{"id":1468,"date":"2016-02-28T23:34:58","date_gmt":"2016-02-28T21:34:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/?p=1468"},"modified":"2016-07-27T16:36:37","modified_gmt":"2016-07-27T13:36:37","slug":"lbr-0007","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.libridergi.org\/en\/2015-en\/lbr-0007","title":{"rendered":"Arkeolojinin Temelleri"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Arkeolojinin Temelleri<\/h2>\n

Clive\u00a0GAMBLE<\/h3>\n
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ISBN:\u00a0<\/strong>9786056388002
\nTranslation:\u00a0<\/strong>Damla KAYIHAN
\nPage:\u00a0<\/strong>236\u00a0(26 Tablo, 14 \u00c7izim ile birlikte)
\nPublication Date:\u00a0<\/strong>2014
\nLocation:\u00a0<\/strong>\u0130stanbul
\nPublisher:\u00a0<\/strong>Akt\u00fcel Arkeoloji Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k<\/p><\/div>

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<\/div>\nLIBRI<\/em> I (2015) 27-29<\/strong>
\nDOI<\/strong>:\u00a0 10.20480\/lbr.2018115458
\nReceived Date<\/strong>: 15.08.2015\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Acceptance Date<\/strong>: 18.08.2015
\nOnline Publication Date<\/strong>: 27.12.2015
\nCopyright \u00a9 Journal of Book Notices, Reviews and Translations, 2015<\/p>\n

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C. GAMBLE,\u00a0 Arkeolojinin Temelleri. \u0130stanbul 2014.\u00a0Akt\u00fcel Arkeoloji Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 236 Sayfa, (26 Tablo, 14 \u00c7izim ile birlikte).\u00a0 \u00c7ev.: Damla KAYIHAN. ISBN: 9786056388002
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T.D.K’da \u2018kaz\u0131 bilimi\u2019 olarak tan\u0131mlanan arkeoloji sadece toprak alt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan objelerin \u00fczerinden salt k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlendirmeler yapan bir bilim dal\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu ta\u00adn\u0131mlama, nesneye ne zaman ve nereden<\/em>? sorular\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda neden ve nas\u0131l<\/em>? sorular\u0131n\u0131 da sorarak, nesneyi \u00e7evresindeki her \u015feyle bir arada de\u011ferlendirmeyi hedefleyen yeni arkeololoji “New Archaeology<\/em>” ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurdu\u011fumuzda olduk\u00e7a yeter\u00adsizdir. Bu ba\u011flamda arkeolojinin asl\u0131nda ne oldu\u011fu, nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, hangi a\u015fa\u00admalardan ge\u00e7erek \u015fimdiki halini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve sahip oldu\u011fu farkl\u0131 kuramsal yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 konu edinen Arkeolojinin Temelleri <\/em>isimli bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma arkeolojinin kuramsal y\u00f6n\u00fcyle il\u00adgi\u00adlenen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ve arkeoloji disipliniyle yeni tan\u0131\u015facak \u00f6\u011frenciler i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kaynak niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n

C. Gamble’\u0131n kaleme alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Arkeoloji Nedir? (1-20), Arkeolojinin \u00c7e\u015fitleri Nelerdir? (21-45), Temel Kavramlar (46-72), \u0130nsanlar (73-100), Nesneler (101-124), Zaman ve Mek\u00e2n (125-153), De\u011fi\u015fim ve Dura\u011fanl\u0131k (154-186), Kimlik ve G\u00fc\u00e7 (187-217) ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda sekiz b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Buna ek olarak Sunu\u015f (IV-V), \u0130\u00e7indekiler (VI), \u00c7izimler (VII), Tablolar (VIII), Okuyucuya Not (IX), Te\u015fekk\u00fcr (X-XI), Kaynak\u00e7a (218-229) ve Dizin (230) k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00e2hil edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bur\u00e7in Erdo\u011fu’nun genel anlamda eser hakk\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 sunu\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcyle ba\u015flayan kitab\u0131n Arkeoloji Nedir<\/em>? (1-20) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, arkeolojik hayal g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nemine vurgu yap\u0131larak, arkeolojinin sadece kaz\u0131 yapmak ve daha sonra buluntular\u0131 raporlamaktan daha \u00f6tede bir faaliyet oldu\u011fu belirtilir. Devam\u0131nda, arke\u00adolojinin, iki y\u00fcz y\u0131l \u00f6nceki ayd\u0131nlanma hareketi ile y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7en bilim sayesinde or\u00adtaya \u00e7\u0131kan insan\u0131n ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6keni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde du\u00adrularak, antropoloji ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisine girmesiyle nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi Sutton Hoo ve \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck \u00f6rneklemleriyle ortaya konur.<\/p>\n

