-43) olarak isimlendirilmektedir ve Kartaca ile Syrakusai tiran\u0131 Agat\u00adh\u00adokles aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadeleleri ve bu m\u00fccadeleler sonucunda M\u00d6 306 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 inceleme alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Pyrrhic War, 282-272 BC, and its Aftermath<\/em> (Pyrrhos Sava\u015flar\u0131, M\u00d6 282-272, ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, 44-52) Kar\u00adtaca ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n birbirlerini destekledikleri ve toplamda on y\u0131l s\u00fcren Roma-Pyrrhos Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ele almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm, Roma ve Kartaca aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olan Birinci Kar\u00adtaca Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 inceleme alt\u0131na almakta ve The First Punic War, 264-241 BC: Arms Race at Sea<\/em> (Birinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131, M\u00d6 264-241, Denizlerde Silahlanma Yar\u0131\u015f\u0131, 53-105) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm kendi i\u00e7inde 8 alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Outbreak of the War<\/em> (Sava\u015f\u0131n Patlak Vermesi, 55-58) Mamertines<\/em>\u2019in (Sava\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Mars\u2019\u0131n Askerleri) Sicilya\u2019da Kartaca ve Roma birliklerini kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirmesi ve b\u00f6ylelikle sava\u015f\u0131n alevlenmesi s\u00fcrecini konu edinmek\u00adtedir. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Romans Gain a Foothold in Sicily<\/em> (Romal\u0131lar Sicilya\u2019ya Ayak Bas\u0131yor, 58-64) ise Sicilya h\u00e2kimiyeti \u00f6zelinde, Romal\u0131lar\u0131n Kartacal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ilk galibiyetlerine odaklan\u00admaktad\u0131r. Takip eden \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Roman Shipbuilding<\/em> (Roma Gemi Yap\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, 64-66) Romal\u0131lar\u0131n gemicilik ve gemi in\u015fas\u0131 gibi konulardaki birincil tecr\u00fcbelerini incelemektedir. D\u00f6r\u00add\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Roman Success at Sea in 260-257 BC.<\/em> (M\u00d6 260-257 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Roma\u2019n\u0131n Denizdeki Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, 66-74) M\u00d6 260 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sicilya Adas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve Roma donan\u00adma\u00ads\u0131n\u0131n Kartaca donanmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki zaferiyle sonu\u00e7lanan Mylae Deniz Sava\u015f\u0131 ve bu sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Roma\u2019n\u0131n denizlerde \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck, Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n ise g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetme s\u00fcrecini irdelemektedir. Be\u015finci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Roman Invasion of Africa, 256-255 BC.<\/em> (Roma\u2019n\u0131n Afrika\u2019y\u0131 \u0130stilas\u0131, M\u00d6 256-255, 74-82) M\u00d6 256 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sicilya Adas\u0131\u2019ndaki Eknomos Burnu a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda Roma-Kartaca donanmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanan Eknomos Deniz Sava\u00ad\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ve bu sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Roma\u2019n\u0131n Kartaca h\u00e2kimiyetinde bulunan Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kuzey sahillerini kontrol alt\u0131na almak amac\u0131yla s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrecini analiz etmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn alt\u0131nc\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 The War Continues in Sicily, 254-250 BC.<\/em> (Sava\u015f Sicilya\u2019da S\u00fcr\u00fcyor, M\u00d6 254-250, 82-87) Roma ve Kartaca donanma-ordular\u0131 aras\u0131nda Sicilya\u2019da s\u00fcren m\u00fccadeleler ve bu \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlilerinden biri olan M\u00d6 251 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Panormus Deniz Muharebesi \u00fczerine bilgilendirmede bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bir sonraki ve yedinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Roman Siege of Lilybaeum and Drepana: Contest for the Last Punic Corner in Sicily<\/em> (Roma\u2019n\u0131n Lilybaeum ve Drepana Ku\u015fatmas\u0131: Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n Son Kartaca K\u00f6\u015fesi i\u00e7in M\u00fccadele, 87-96) olarak isimlendi\u00adril\u00admek\u00adtedir. Bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Roma\u2019n\u0131n Kartaca\u2019y\u0131 Sicilya Adas\u0131\u2019ndan tamamen uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n Sicilya\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli \u00fcsleri olan Lilybaeum ve Drepana kentleri\u00adnin ku\u015fatmalar\u0131n\u0131 konu edinmektedir. Buna ek olarak s\u00f6z konusu ku\u015fatmalarda Kar\u00adtaca\u2019n\u0131n gali\u00adbiyetle sonu\u00e7lanan direni\u015fini ve