{"id":1955,"date":"2016-03-14T19:25:53","date_gmt":"2016-03-14T17:25:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2015-en\/trans-2015\/005"},"modified":"2016-07-12T13:33:49","modified_gmt":"2016-07-12T10:33:49","slug":"005","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2016-en\/005","title":{"rendered":"Anadolu’da Hellenistik Bir Ba\u015fkent Pergamon"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Anadolu’da Hellenistik Bir Ba\u015fkent Pergamon<\/h2>\n

Felix PIRSON & Andreas SCHOLL<\/h3>\n
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ISBN: <\/strong>9789750831003
\nPage:<\/strong>\u00a0552
\nPublication Date:<\/strong> 2014
\nLocation:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0130stanbul
\nPublisher:<\/strong> Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p><\/div>

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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> II (2016) 81-88<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a010.20480\/lbr.2016005
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 25.01.2016 |\u00a0Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 12.03.2016
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 14.03.2016
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2016<\/p>\n

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\"info\"\u00a0 <\/a>Citation<\/a>
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F. PIRSON & A. SCHOLL (Eds.), Anadolu’da Hellenistik Bir Ba\u015fkent Pergamon.<\/em>\u00a0\u0130stanbul 2014. Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 552 sayfa (163 resim, 89 \u00e7izim ve 5 harita ile birlikte). ISBN: 9789750831003<\/strong><\/p>\n

Edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Felix Pirson ve Andreas Scholl taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilen, ayr\u0131ca Giri\u015f<\/em> (12-15) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de yine edit\u00f6rlerince kaleme al\u0131nan bu eser W. Radt’\u0131n 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yay\u0131nlanan Pergamon<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 2011\/12 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Berlin’de d\u00fczenlenen \u201cPergamon: Bir Antik D\u00f6nem Metropol\u00fcn\u00fcn Panoramas\u0131\u201d isimli serginin katalo\u011funda kentle ilgili son d\u00f6nem \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara yer verilmi\u015ftir. Akabinde, krall\u0131k ba\u015fkenti olan Pergamon’un, halk\u0131 ve tanr\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131 \u015feklinde sunulmas\u0131 istemiyle yeni makaleler kaleme al\u0131narak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zenginle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve uluslararas\u0131 okuyucu kitlesine ula\u015facak \u015fekilde T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve \u0130ngilizce olarak iki dilde haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca eserin ba\u015f\u0131nda Pergamon – Antik Metropolis Panoramas\u0131<\/em> isimli d\u00f6rt sayfal\u0131k bir rekonstr\u00fcksiyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

26 yazar\u0131n katk\u0131da bulundu\u011fu toplam 30 adet bildiri, Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Koruma<\/em> (19-105), Tarih ve \u00c7evre <\/em>(106-187), Kent Geli\u015fimi, \u015eehircilik ve Mimari<\/em> (188-261), \u0130nsanlar\u0131n Ya\u015fam Alanlar\u0131 <\/em>(262-379) ve son olarak da Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n Mek\u00e2nlar\u0131<\/em> (380-551) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 5 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmde okuyucuya sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Koruma<\/em> isimli birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde be\u015f adet bildiri yer almaktad\u0131r: \u0130lk bildiri U. K\u00e4stner\u2019in \u201cO kadar y\u00fcce ve muhte\u015fem bir eser ki… D\u00fcnyaya bir kez daha bah\u015fedilmi\u015f gibi\u201d <\/em>(C. Humann 1880) – 1900 Y\u0131l\u0131na Kadar Pergamon Kaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esi<\/em> (20-35) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bildiride kaz\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ncesinde b\u00f6lgeye gelenler ve Carl Humann’\u0131n izlenimlerine yer verilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, 1878 y\u0131l\u0131 A\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Maarif Naz\u0131r\u0131 Mehmet Tahir M\u00fcnif Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Alman Konsolosu F. A. Tettenborn\u2019a verdi\u011fi kaz\u0131 izniyle ba\u015flayan C. Humann\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ve de 1884 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n disiplinleraras\u0131 bir projeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesine de\u011finilmektedir. \u0130ki y\u0131l sonra su sistemlerinin incelenmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla \u00e7evrenin et\u00fct edilmesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kent \u00e7evrelerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi anlat\u0131l\u00admak\u00adtad\u0131r. Bildirinin son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise eserlerin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve Berlin\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Wolfgang Radt’\u0131n kaleminden \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cArt\u0131k e\u011flence ve oyun bitti!