K\u00fclt\u00fcr tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi, antropolojik arkeoloji ve onu takiben ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan s\u00fcre\u00e7selcilik, post-s\u00fcre\u00e7selcilik vb. farkl\u0131 kuramsal yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n geni\u015f tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Arkeolojinin \u00c7e\u015fitleri Nelerdir?<\/em> (21-45) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, pek \u00e7ok arke\u00adolojik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n mevcut olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen temelde k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi ve antropolojik arkeoloji ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serilmi\u015ftir. Devam\u0131nda arkeolojik kay\u0131tlardaki modellerin rasyonel ve ba\u011flant\u0131sal bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ile yorumlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 ve bu ba\u011flamda bunlar aras\u0131nda bir se\u00e7im yapma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n do\u011faca\u011f\u0131 ortaya konmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6l\u00fcmde son olarak arkeo\u00adlojinin temelde sahada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ke\u015fiflerle oldu\u011fu kadar kuramlarla da y\u00f6netilen bir bilim dal\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde durulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Genel anlamda arkeolojinin kavran\u0131p uygulanma bi\u00e7imindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin temsil edilmesini sa\u011flayan ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemlerinin (stil, pop\u00fclarite ve stratigrafi) ve ar\u00adkeolojik kay\u0131t kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Temel Kavramlar (46-72)<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, arkeolojik kay\u0131tlar\u0131n sadece stratigrafik ger\u00e7ekleri edinmek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na vurgu yap\u0131larak, Hodder’\u0131n deyimiyle \u2018malan\u0131n ucunda\u2019 ba\u015flayan aktif ve yorumsal bir sorun olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devam\u0131nda arkeologlar\u0131n kullanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu pop\u00fclarite ilkesi ve \u00f6z nitelik gibi olu\u015fumlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonuna do\u011fru, arke\u00adolojinin uygulanabilirli\u011fini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan ve bu alandaki yeni ki\u015filer i\u00e7in anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir hale gelmesini sa\u011flayan k\u00fclt\u00fcr, tafonomi ve ba\u015fka pek \u00e7ok terime dair tan\u0131mlamalar sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar <\/em>(73-100) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, farkl\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri \u00fczerinden arkeolojinin bireye mi, yoksa sisteme mi, odaklanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131larak, modern arkeoloji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki farkl\u0131 bireylik bi\u00e7imi sunulmu\u015f ve bireyleri tan\u0131man\u0131n sadece arkeolojik veriler ba\u011flam\u0131nda de\u011fil, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcm duygular\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kul\u00adlanarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fimiz etkile\u015fimler ve ili\u015fkiler yoluyla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fi vurgu\u00adlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bireyleri kimliklendirmenin zorlu\u011fundan bahsedilen b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ayr\u0131ca toplum ve sistem, analoji ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli kavramlar birbirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak do\u011fru sonu\u00e7lara nas\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi ortaya konmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu ba\u011flamda insan\u0131n anla\u00ad\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki zorluklar\u0131, Hawkes’un arkeolojik \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m katmanlar\u0131n\u0131 anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 so\u011fan fig\u00fcr\u00fc ile \u00f6rnekleyerek, insan\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in antropolojk bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n benimsenmesi gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6l\u00fcmde son olarak kuramsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemine vurgu yap\u0131larak, t\u00fcmevar\u0131m, t\u00fcmdengelim ve d\u0131\u015fa\u00e7ekim gibi kuram olu\u015fturmaya y\u00f6nelik \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 yakla\u00ad\u015f\u0131m \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Maddesel k\u00fclt\u00fcr tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan Nesneler<\/em> (101-124) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 be\u015finci b\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcmde, s\u00fcre\u00e7sel arkeologlar\u0131n maddesel, sosyal ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 davran\u0131\u015f alan\u0131na ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu nesnelerin do\u011fal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ikilemleri, i\u00e7sel ve d\u0131\u015fsal \u00f6z\u00fc, d\u0131\u00ad\u015far\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda herkes i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 i\u015flevi ifade eden fakat i\u00e7sel \u00f6z\u00fcnde herkesin bil\u00admedi\u011fi bir t\u00fcketim simgesi anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00e7aydanl\u0131k nesnesi \u00fczerinden \u00f6rneklendirilir. Ayr\u0131ca insan yap\u0131s\u0131 nesnelerin t\u0131pk\u0131 bizim gibi bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrelerinin oldu\u011funa de\u011fi\u00adnildikten sonra, stil kavram\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131 ve arkeolojideki \u00f6nemi \u00fczerinde durulmaktad\u0131r. Son olarak arkeologlar\u0131n inceledikleri nesnelerden bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ma varabil\u00admek i\u00e7in stil analiz y\u00f6ntemini nas\u0131l uygulad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, arkeolojik bulgular aras\u0131ndaki modellerin fark\u0131na varabilmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan stilin en g\u00fcvenilir bilgi olsa da ayn\u0131 zamanda en riskli ifadelerden birisi oldu\u011fu belirtir.<\/p>\n