b\u00f6lge \u00fczerindeki h\u00e2kimiyetini ba\u015ftan yap\u0131land\u0131rma s\u00fcreci aktar\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sekizinci ve son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sicily Saved and Lost<\/em> (Kurtar\u0131lan ve Kaybedi\u00adlen Sicilya, 96-105) ise Roma ile Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n Sicilya \u00fczerindeki son m\u00fccadelelerini anlatmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda her iki taraf i\u00e7in de hayati \u00f6neme sahip olan Sicilya Adas\u0131 \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyetin sa\u011flanabilmesi amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kara ve deniz manevralar\u0131 ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcs\u00adt\u00fcn\u00adl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanan \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n genel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 incelenmektedir.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcm A Short Period of Peace: The Contest for Sea Power Continues<\/em> (K\u0131sa Bir Bar\u0131\u015f S\u00fcreci: Deniz H\u00e2kimiyeti M\u00fccadelesi Devam Ediyor, 106-120) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm genel olarak Birinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan ma\u011flup ayr\u0131lan Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanarak Roma i\u00e7in bir tehdit unsuru olu\u015fturmas\u0131na ve bunun da \u0130kinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan en \u00f6nemli etmen olmas\u0131na de\u011finmektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn d\u00f6rt alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan birincisi The Mercenaries\u2019 War<\/em> (Paral\u0131 Askerlerin Sava\u015f\u0131, 108-110) Birinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybeden Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda kendi ordusunda g\u00f6revlendirdi\u011fi paral\u0131 askerlere \u00fccretlerini \u00f6deye\u00admemesi ve akabinde bu askerlerin Kartaca\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 ku\u015fatma ve sald\u0131r\u0131 hareketlerine odak\u00adlanmaktad\u0131r. Rome Takes Sardinia and Corsica<\/em> (Roma Sardinya ve Korsika\u2019y\u0131 Ele Ge\u00e7iriyor, 110-113) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn ikinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu alt ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda paral\u0131 askerlerin isyan\u0131, ticari gerileme ve ekonomik buhran gibi sorunlarla m\u00fccadele eden Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n Sardinya ve Korsika adalar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetme s\u00fcreci mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Roman Campaign in Illyria<\/em> (Roma\u2019n\u0131n Illyria Seferi, 113-114) ise Adriyatik Denizi sahilinde g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmak ve ticarette \u00f6nde bulunan Hellen polis<\/em>leri ile daha yak\u0131n ticari ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurmak isteyen Roma\u2019n\u0131n bu ama\u00e7la M\u00d6 229 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi seferi incelemektedir. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ve son alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Barcid Power in Spain<\/em> (\u0130spanya\u2019daki Barca G\u00fcc\u00fc, 114-120) Hamilcar Barca ve o\u011fullar\u0131 Hasdrubal ile Hannibal Barca\u2019n\u0131n Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n refah seviyesini artt\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve ulusu askeri-politik a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn yay\u0131l\u0131m alan\u0131n\u0131 \u0130spanya Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019na kadar geni\u015f\u00adletmeleri s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini konu edinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Be\u015finci b\u00f6l\u00fcm The Second Punic War, 218-201 BC: Roles Reversed<\/em> (M\u00d6 218-201, \u0130kinci Kar\u00adtaca Sava\u015f\u0131, De\u011fi\u015fen Roller, 121-163) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda ikinci Kartaca Sa\u00adva\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki tetikleyici fakt\u00f6rler, sava\u015f\u0131n seyrine ili\u015fkin genel hatlar ve sava\u015f\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 analiz edilmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6l\u00fcm eserin en kapsaml\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olma \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip olmakla birlikte kendi i\u00e7inde on bir alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Outbreak of the War<\/em> (Sava\u015f\u0131n Patlak Vermesi, 122-124) M\u00d6 218 Mart\u2019\u0131nda Roma\u2019n\u0131n Kartaca\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan etmesinin alt\u0131nda yatan unsurlar\u0131 ve Hannibal\u2019\u0131n Alp Da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u0130talya\u2019ya y\u00f6nlendirmeyi planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferin haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 donanma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan incelemektedir. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Romans Land in Spain: The Battle of Ebro <\/em>(Romal\u0131lar \u0130spanya\u2019ya Ayak Bas\u0131yor: Ebro Sava\u015f\u0131, 124-128) M\u00d6 217 bahar\u0131nda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u0130spanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli nehirlerinden biri olan Ebro Nehri k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u0130spanya sahillerini kontrol alt\u0131na almas\u0131yla neticelenen nehir sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 neden-sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla mercek alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Punic Fleet Targets Bases in Sicily and Sardinia: The Battle at Lilybaeum<\/em> (Kartaca Donanmas\u0131 Sicilya ve Sardinya\u2019daki \u00dcsleri Hedef Al\u0131yor: Lilybaeum Sava\u015f\u0131, 128-130) Kartacal\u0131lar\u0131n daha \u00f6nceden kendi kontrollerinde bulu\u00adnan ancak Birinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131 ma\u011flubiyetiyle ellerinden \u00e7\u0131kan Sicilya ve Sardinya adalar\u0131nda yeniden h\u00e2kimiyet kurabilmek amac\u0131yla verdikleri m\u00fccadeleye odaklan\u0131r. Bu kapsamda, sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 evresinde (M\u00d6 218\/217) Sicilya\u2019n\u0131n en bat\u0131 ucundaki Lilybaeum kenti a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda Roma ve Kartaca donanmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda vuku bulan m\u00fccadele de inceleme al\u00adt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Why did the Battle of Cannae Not End the War?<\/em> (Cannae Muharebesi Neden Sava\u015f\u0131 Sona Erdirmedi, 131-134) ise, M\u00d6 216 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Cannae Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan ezici bir galibi\u00adyetle ayr\u0131lan Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015fa nihai sonucunu verecek hamleyi yapmamas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda bulunan unsurlar\u0131 sorgulamaktad\u0131r. Bu sorgulama s\u0131ras\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu unsurlar Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n deniz g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6zelinde de ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Be\u015finci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Intensified Carthaginian Efforts at Sea After Can\u00adnae<\/em> (Cannae Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonras\u0131nda Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n Denizde Yo\u011funluk Kazanan M\u00fccadeleleri, 134-136) Cannae Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Kartacal\u0131lar\u0131n Hannibal\u2019e destek kuvvetler sevk edebilecekleri deniz rotalar\u0131 olu\u015fturabilmek amac\u0131yla verdikleri m\u00fccadeleleri aktarmaktad\u0131r. Buna ek olarak Kartaca\u00adl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130talya Yar\u0131madas\u0131 sahillerinde ve \u00f6zellikle Sardinya Adas\u0131 \u00fczerinde yeniden \u015fekille\u00adnen de\u00adniz\u00adcilik politikas\u0131 da incelenmektedir. Alt\u0131nc\u0131 alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Hannibal\u2019s Treaty with Philip of Macedon in 215 BC<\/em> (M\u00d6 215 Y\u0131l\u0131nda Hannibal\u2019in Makedonya Kral\u0131 Philippos ile Antla\u015fmas\u0131, 136-138) yine Cannae Sava\u015f\u0131 ard\u0131ndan Roma\u2019n\u0131n aktif d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan biri olan Makedon kral\u0131 V. Phlippos\u2019un sava\u015ftan galip ayr\u0131lan Hannibal ile Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ittifak olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan nedenleri s\u0131ralamaktad\u0131r. Yedinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Syracuse Makes an Alliance with Carthage in 215 BC: The Ro\u00adman Siege of Syracuse<\/em> (M\u00d6 215 Y\u0131l\u0131nda Syrakusai Kartaca ile M\u00fcttefik Oluyor: Roma\u2019n\u0131n Syraku\u00adsai Ku\u015fatmas\u0131, 138-145) ise M\u00d6 215 y\u0131l\u0131nda taraf de\u011fi\u015ftirerek Kartaca ile ittifak kuran Sicilya Kral\u0131 Hieronymos\u2019un bu ittifak\u0131 olu\u015fturmas\u0131ndaki nedenleri sorgulamaktad\u0131r. Akabinde Roma\u2019n\u0131n M\u00d6 214-212 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te Syrakusai\u2019\u0131 ku\u015fatmas\u0131 ve sonucunda kentin tekrar Roma h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na girmesi s\u00fcreci deniz m\u00fccadeleleri \u00f6zelinde irdelenmektedir. Sekizinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The First Macedonian War, 211-205 BC<\/em> (M\u00d6 211-205 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131ndaki Birinci Makedonya Sava\u015f\u0131, 145-147) yazar\u0131n Roma\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki ilerleyi\u015finin ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 olarak belirtti\u011fi Roma ve Makedonya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ilk sava\u015f\u0131 konu almaktad\u0131r. Bu sava\u015f ele al\u0131n\u0131r\u00adken Ege Denizi karasular\u0131ndaki Kartaca-Makedonya ve Roma donanmalar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelelerine odaklan\u0131lmakta\u00add\u0131r. Dokuzuncu alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Spain in 215-206 BC: The Romans