\u201d <\/em>(A. Conze 1904) – 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u00addaki Pergamon Kaz\u0131lar\u0131 <\/em>(38-47) isimli di\u011fer bildirinin giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, Pergamon kaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan itibaren kaz\u0131 ekibine bilimsel dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k yapan, ayn\u0131 zamanda Alman Arkeoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Berlin \u015eubesi\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131na getirilen ve de \u201cPro Pergamo<\/em>\u201d slogan\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez kullanan A. Conze’nin u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131 sonucu Alman Arkeoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Atina \u015eubesi M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Wilhelm D\u00f6rpfeld’in 1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pergamon kaz\u0131 ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmesine de\u011finilir. Devam\u0131nda bu tarihte \u201cM\u00fcze Kaz\u0131lar\u0131\u201d olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n tarih\u00e7esine yer verilmekte ve 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana kaz\u0131lar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Felix Pirson’un program\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131na de\u011finilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kaz\u0131 ba\u015fkan\u0131 Felix Pirson taraf\u0131ndan Kent ve \u00c7evresi: Gelenek ve Yenilik Aras\u0131nda Pergamon Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 <\/em>(50-63) ad\u0131yla sunulan bildiride k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n temel dayanaklar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kentsel sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015fi, kenti \u00e7evreleyen mahalleler, yak\u0131n \u00e7evre ve bunlarla ilgili mek\u00e2nlara ait verilerin birbirleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ve Pergamon kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirilen mod\u00fcler belgeleme sistemi iDAIfield ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Teknolojik geli\u015fmelerden yararlanarak birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden elde edilen verilerin birle\u015ftirilerek de\u011ferlendirilmesi sonucunda kentin sosyal, ekonomik ve politik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan kentsel ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 ve maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr kal\u0131n\u00adt\u0131lar\u0131 irdelenmektedir. \u00dcstlendikleri Pergamon misyonunun bilincinde olarak yeni kaz\u0131- ara\u015ft\u0131rma teknikleri uygulanarak gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik perspektifler sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n

Andreas Scholl, Pergamon, Bir Antik D\u00f6nem Metropol\u00fcn\u00fcn Panoramas\u0131 Berlin’deki Perga\u00admon Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n Kayna\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Etkeni ve Vitrini Olarak Pergamon Sergisi<\/em> (66-77) isimli bildiri\u00adsinde serginin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde izlenen yol, sergi konsepti, salonun haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gibi konular\u0131n yan\u0131nda bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fczenlenen ve en \u00f6nemli bilimsel aktivite olarak de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi \u201cHellenistik sanat\u0131n merkezi olarak Pergamon – \u00f6nemi, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc yanlar\u0131 ve etkileri\u201d adl\u0131 sempozyum ve serginin uluslararas\u0131 medyada g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilgiden bahsetmektedir. Yine 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda New York Metropolitan Museum of Art<\/em>‘ta, i\u00e7erisinde Berlin’deki Antik Eserler Kolleksiyonu’nun da yer alaca\u011f\u0131 \u201cPergamon and the Hellenistic Kingdom\u201d ad\u0131yla bir sergi a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 planland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildiride belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Martin Bachmann’\u0131n sundu\u011fu Ortaya \u00c7\u0131karmak ve Korumak: Pergamon\u2019da 130 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Resto\u00adrasyon Tarih\u00e7esi<\/em> (80-101) isimli bildiride 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda Almanya’daki an\u0131t koruma teorilerinin hayata ge\u00e7irilerek zaman i\u00e7erisinde geli\u015ftirilip zenginle\u015ftirilmesi ve bunun sonucunda da Pergamon’a \u00f6zg\u00fc bir restorasyon gelene\u011finin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda kentte kaz\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan serginin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 2012 y\u0131l\u0131na kadarki restorasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u0130lk Restorasyonlar, Traianeum’daki K\u0131smi Anastilosis \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, Z Binas\u0131’ndaki Mozaikleri Koruma \u00c7at\u0131s\u0131, K\u0131z\u0131l Avlu’daki Restorasyon \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve de Gymnasionun Konservasyonu ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda okuyucunun bilgisine sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarih ve \u00c7evre<\/em> isimli b\u00f6l\u00fcmde d\u00f6rt adet bildiri yer almaktad\u0131r: Tarih \u00d6ncesi D\u00f6nemde Perga\u00admon ve Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay <\/em>(Kaikos) Ovas\u0131<\/em> (106-119) isimli bildirinin giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Barbara Horejs \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131\u00adlan alan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 verdikten sonra bu alanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda b\u00f6lgenin tarih \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemlerdeki \u00f6nemi ve geli\u015fimine ayr\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 bu \u015fekilde y\u00f6nlendirdiklerinden bahsetmi\u015ftir. \u0130zleyen b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u00f6nc\u00fcllerinin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc eski ara\u015f\u00adt\u0131rmalar ve bulgulardan bahseden Horejs ard\u0131ndan Pergamon’un yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinin Prehistorya\u00ads\u0131na dair g\u00fcncel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, Tarih \u00d6ncesi Yerle\u015fimlerin Konumu ve Geni\u015flemesi, Hammade Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Ba\u011flant\u0131 Noktalar\u0131, Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Ovas\u0131’ndaki En Eski \u0130zler, Ge\u00e7 Kalkolitik ve Erken Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 (M\u00d6 IV-III. biny\u0131llar) ve son olarak da Orta ve Ge\u00e7 Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 (II. biny\u0131l) ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda okuyucuya sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hans-Joachim Gehrke Bir Antik D\u00f6nem Metropol\u00fcn\u00fcn Tarih\u00e7esi <\/em>(122-141) isimli bildirisinin giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, isk\u00e2n\u0131n Arkaik D\u00f6nem’de ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve M\u00d6 VI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda etraf\u0131 surla \u00e7evrilerek kale yerle\u015fmesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201cPergamon Tepesi\u201d ile \u00e7evresini ve bu b\u00f6lgedeki etnik gruplar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamakta, Hellenlerle ya\u015fanan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yak\u0131nla\u015fma ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 irdelemektedir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kale yerle\u015fiminin antik d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli merkezlerinden biri olu\u015f s\u00fcrecinde Philetairos’un en \u00f6nemli role sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 sebepleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131ktan sonra ard\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n uyum ve becerilerini s\u0131ralamakta, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi olarak da Attalos Hanedan\u0131’n\u0131n g\u00f6ster\u00addi\u011fi dayan\u0131\u015fmaya vurgu yapmaktad\u0131r. Bildiride kentin tarih\u00e7esi, politik tutumu, sava\u015flar, Roma ile ili\u015fkiler ve bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Do\u011fu Roma D\u00f6nemi’nde Araplar\u0131n istilalar\u0131yla yer\u00adle\u015fimin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine ge\u00e7i\u015fine yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Pirson ve M. Zimmermann’\u0131n ortak kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 Pergamon ve \u00c7evresi: Ekonomik Kaynaklar, Ta\u015fra Yerle\u015fmeleri ve Siyasi G\u00fcc\u00fcn Temsili<\/em> (144-161) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bildiride kentin \u00e7evre\u00adsinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemine vurgu yap\u0131lmakta, elde edilen verilerin sosyo-ekonomi, tarih ve demografi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devrimsel katk\u0131lar belirtilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir aradan sonra 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden ba\u015flanan sistemli yak\u0131n \u00e7evre ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temel hedeflerinin Pergamon’un Pre\u00adhis\u00adtorik \u00e7a\u011flardan Do\u011fu Roma D\u00f6nemi’ne kadar olan evrelerinin rekonstr\u00fcksiyonunu yapmak oldu\u011funu ifade etmektedirler. Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Ovas\u0131, Kent ve \u00c7evresi ve son olarak da Pergamon ve Kom\u015fu Kentler: Elaia ve Atarneus ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerdeyse, yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda elde ettikleri g\u00f6zlemleri okuyucuyla payla\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Bizans D\u00f6nemi’nde Pergamon <\/em>(164-183) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Thomas Otten, ilgili d\u00f6nemde kent hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilerin k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve Do\u011fu Roma yerle\u015fkesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde ya\u015fanan Karanl\u0131k \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesindeki evreleri (MS III-IV. y\u00fczy\u0131llar), 1970’lerde ba\u015flay\u0131p 1990’lara de\u011fin devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisindeki kaz\u0131larda bulunan resmi ve di\u011fer \u00f6nemli yap\u0131lar\u0131n analizle\u00adrini yaparak de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Elde edilen veriler; Ge\u00e7 Antik ve Erken Bizans D\u00f6nemleri, Ge\u00e7 Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi Kalesi, Erken Bizans D\u00f6nemi Kiliseleri, Erken Bizans Kalesi, Erken Bizans D\u00f6nemi Yerle\u015fmesi, Erken Bizans D\u00f6neminde Asklepieion, Erken Bizans D\u00f6nemi Mezar\u00adlar\u0131, Orta Bizans D\u00f6nemi (IX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ile XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu aras\u0131), Traianeum’daki Mezarlar, Ge\u00e7 Bizans D\u00f6nemi (XII. y\u00fczy\u0131l-XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu), Ge\u00e7 Bizans Surlar\u0131, Ge\u00e7 Bizans D\u00f6nemi Yerle\u015fmesi, Ge\u00e7 Bizans D\u00f6nemi Kiliseleri ve Mezarl\u0131klar\u0131 ile son olarak Kalenin T\u00fcrkler Taraf\u0131ndan Ele Ge\u00e7iril\u00admesi ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kent Geli\u015fimi, \u015eehircilik ve Mimari <\/em>isimli b\u00f6l\u00fcmde be\u015f adet bildiri yer almaktad\u0131r: Antik Pergamon Kentinin Konumu ve Geli\u015fimi <\/em>(188-205) isimli bildiride kentin farkl\u0131 evreleri ve ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimler Wolfgang Radt taraf\u0131ndan Antik Pergamon Kentinin Sur Duvarlar\u0131, Pergamon’un Erken D\u00f6nemleri (yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 200 ile M\u00d6 300 aras\u0131), Philetairos D\u00f6nemi (M\u00d6 III. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n birinci yar\u0131s\u0131), I. Attalos D\u00f6nemi (M\u00d6 III. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131), II. Eumenes ve II. Attalos D\u00f6nemleri (M\u00d6 II. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131), Pergamon’da Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi (M\u00d6 133 – MS III. y\u00fczy\u0131l) ve Ge\u00e7 Roma ve Erken Bizans D\u00f6nemi (MS III. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu – VII. y\u00fczy\u0131l) ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendiril\u00admektedir.<\/p>\n