Zaman\u0131n ve mek\u00e2n\u0131n arkeologlar i\u00e7in birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaz \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli iki kavram oldu\u011funun vurgulanmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan Zaman ve Mekan<\/em> (125-153) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, \u00f6zel\u00adlikle kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir ortam\u0131n hem mek\u00e2nsal, hem de zamansal bir anlam\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilir. Bu zaman ve mekan ili\u015fkisi stratigrafi olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. B\u00f6\u00adl\u00fcm\u00fcn devam\u0131nda bedenin, zaman\u0131 ve mekan\u0131 yorumlaman\u0131n anahtar\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve ras\u00adyo\u00adnel yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n bedeni bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm birimi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fczenli beslenmeye ihtiyac\u0131 olan bir mide olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, ba\u011flant\u0131sal yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ise bedeni simgelere anlam ka\u00adzand\u0131ran bir kaynak olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve onu bulundu\u011fu d\u00fcnyadan ay\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurgulan\u0131r. Son olarak arkeologlar\u0131n tarih ve mesafeler \u00fczerinde kafa yormaktan \u00e7ok zamansall\u0131k ve insani deneyimlere y\u00f6nelik hissiyat, bedensellik, do\u011fal \u00e7evre ve bunlar\u0131n ev ve ara\u00e7\u00adlardan faydalanarak maddesel metaforlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile nas\u0131l ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczerinde daha fazla d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ihtiyac\u0131 olduklar\u0131 belirtilir.<\/p>\n

De\u011fi\u015fim ve Dura\u011fanl\u0131k (154-186) <\/em>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yedinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, arkeologlar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00ad\u00e7ekli bir sorun olan de\u011fi\u015fim sorunu, k\u00f6kenlere ili\u015fkin alt\u0131 temel soru (insan\u0131ms\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6keni, modern insanlar\u0131n k\u00f6keni, tar\u0131m\u0131n ve ehlile\u015ftirilmi\u015f hayvanlar\u0131n k\u00f6keni, \u015fehir\u00adcili\u011fin ve devletin k\u00f6keni ile \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6keni<\/em>) ele al\u0131narak incelenmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve de\u011fi\u015fim aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiye odaklan\u0131larak, arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ta\u00adn\u0131mlama k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n asla bitmi\u015f bir i\u015f olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi gerekti\u011fi ve nesneye sorulan nereden ve ne zaman? sorular\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda neden ve nas\u0131l? sorular\u0131n\u0131n da sorulmad\u0131k\u00e7a yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n yar\u0131m kalaca\u011f\u0131 vurgulan\u0131r. Son olarak, ge\u00e7mi\u015fin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u00adm\u00fcnde her \u015feyin yava\u015f bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fine ve hatta baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde neredeyse hi\u00e7bir de\u011fi\u015fimin ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finilmi\u015f, de\u011fi\u015fim kadar dura\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa ka\u00advu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gereken bir konu oldu\u011fu \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur. Bu ba\u011flamda, 200 ila 2 milyon y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemler boyunca insan\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayal\u0131 olarak meydana gelmi\u015f toplumlar \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilerek, dura\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n asla durgunluk ya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel pasiflik olarak yorumlanmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilir.<\/p>\n

Kimlik ve g\u00fc\u00e7 kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n iki farkl\u0131 arkeolojik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funun vurgulanma\u00ads\u0131yla ba\u015flayan Kimlik ve G\u00fc\u00e7 <\/em>(187-217) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde kimlik, g\u00fc\u00e7, etnik k\u00f6ken ve milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fin temel noktalar\u0131n\u0131n bu kavramlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ar\u00adkeolojik bulgular\u0131n, konunun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erisindeki kuram y\u00fckl\u00fc bulgulardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilir. Ayr\u0131ca g\u00fcc\u00fcn tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir ili\u015fki olarak sunuldu\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, kar\u015f\u0131daki taraf\u0131n kesinlikle daha zay\u0131f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi vurgulanarak, bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6rneklem olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Atinal\u0131lar ile onlar\u0131n egemenli\u011fine girmeyi reddeden Melial\u0131lar\u0131n diyalo\u00ad\u011funa yer verilir. Devam\u0131nda etnik k\u00f6ken ve milliyet\u00e7ilik kimliklerini geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekte ele alarak, \u00f6zellikle milliyet\u00e7i arkeolog Kossina’n\u0131n Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc oldu\u011funa de\u011finilir. Son olarak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel miras ve arkeolojinin gelece\u011fi konular\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin belirtildi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, yararlan\u0131lan kaynaklar\u0131n s\u0131ralan\u00add\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak\u00e7a <\/em>(218-229) ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konular\u0131n listelendi\u011fi Dizin <\/em>(230-235) k\u0131s\u0131mla\u00adr\u0131yla sonlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Akdeniz \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong>
\nEdebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi, Arkeoloji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Ayta\u00e7 D\u00d6NMEZ\u00a0(Ar\u015f. G\u00f6r.) <\/strong>
\naytacdonmez@akdeniz.edu.tr<\/strong><\/p>\n

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