Take New Carthage<\/em> (M\u00d6 215-206 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda \u0130spanya: Romal\u0131lar Yeni Kartaca\u2019y\u0131 Ele Ge\u00e7iriyor, 147-150) Roma Donanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kartaca denetimindeki \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc operasyonlara ve akabinde M\u00d6 209 y\u0131l\u0131nda Carthago Nova<\/em> (Yeni Kartaca) kentini ele ge\u00e7iri\u015f s\u00fcrecine odaklan\u00admak\u00adta\u00add\u0131r. Onuncu alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Islands and Italy, 210-207 BC: The Romans Defeat the Carthaginian Fleet<\/em> (M\u00d6 210-207 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Adalar ve \u0130talya: Romal\u0131lar Kartaca Filosunu Yenilgiye U\u011frat\u0131\u00adyor, 151-155) ise \u0130ber Yar\u0131madas\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flayan Roma Donanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanma s\u00fcrecini incelemektedir. Bu do\u011frultuda, yeniden Sardinya Adas\u0131 ve \u0130talya Yar\u0131ma\u00addas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131 karasula\u00adr\u0131nda kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flayan Roma\u2019n\u0131n Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcss\u00fc olan Afrika k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na rahatl\u0131kla yelken a\u00e7abilece\u011fi altyap\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa vurgu yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. On birinci ve son alt ba\u015fl\u0131ksa The Roman Invasion of Africa, 204-201 BC<\/em> (M\u00d6 204-201 Y\u0131llar\u0131 Aras\u0131nda Romal\u0131lar Afrika\u2019y\u0131 \u0130stila Ediyor, 155-163) olarak isimlendirilmektedir ve burada Roma\u2019n\u0131n Kartaca \u00fczerinde hem karadan hem de denizden kurdu\u011fu ve sava\u015f\u0131 neticelendirecek etkiye sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u00adlen bask\u0131 incelenmektedir. Bu bask\u0131 sonucunda Kartacal\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130talya Yar\u0131madas\u0131\u2019nda m\u00fccadelesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Hannibal\u2019i ba\u015fkentleri Kartaca\u2019y\u0131 savunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rmalar\u0131, M\u00d6 202 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Zama Muharebesi sonras\u0131nda Kartaca Donanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131larak yok edilmesi, kentin ele ge\u00e7irilmesi ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 Akdeniz karasular\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimi olmas\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7leri hakk\u0131nda da bilgilendirmelerde bulunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm Rome and Carthage after the Second Punic War: The Last Fifty Years of the Punic State<\/em> (\u0130kinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan Sonra Roma ve Kartaca: Kartaca DevletininSon Elli Y\u0131l\u0131, 164-178) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahiptir ve \u00fc\u00e7 alt ba\u015fl\u0131kta incelenmektedir. Burada genel olarak \u0130kinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan ma\u011flubiyetle ayr\u0131lan Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131 ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n bu duruma reaksiyon olarak bitirici hamle olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kartaca kentinin yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131larak ilhak edilmesi (Carthaginem esse delendam<\/em>) plan\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya ge\u00e7irmesi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine odaklan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Birinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Rome\u2019s Expansion<\/em> (Roma\u2019n\u0131n Geni\u015flemesi, 164-170) Zama Muharebesi\u2019yle Kartaca tehdidini bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine ortadan kald\u0131ran Roma\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nce isyank\u00e2r Galya kavimlerini dize getirmesi ve ard\u0131ndan da \u0130kinci Makedonya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla V. Philippos\u2019un ve Magnesia Sava\u015f\u0131 sonu\u00adcunda III. Antiokhos\u2019un donanmalar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tarak Ege Denizi\u2019nde h\u00e2kimiyeti sa\u011flamas\u0131 konusu ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Buna ek olarak \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Makedonya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Kral Perseus\u2019un yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131larak Makedonya tehdidinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile M\u00d6 146 y\u0131l\u0131nda Korinthos\u2019un yerle bir edilmesi s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine de\u011finilmektedir. \u0130kinci alt ba\u015fl\u0131k Carthage Subordinate<\/em> (Ba\u011fl\u0131 Kar\u00adtaca, 170-174) temel olarak, Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n Roma taraf\u0131ndan (hala) bir tehdit unsuru olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00admesinin alt\u0131nda yatan ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedenleri ve \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde Kartaca ile Roma aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri sorgulamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir yandan \u0130kinci Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan ma\u011flup ayr\u0131lan Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n, Makedonlar ve Seleukoslara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015flar\u0131nda Roma\u2019ya gerek erzak ve g\u0131da gerekse de askeri te\u00e7hizat olarak sundu\u011fu deste\u011fi inceler. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc alt ba\u015fl\u0131k The Roman Siege of Carthage: The Third Punic War, 149-146 BC<\/em> (Roma\u2019n\u0131n Kartaca Ku\u015fatmas\u0131: M\u00d6 149-146, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131, 174-178) ise alt\u0131nc\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn son ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Burada yazar \u00f6ncelikli olarak \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kartaca Sava\u015f\u0131 adland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f bir adland\u0131rma oldu\u011funu vurgulayarak bu sava\u015f\u0131n asl\u0131nda bir kent ku\u015fatmas\u0131ndan ibaret oldu\u011funu ve bu y\u00fczden s\u00f6z konusu askeri faaliyetin Kartaca Ku\u015fatmas\u0131<\/em> olarak belirtilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r. Akabinde, kentin yerle bir edilmesi ve neredeyse t\u00fcm yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n katledilmesi ya da k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanan Kar\u00adtaca Ku\u015fat\u00admas\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fekilde sonland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya b\u00f6l\u00fcmler i\u00e7erisinde ge\u00e7en baz\u0131 denizcilik terimlerinin tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Glossary of Ancient Nautical Terms<\/em> (Antik Denizcilik Terimleri S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 179-180) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ekleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kitap d\u00e2hilindeki dipnotlar ise b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131larak Notes<\/em> (Notlar, 181-211) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonunda belirtilmi\u015ftir. Eserin Bibliography<\/em> (Kaynak\u00e7a, 212-218) k\u0131sm\u0131 konu hakk\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara zengin bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma k\u00fclli\u00adyat\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r. Kitab\u0131 sonland\u0131ran Index<\/em> (Dizin, 219-228) de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kapsam\u0131nda detayl\u0131 arama yapmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, s\u00f6z konusu ana ba\u015fl\u0131klar kapsam\u0131nda inceleme alt\u0131na al\u0131nan eser \u00f6ncelikli olarak antik\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n iki s\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fc Roma ve Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 Akdeniz h\u00e2kimiyeti \u00f6zelindeki deniz m\u00fccadelelerine odaklan\u0131yor olmas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00f6nem arz eden bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olma niteli\u011fine sahiptir. Buna ek olarak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde donanmalar\u0131n Kartaca ve Roma y\u00f6netim stratejilerindeki rol\u00fc detayl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde irdelenirken her iki taraf\u0131n gemicili\u011fi\u00adnin geli\u015fim evreleri de sorgulanabilmektedir. Bu kapsam\u0131 \u00f6zelinde inceleme alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, M\u00d6 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan M\u00d6 146 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te Roma ve Kartaca\u2019n\u0131n denizlerdeki rekabetine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmakta ve bu do\u011frultuda uzun soluklu bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara kaynak sunmu\u015f olan Roma-Kartaca m\u00fccadelelerine farkl\u0131 bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kazand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, s\u0131ras\u0131yla Kartaca, Rhodos, Korinthos, Makedonya ve Seleukos gibi d\u00f6neminin bask\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin donanmalar\u0131n\u0131 saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakarak Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Akdeniz\u2019in tek h\u00e2kimi konumuna eri\u015fen Roma\u2019n\u0131n denizlerdeki egemenli\u011finin kronolojik bir perspektif i\u00e7inde okuyucunun bilgisine sunulmas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya \u00f6nem kazand\u0131ran di\u011fer bir etmendir.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi, Akdeniz Uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Akdeniz Eski\u00e7a\u011f Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Anabilim Dal\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Erkan KURUL (Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r.) <\/strong>
\nerkankurul@akdeniz.edu.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n

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