Pirson’un Hellenistik D\u00f6nem Pergamonu’nda Kentsel Alan ve \u015eehircilik<\/em> (208-225) isimli bildirisinde M\u00d6 II. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kent mimarisinin topografya ile tamamlanan uyum s\u00fcreci ve Perga\u00admon \u015fehircili\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131yla Kentsel Alandaki Hiyerar\u015fi, Kentsel Alanda \u0130\u015flevsel ve Sosyal Ayr\u0131m, Kent Alan\u0131n\u0131n B\u00f6l\u00fcmlere Ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’deki Geni\u015f Kapsaml\u0131 Kentsel D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve Geni\u015fleme ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bachmann’\u0131n Pergamon Mimarisi ve Yap\u0131 Teknikleri <\/em>(228-243) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Pergamon Tepesi\u2019ndeki mevcut do\u011fal alan\u0131n niteliklerine odaklan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, ken\u00adtin \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 ve \u00e7etin topografyas\u0131yla nas\u0131l ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde de durulmakta ve geli\u015ftirilen teknik bulu\u015f ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin Pergamon’a \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yap\u0131 sanat\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131ndaki etkileri vurgu\u00adlan\u00admaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu yap\u0131 sanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcn teknik \u00f6zellikleri ise ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Yazar bildirisini Mimarinin \u00dcstesinden Gelmek Zorunda Kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Do\u011fal Arazi Yap\u0131s\u0131, Pergamon Yap\u0131 Teknikleri ve Organizasyonu, Kentin Yap\u0131lar\u0131ndaki Pergamon’a \u00d6zg\u00fc Yanlar ve Pergamon Mimarisinin Siyasi Mesaj\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda okuyucuya sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Henning Fahlbusch’un kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Antik Pergamon’da Su Temini <\/em>(246-257) bildirisinin ko\u00adnusunu Pergamon Kenti\u2019nin su sistemlerinin geli\u015fimi ve genel \u00f6zellikleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Fahlbusch konuyu Su Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Sarn\u0131\u00e7lar, Hellenistik D\u00f6nem Su Yollar\u0131 ve Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi Su Kanallar\u0131 adl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda incelemekte ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kale yerle\u015fiminden \u00f6nemli bir krall\u0131\u011fa ba\u015fkentlik yapacak kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kente d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen Pergamon’da kent sakinlerine suyun sa\u011flanma y\u00f6ntemlerini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Bildirinin 255. sayfas\u0131nda yer alan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir \u00e7eviri hatas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ngilizce metinde yer alan \u201cprecious lead<\/em>\u201d deyimi T\u00fcrk\u00e7e metinde \u201cde\u011ferli bak\u0131rlar<\/em>\u201d olarak ge\u00e7mektedir. S\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6neme ait suyollar\u0131nda bak\u0131r kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilindi\u011finden ileride olmas\u0131 muhtemel yanl\u0131\u015f kullan\u0131m ve anlamalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in gelecek bask\u0131larda bu \u00e7evirinin do\u011fru olan \u201cde\u011ferli kur\u015fun\u201d \u015feklinde d\u00fczeltilmesi uy\u00adgun olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n Ya\u015fam Alanlar\u0131<\/em> isimli b\u00f6l\u00fcmde yedi adet bildiri yer almaktad\u0131r: Helmut M\u00fcller\u2019in Bir Kent Olarak Pergamon: Kurumlar, G\u00f6revliler ve Halk <\/em>(262-273) bildirisinin giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u201cPergamon Kronikleri\u201d olarak tan\u0131nan ve kent tarih\u00e7esini i\u00e7eren bir metin esas al\u0131narak Perga\u00admon’un Pers H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir polis olarak M\u00d6 IV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Devam\u0131nda ayn\u0131 metinde Arkhias isimli bir ki\u015finin prytanis<\/em> olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu memuriyetteki ilk ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu, s\u00f6z konusu memuriyetteki \u015fah\u0131sla\u00adr\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n art\u0131k bir bilgi vermedi\u011fi Ge\u00e7 Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi’ne kadar g\u00f6revli olduklar\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 kendi adlar\u0131yla kaydettiklerini de ilave eder. Bildiride kentteki kurumlar (strate\u00adgos<\/em>\u2019lar, gymnasiarkhos<\/em>\u2019lar, astynomos<\/em>\u2019lar vb.), g\u00f6revliler ve vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131 gibi konular da ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Basileia: Pergamon Saraylar\u0131’n\u0131n Bulundu\u011fu Alan<\/em> (276-285) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Torsten Zimmer, Pergamon Akropolis\u2019inde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda arkeologlarca farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131m ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Attalos Saraylar\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yap\u0131lardan ve kaz\u0131 tarih\u00e7elerinden bahseder. Yazar basileia<\/em> (kraliyet yap\u0131lar\u0131) adl\u0131 bu mahallenin kentin di\u011fer k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan bir sur duvar\u0131yla ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u201csaraylar<\/em>\u201d adland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini nedenleriyle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Akropolis\u2019te bulunan yap\u0131 gruplar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevlerini ve evrelerini yorumlad\u0131ktan sonra buran\u0131n basileia<\/em> olarak bir b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini belirtir.<\/p>\n

Martin Maischberger’in Tiyatro Kompleksi ve Dionysos Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131<\/em> (288-299) bildirisinin konusu kral II. Eumenes D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde (M\u00d6 197-159) Pergamon Akropolis\u2019inin bat\u0131 yamac\u0131na tek bir yap\u0131 kompleksi olarak planlanan tiyatro ve tap\u0131nak yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Yazar bildiride tiyatro elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n ve terasta yer alan Ni\u015fli Yap\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tarihlendirilmesine yer vermektedir.<\/p>\n

Mimarisi, \u0130\u015flevi ve Heykelleriyle Gymansion<\/em> (302-317) adl\u0131 bildiri Marianne Mathys, Verena Stappmanns ve Ralf von den Hoff’ taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde gymnasion<\/em> k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131, tarihsel ve mimari a\u00e7\u0131dan geli\u015fimi ve i\u015flevleri hakk\u0131nda genel bir bilgi sunul\u00admaktad\u0131r. Pergamon Gymanasion’unun Mimarisi ve Kullan\u0131m Tarih\u00e7esi ile Gymnasion\u2019da Gen\u00e7le\u00adrin \u00d6rnek Almas\u0131 Gereken \u015eahsiyetler ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda iki farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm ile devam etmektedir. Gymnasion i\u00e7erisinde bulunan tanr\u0131 heykelleri ve onlar\u0131n temsil ettikleri de\u011ferler \u00fczerinde durulmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rnek al\u0131nmas\u0131 istenen krallar ve kahramanlara ait olanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda hay\u0131rsever zenginlere ait \u00e7ok say\u0131da onurland\u0131rma heykellerinin de M\u00d6 II. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonundan itibaren gym\u00adnasion<\/em> i\u00e7erisinde yer buldu\u011fundan bahsetmektedir.<\/p>\n

Pergamon Agoralar\u0131<\/em> (320-333) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Marianne Mathys daha \u00f6nce yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makalesinin yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilip k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f versiyonu olan ve Giri\u015f, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Agora, Yukar\u0131 Agora, Sivil Bir Temsil Olarak Pergamon Agoralar\u0131 ve Sonu\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirisinin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Pergamon’un sivil kurumlar\u0131 ile Hellenistik bir krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan yana, hatta i\u00e7 i\u00e7e neredeyse tek \u00f6rnek oldu\u011funu belirtip ard\u0131ndan bu i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7i\u015fin emarelerinin kendini kent mek\u00e2n\u0131n\u00adda ne \u015fekillerde belli etti\u011fi sorusuna odaklanmaktad\u0131r. Agora\u2019lar\u0131 sivil ya\u015fam\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesi olarak ele almadan \u00f6nce kent mekanlar\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmeye gidip kent ba\u011f\u00adlam\u0131, yap\u0131lar\u0131n mimari tasar\u0131m\u0131 ile kullan\u0131m t\u00fcr\u00fc ve kullan\u0131c\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u0131yaslama yaparak arala\u00adr\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131k ve benzerlikleri ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise g\u00f6zlemlerini de\u011fer\u00adlendirmekte, her iki agora\u2019daki arkeolojik bulgular ve epigrafik kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n birbirlerinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle sivil ya\u015famdaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri tam anlam\u0131yla tespit etmenin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olma\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Antik Pergamon Evlerinde Ya\u015fam<\/em> (336-351) isimli bildiride Ulrike Wulf-Rheidt, kent alan\u0131n\u0131n dik yama\u00e7larda yer almas\u0131 nedeniyle Pergamon evlerinin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir plan i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fczen\u00adlen\u00addi\u011finden bahseder. Burada yazar, Avlulu Evlerden Peristilli Geni\u015f Evlere – Pergamon Konut Mimarisinin Geli\u015fimi, \u00c7ok Odaya Sahip Olma L\u00fcks\u00fc ve de Zengin Fakir Yan Yana – Philetairos Kenti S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7inde Tipik Bir Mahalle ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 okuyucuyla bulu\u015fturmakta\u00add\u0131r. Yazara g\u00f6re 1878 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri s\u00fcre gelen kaz\u0131lar sonucunda M\u00d6 III. y\u00fczy\u0131l ile MS III. y\u00fczy\u0131l aras\u0131na tarihlenen \u00e7ok say\u0131da ev kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 Pergamon evlerinin mimari geli\u00ad\u015fiminin izlenebilmesine imk\u00e2n sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ancak kent i\u00e7in refah dolu bir d\u00f6nem olan MS II. ve III. y\u00fczy\u0131lda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kentte in\u015fa edilen konutlar\u0131n Bergama’n\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 nedeniyle nas\u0131l g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Pergamon Nekropolleri<\/em> (354-375) bildirisinde Ute Kelp, mezarlar\u0131n donan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, farkl\u0131 mezar tiplerinin, s\u00fcslemelerinin ve \u00f6l\u00fcler i\u00e7in b\u0131rak\u0131lan hediyelerin antik\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6teki d\u00fcnya anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na do\u011frudan bakmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde belirtilmektedir. Devam\u0131nda ise Perga\u00admon Nekropollerini Hellenistik D\u00f6nem Nekropolleri, Mezar An\u0131tlar\u0131 ve Roma ve Bizans D\u00f6nemi Nekropolleri ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda ele al\u0131p de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Bildirinin son k\u0131sm\u0131nda t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca y\u00f6rede ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n mezarlar\u0131na ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Hellenistik ve Roma \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6nemlerinde aileye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve memleket i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k gibi erdemlerin kahramanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak y\u00fcceltilmesinden bahsetmektedir.<\/p>\n

Eserin i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok\u00e7a yer tutan Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n Mek\u00e2nlar\u0131<\/em> isimli b\u00f6l\u00fcmde on adet bildiri yer almaktad\u0131r: Pergamon’da Tanr\u0131lar ve Kutsal Alanlar <\/em>adl\u0131 (380-401) bildiride Soi Agelidis, \u00e7ok sa\u00ady\u0131da kutsal alanla donat\u0131lan Pergamon’da bu alanlar\u0131n insanlar i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ekte neler ifade etti\u011fini ve ne t\u00fcr rit\u00fcellerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fini ele almaktad\u0131r. Pergamon’da dini ya\u015fam\u0131n sadece bir k\u0131s\u00adm\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan ve tap\u0131n\u0131m g\u00f6ren tanr\u0131 ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 olan Apollon, Zeus, Kentin Tanr\u0131\u00ad\u00e7as\u0131: Athena, Asklepios, Kybele\/Meter – Ana Tanr\u0131\u00e7a, Demeter ve Kore, Hera, Dionysos ve M\u0131s\u0131r Tanr\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda incelenip genel hatlar\u0131yla okuyucunun bilgisine sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Holger Schwarzer’in Attaloslar ve H\u00fck\u00fcmdar K\u00fclt\u00fc <\/em>(404-419) bildirisinin giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in kurdu\u011fu imparatorlu\u011fun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 Antigonos\u2019lar, Seleukos\u2019lar ve Ptolema\u00adios\u2019lar hanedanl\u0131klar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan yeni monar\u015filerin siyasi alanda duyduklar\u0131 me\u015fru zemi\u00adnin olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmdar k\u00fclt\u00fcnden yararland\u0131klar\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir. O g\u00fcne de\u011fin bilinen tek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar k\u00fclt\u00fc tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender k\u00fclt\u00fcd\u00fcr. Attalos\u2019lar\u0131n hanedanl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc Helle\u00adnistik D\u00f6nem\u2019deki di\u011fer monar\u015filerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen k\u00fcltlerden ay\u0131ran \u00f6zellikleri s\u0131ralar, Helle\u00adnizm’den Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ge\u00e7i\u015fte Pergamon metropolis\u2019indeki dini ya\u015famda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler oldu\u011funu, bununla birlikte h\u00fck\u00fcmdar k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn hi\u00e7bir zaman Roma imparatorluk k\u00fclt\u00fcne rakip g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fini vurgular.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcler Ate\u015f’in Pergamon’da Do\u011fa ve K\u00fclt: Ana Tanr\u0131\u00e7a \u0130nanc\u0131 ve Do\u011fal Kutsal Alanlar<\/em> (422-435) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesi Pergamon’da tap\u0131n\u0131m g\u00f6ren tanr\u0131lardan Ana Tanr\u0131\u00e7a Kybele inanc\u0131n\u0131 konu edinmektedir. Tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n kutsal alan\u0131n\u0131n mimari yap\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmeden \u00f6nce bulundu\u011fu do\u011fal ortamlar\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 verdikten sonra Pergamon ve \u00e7evresindeki \u00e7ok say\u0131da do\u011fal-mimari kutsal alan bulundu\u011funu belirtir. Buna ek olarak konuyu Kentin Yak\u0131n \u00c7evresindeki Co\u011frafyan\u0131n Meter Kutsal Alanlar\u0131 ile \u0130\u015faretlenmesi ve de Tanr\u0131sal Do\u011fa Kent S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7inde: Pergamon’un Do\u011fu Yamac\u0131ndaki Do\u011fal Kutsal Alanlar ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 olarak iki farkl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda ele almaktad\u0131r. Bildirinin sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde kutsal alanlar\u0131n birbirleriyle g\u00f6rsel ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde bulunduklar\u0131 ve bunun ana tanr\u0131\u00e7a kutsal alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca kriterlerinden biri olup ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z birer alan olmalar\u0131ndan ziyade bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn, dini bir co\u011frafyan\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Athena Kutsal Alan\u0131 <\/em>(438-453) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda Volker K\u00e4stner g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Athena Kutsal Alan\u0131na ait kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle buran\u0131n ziyaret\u00e7ilerin alg\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015fekillenmesinin nere\u00addeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131z oldu\u011funu vurgular. Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi’ne kadar kentin en sayg\u0131n k\u00fclt yeri olarak kalan Athena Kutsal Alan\u0131’na ait mimari bloklar\u0131 ve yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 sonradan dev\u015firme malzeme olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 yerlerle birlikte de\u011ferlendirip kutsal alan\u0131n arkeolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan saptanabilen farkl\u0131 evrelerini rekonstr\u00fcksiyon \u00e7izimlerle okuyucuya sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sunak Teras\u0131<\/em> (456-477) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Pergamon’un Hellenistik bir krall\u0131k ba\u015fkentine yara\u015f\u0131r ihti\u00ad\u015fam\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman\u0131n Kral II. Eumenes d\u00f6nemi oldu\u011fu belirtilerek giri\u015f yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda Volker K\u00e4stner sunak teras\u0131n\u0131 ele almakta ve Suna\u011f\u0131n Yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f Tarihi, Sunak Teras\u0131n\u0131n Olu\u015fturul\u00admas\u0131 ve ayr\u0131ca da Pergamon Suna\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n Mimarisi ve Gigantomakhia Sahneli B\u00fcy\u00fck Friz gibi ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda sunak hakk\u0131nda farkl\u0131 konulardaki verileri okuyucuyla bulu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pergamon Suna\u011f\u0131 – Homeros’tan \u0130lham Alan Bir Zeus Saray\u0131 m\u0131?<\/em> (480-489) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 incelemeyi Andreas Scholl 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir makaleyi yeniden kaleme alarak olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yazar, 1906 y\u0131l\u0131nda an\u0131t\u0131n mimarisi konusunda yay\u0131mlanan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n, an\u0131t kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n yorumlanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik oldu\u00ad\u011funu belirtti\u011fi yaz\u0131s\u0131nda an\u0131t\u0131n etkileyici g\u00f6rselli\u011fini sa\u011flayan mimari tasar\u0131m\u0131 ile kabartmalar ve heykeller aras\u0131ndaki uyumlu ili\u015fki \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Scholl suna\u011f\u0131, \u0130on Sunak Gelene\u011fi ve Pergamon Suna\u011f\u0131: Ortak Y\u00f6nler ve Farklar, Suna\u011f\u0131n \u0130ki Kanad\u0131 ve Yunan Stoa Mimarisi, Pergamon Suna\u011f\u0131 ve Homeros ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Friz’in Merdiven Kenarlar\u0131ndaki \u0130ki K\u00f6\u015fesi: Dramatik Anlat\u0131m\u0131n Zirvesi ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Pergamon Suna\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n kendi t\u00fcr\u00fcnde tek ve benzersiz bir an\u0131t oldu\u011funu belirterek bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bu suna\u011f\u0131n bilinen di\u011fer sunaklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n daha uygun olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n

J\u00fcrgen W. Riethm\u00fcller’un kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Pergamon Asklepieionu<\/em> (492-505) yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Erken Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’de, kent d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve bol su kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir vadide kurulan Perga\u00admon Asklepieion’u i\u00e7erisinde bulunan Asklepios Soter’in (Kurtar\u0131c\u0131 Asklepios) sa\u011fl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc ele almaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda; Erken Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’de Asklepieion, Kaya \u00dczerindeki Tap\u0131nak ve de Kutsal Alan’\u0131n Yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Olgun ve Ge\u00e7 Hellenistik D\u00f6nem’deki En G\u00f6rkemli Evresi ve Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi’nde Asklepieion ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu k\u00fclt mercek alt\u0131na al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Klaus Nohlen’in \u0130mparatorluk K\u00fclt\u00fcne Adanm\u0131\u015f Bir Tap\u0131nak: Pergamon Traianeumu<\/em> (508-521) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bildirisi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ikinci y\u0131l\u0131 olan 1879’un Ekim ay\u0131nda kaz\u0131lar\u0131na ba\u015flanan Pergamon Traianeum’unun 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde, yap\u0131n\u0131n aya\u011fa kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen incelemelerinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na odaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bildiri kapsam\u0131nda Ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esi, Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n Konumu ve Mimarisi, Gelenek\u00e7ilik ve \u201cModern\u201d Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 Ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131ran \u00d6vg\u00fcye De\u011fer Bir Yap\u0131 ve Anastilosis – Traianeum’un Yeniden Aya\u011fa Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan t\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 sunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ulriche Mania’n\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131l Avlu – Pergamon Pantheonu mu?<\/em> (524-541) ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sundu\u011fu bildiri \u201cPergamenische Forschungen\u201d serisinde 2011 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan \u201cDie Rote Halle in Pergamon. Aus\u00adstattung und Funktion\u201d kitab\u0131ndan al\u0131nt\u0131 olup baz\u0131 eklemeler yap\u0131larak yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f\u00adtir.<\/p>\n

Pergamon kent tepesinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131s\u0131nda, Hellenistik ve Roma \u0130mparatorluk D\u00f6nemi kentlerinin kesi\u015fti\u011fi yerde bulunan 270 m uzunlu\u011fundaki yap\u0131 kompleksini konu almaktad\u0131r. Giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde burayla ilgili detayl\u0131 incelemelerin yap\u0131n\u0131n Bergama’ya gelen ilk ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gezginlerin ilgisini \u00e7ekmesine ra\u011fmen 1906-1909 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Mania, Hadrianus D\u00f6nemi sonlar\u0131nda tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yap\u0131n\u0131n tarihlendirilmesinde kullan\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli verilerin mimari s\u00fcslemeler oldu\u011funu, yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fa tarihinin saptanmas\u0131n\u0131n ise tesisin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f amac\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve do\u011fru yorumlanmas\u0131nda bir yol g\u00f6sterici oldu\u011funu dile getirmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bildiri i\u00e7erisinde avlunun kenar\u0131nda bulunan M\u0131s\u0131r k\u00f6kenli destek fig\u00fcrleri konusuna da a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirilmektedir. Bildirinin sonu\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Hadrianus\u2019un Atina’y\u0131 Panhellenion’un merkezi olarak tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, buradaki birli\u011fe K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya kentlerinden Smyrna, Ephesos ve Pergamon’un d\u00e2hil olmad\u0131klar\u0131 ve bu nedenle de \u0130mparator’un bir Ionia Birli\u011fi’nin olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba sarfetti\u011finin tahmin edildi\u011fi ifade edilmektedir. B\u00f6ylelikle K\u0131z\u0131l Avlu yap\u0131 kompleksi farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin ve tanr\u0131lar\u0131n bir araya getirildi\u011fi bir olu\u015fumun merkezi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte, en az\u0131ndan b\u00f6yle bir \u00e7aban\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u201c\u015eeytan\u0131n Taht\u0131n\u0131n Bulundu\u011fu Yer\u201d – Pergamon’da \u0130lk H\u0131ristiyanlar <\/em>(544-551) isimli son derleme Ralf Gr\u00fcssinger taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm i\u00e7erisindeki bir pasajda, kendisini \u201cYuhanna’n\u0131n Hizmetk\u00e2r\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131tan ve ismi bilinmeyen bir yazar, kitab\u0131nda Asya Eyale\u00adti’ndeki yedi H\u0131ristiyan cemaatine hitaben verilen yedi kutsal mesaj\u0131 aktarmaktad\u0131r. Bu cema\u00adatlerden biri de Pergamon’da ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Kitapta Aziz Yuhanna Pergamon’daki H\u0131ristiyanlara aktarmak \u00fczere \u0130sa’n\u0131n kendisine Patmos Adas\u0131’nda verdi\u011fi mesaj\u0131 yine \u0130sa’n\u0131n emriyle iletti\u011fini belirtmektedir. Gr\u00fcssinger, Pergamon’daki ilk H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 incelerken Asklepios Soter (Kurtar\u0131c\u0131) k\u00fclt\u00fcne de de\u011finmektedir. Mitolojiye g\u00f6re tanr\u0131 Apollon’un o\u011flu olan Asklepios \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr ve \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra tekrar dirilecektir. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011finden dolay\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan cemaatin Pergamon’da yay\u0131l\u00admaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Asklepios kendisine inananlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurtar\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 bir me\u00adsihtir ve Hellen-Roma dini inanc\u0131na beklenmedik bir canl\u0131l\u0131k ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca R. Gr\u00fcssinger bildirisinde Pergamon’da h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda bulunan Musevi cemaatinin H\u0131ris\u00adtiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kentte yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bahsetmektedir. Kentteki ilk H\u0131ristiyanlar hakk\u0131nda bilgi sa\u011flanabilecek kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na da de\u011finerek Ge\u00e7 Antik\/Erken Do\u011fu Roma d\u00f6nemlerinden sadece \u00fc\u00e7 kilise yap\u0131s\u0131 bilindi\u011fini belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak bu eseri, W. Radt taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan ve Anadolu’da kaz\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131lan kentler hakk\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanan kitaplar aras\u0131nda en iyisi olarak kabul edilen \u201cPergamon, Antik Bir Kentin Tarihi ve Yap\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>\u201d adl\u0131 eserin i\u00e7erik ve kalite olarak devam\u0131 \u015feklinde nitelendirmek abart\u0131l\u0131 bir tan\u0131mlama olmasa gerektir. Anadolu Uygarl\u0131k Tarihi’nin \u00f6nemli basamaklar\u0131ndan birisi olup Antik\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca kentleri i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Pergamon, arkeoloji d\u00fcnyas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir de\u011fere sahiptir. Anadolu’nun en \u00f6nemli Hellenistik ba\u015fkentlerinden biri hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lan bu eser, i\u00e7erisinde bulunan bildirilerin yay\u0131nsal de\u011feri ve kaz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n irdelenip sonu\u00e7\u00adland\u0131r\u0131larak ar\u015fivlenmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Pergamon’un ara\u015ft\u0131rma birikimine \u00f6nemli bir katk\u0131 sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Universit\u00e9 de Sorbonne<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Mehmet K\u00dcRK\u00c7\u00dc (Dr) <\/strong>
\nmhmtkurkcu@gmail.com<\/strong><\/p>\n

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